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Social Patterns (social + pattern)
Selected AbstractsReproduction, Compositional Demography, and Economic Growth: Family Planning in England Long Before the Fertility DeclinePOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 1 2000Simon Szreter This article offers a radical reinterpretation of the chronology of control over reproduction in England's history. It argues that, as a result of post,World War II policy preoccupations, there has been too narrow a focus in the literature on the significance of reductions in marital fertility. In England's case this is conventionally dated to have occurred from 1876, long after the industrial revolution. With a wider angle focus on "reproduction," the historical evidence for England indicates that family planning began much earlier in the process of economic growth. Using a "compositional demography" approach, a novel social pattern of highly prudential, late marriage can be seen emerging among the bourgeoisie in the course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. There is also evidence for a more widespread resort to such prudential marriage throughout the population after 1816. When placed in this context, the reduction in national fertility indexes visible from 1876 can be seen as only a further phase, not a revolution, in the population's management of its reproduction. [source] BELGIAN SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY IN THE INDIANA RUST BELT,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 1 2003SUSAN E. HUME ABSTRACT. At first glance the industrial city of Mishawaka, near the northern border of Indiana, appears to be ethnically homogeneous. Closer examination, however, reveals the rich ethnic heritage of Mishawaka, as it does in so many other Rust Belt cities from Pittsburgh to Chicago. One of the most fascinating of these immigrant stories is the rise of Belgian Town, on Mishawaka's southwest side. This study examines residential, commercial, and social patterns of this evolving ethnic community during the first three decades of the twentieth century. Although industrial jobs attracted immigrants to the city, creation of a Flemish Catholic church provided the foundation on which to build a tightly knit Belgian community. [source] Do sampling method and sample size affect basic measures of dolphin sociality?MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2009Quincy Anne Gibson Abstract Although the fission,fusion social patterns of bottlenose dolphins have been described, defining and measuring sociality is difficult. No study to date has investigated how much data are necessary to accurately depict social patterns in a fission,fusion species and whether this amount differs depending on the measure used. Using the long-term Shark Bay bottlenose dolphin study we examined four different measures of sociality for mothers and dependent calves (n= 89). Our objectives were to determine (1) the amount of observation time necessary to accurately depict sociality using these measures, (2) correlations among these measures, and (3) if sampling method affects the validity of sociality measurements. A minimum of 10 h and 5 h of observations, respectively, were necessary to accurately capture calf associate numbers and percent time alone. A pairwise comparison of calf sociality measurements from focal and survey data found that calves spent from 0% to 70.2% of their time alone in focal data, but these same calves spent only 0%,7.7% alone in survey data. These findings indicate that (1) results differ depending on the type of sampling method and (2) the amount of observation time necessary to adequately capture individual variation differs depending on the measure of sociality. [source] Intimate social behavior in infant interactions in Cebus apella,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Gayle Byrne Abstract The development and individual stability of three intimate social behaviors (Lipsmacking, Carrying Attempts, and Facial Inspection) were examined for 43 group-housed Cebus apella infants from birth to 2 years of age. Occurrence of these behaviors was scored from 10-min videotape samples recorded three times a week over that time. Frequency of Lipsmacking and Carrying Attempts by adult males, adult females, and juveniles were all highest in early months and decreased to low levels by the end of the first year. Facial Inspection of partners by infants, in contrast, first began at 3,4 months and increased over time, at least to adult males and juveniles. Correlational analyses indicated stable individual differences in these interactions with infants and outlined a relationship between these intimate behaviors and more general social patterns reported previously for these animals. Results suggest that adult males may play a special role in affording juveniles opportunities for social learning of foraging and manipulative skills. Am. J. Primatol. 71:77,85, 2009. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Health behaviours of young, rural residents: A case studyAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 2 2009Lisa Bourke Abstract Objective:,To analyse self-reported health behaviours of young people from a rural community and the factors influencing their behaviours. Methods:,Interviews were conducted with 19 young people, 11 parents and 10 key informants from a small rural Victorian community, asking about teenage health behaviours and the factors influencing these behaviours. Results:,Young people ate both healthy and unhealthy foods, most participated in physical activity, few smoked and most drank alcohol. The study found that community level factors, including community norms, peers, access issues and geographic isolation, were particularly powerful in shaping health behaviours, especially alcohol consumption. Smoking was influenced by social participation in the community and national media health campaigns. Diet and exercise behaviour were influenced by access and availability, convenience, family, peers and local and non-local cultural influences. Conclusion and implications:,The rural context, including less access to and choice of facilities and services, lower incomes, lack of transport and local social patterns (including community norms and acceptance), impact significantly on young people's health behaviours. Although national health promotion campaigns are useful aspects of behaviour modification, much greater focus on the role and importance of the local contexts in shaping health decisions of young rural people is required. [source] The epidemiology and chronobiology of epistaxis: an investigation of Scottish hospital admissions 1995,2004CLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY, Issue 5 2007T.W.M. Walker Objectives:, This study aimed at investigating aspects of the epidemiology and chronobiology of emergency admissions with epistaxis in Scotland between 1995 and 2004. In particular, we sought to examine the epidemiology of hospital admission with epistaxis and effects of factors such as day of week, time of year and lunar cycle. Design:, A statistical analysis, in terms of descriptive statistics, logistical regression and linear regression, was carried out on data obtained from the Scottish Morbidity Records related to emergency Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) admissions. Setting and participants:, All emergency inpatient admissions for Scottish residents to ENT wards in Scottish NHS hospitals during the 10-year period, between 1st January 1995 and December 31st 2004 were studied. This study only looked at admissions and thus excludes Accident and Emergency attendances caused by epistaxis. Main outcome measures:, Age, gender, year, month and day of the week of admission were considered, as was relationship to the moon phase. Results:, During the study period, the mean daily admission rate with epistaxis was six. Epistaxis accounted for 33% of all ENT emergency admissions. The average age of non-epistaxis ENT emergency admission was 31 years. For epistaxis emergency admissions the median age was 70 years. There were fewer admissions in the summer months [August RR: 0.59 (95% CI: 0.54,0.65) P < 0.001]. There were more admissions at the weekends and on non-weekend public holidays [RR: ,0.115 (95% CI ,0.160,0.071) P < 0.001]. There was a trend towards a reduction in admission rates from the year 2001. Despite the fluctuations with season and weekday, there was no relationship with phase of the moon [RR: 0.98 (95% CI: 0.88,1.09) for day of the full moon compared with non-full moon weekday]. Conclusions:, This study underlines the importance of epistaxis as the single most frequent emergency diagnosis in ENT. The frequency and patterns of admission show pronounced fluctuations. The observed increase in winter admissions confirms earlier work and may have implications for health resource allocation. Relationships between weekends/public holidays and increased admissions with epistaxis may correspond with social patterns of alcohol use (a known aetiological factor). The lunar cycle does not have an effect on the frequency of epistaxis admissions. [source] | ||||||||||||||||