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Social Dominance (social + dominance)
Terms modified by Social Dominance Selected AbstractsSocial Dominance among Male Meadow Voles is Inversely Related to Reproductive SuccessETHOLOGY, Issue 10 2006Mark D. Spritzer Intrasexual selection can occur through direct aggressive interactions between males for access to females. We tested the relationship between social dominance and male reproductive success among meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Dominance ranks of wild-caught males were determined using neutral arena trials, with the winner of two of three trials considered dominant. These males were then released into field enclosures and allowed to visit females housed in nestboxes for 8 wk, and males' home range sizes were determined using weekly grid trapping. Male reproductive success was determined using molecular paternity analysis (six microsatellite primers) for all pups born during the field experiment. Males with higher dominance ranks had larger home ranges. However, male dominance rank was not predictive of the number of total visits to females' nestboxes or the number of visits to each male's most frequently visited nestbox. Males that made more visits to nestboxes sired more litters. Males that had higher dominance ranks sired fewer litters. These results suggest that there is a reproductive disadvantage to having higher dominance rank among male meadow voles. [source] Achromatic Plumage Reflectance, Social Dominance and Female Mate Preference in Black-Capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus)ETHOLOGY, Issue 10 2005Elisabeth A. Woodcock Individual variation in achromatic plumage reflectance of male Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) is correlated with social rank and reproductive success, suggesting it may play an important role in sexual signaling. We asked whether female chickadees could assess male quality based on plumage, in the absence of information about relative social dominance. Sexually mature but inexperienced females captured during the pair formation period in late fall and early winter were presented with a choice of two unfamiliar, sexually experienced males in separate compartments of an outdoor mate choice arena. Following each preference trial, we released the males into a single compartment and scored their pairwise dominance interactions. In 10 of 11 trials, females spent significantly more time with the male subsequently identified as dominant, despite not witnessing the males interact. Spectral analysis of male plumage reflectance revealed that UV-chroma of dark body regions (bib, cap and mantle) was significantly greater in dominant, preferred males and that dominant, preferred males had significantly brighter white cheek patches. There were no differences in vocalization rates of preferred and non-preferred males. These results show that female chickadees can rapidly assess unfamiliar males based on visual cues, and suggest that variation in achromatic plumage functions in sexual signaling. [source] Image Theory, Social Identity, and Social Dominance: Structural Characteristics and Individual Motives Underlying International ImagesPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Michele G. Alexander The present study provides an empirical test of international relations image theory and extends the theory by emphasizing that individuals' social identity and social dominance motives contribute to such images. One hundred forty-five Lebanese participants completed a survey that assessed their perceptions of U.S.-Lebanese relations, the images they have of the United States, their social identities, and their social dominance orientations. Participants were more likely to hold the barbarian image of the United States than the enemy, imperialist, or ally images. Participants also tended to perceive the United States as having relatively superior power, inferior cultural status, and goals that are incompatible with those of Lebanon. Consistent with image theory predictions, this constellation of structural perceptions was associated with stronger endorsement of the barbarian image. Furthermore, participants were more likely to endorse the barbarian image of the United States the more they identified with Arabs and Palestinians, the less they identified with Christians and the Western world, and the lower their social dominance orientation. Results highlight the importance of considering both structural characteristics and individual motives underlying international images and demonstrate the need for scholars to move beyond the enemy image of nations when describing international relations. [source] Social Identity, System Justification, and Social Dominance: Commentary on Reicher, Jost et al., and Sidanius et al.POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Mark Rubin The articles by Reicher (2004), Jost, Banaji, and Nosek (2004), and Sidanius, Pratto, van Laar, and Levin (2004) discuss the strengths and weaknesses of social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), system justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994), and social dominance theory (Sidanius, 1993). The latter two theories grew out of a critique of social identity theory, but this critique relates more to deficiencies in social identity research than to deficiencies in the theory itself. More balanced and comprehensive social identity research is required in order to allow a fair assessment of the theory's limitations. In addition, Reicher (2004) and Huddy (2004) are correct that only social identity theory offers the potential for explaining social change and social stability. [source] Social Dominance among Male Meadow Voles is Inversely Related to Reproductive SuccessETHOLOGY, Issue 10 2006Mark D. Spritzer Intrasexual selection can occur through direct aggressive interactions between males for access to females. We tested the relationship between social dominance and male reproductive success among meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Dominance ranks of wild-caught males were determined using neutral arena trials, with the winner of two of three trials considered dominant. These males were then released into field enclosures and allowed to visit females housed in nestboxes for 8 wk, and males' home range sizes were determined using weekly grid trapping. Male reproductive success was determined using molecular paternity analysis (six microsatellite primers) for all pups born during the field experiment. Males with higher dominance ranks had larger home ranges. However, male dominance rank was not predictive of the number of total visits to females' nestboxes or the number of visits to each male's most frequently visited nestbox. Males that made more visits to nestboxes sired more litters. Males that had higher dominance ranks sired fewer litters. These results suggest that there is a reproductive disadvantage to having higher dominance rank among male meadow voles. [source] Achromatic Plumage Reflectance, Social Dominance and Female Mate Preference in Black-Capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus)ETHOLOGY, Issue 10 2005Elisabeth A. Woodcock Individual variation in achromatic plumage reflectance of male Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) is correlated with social rank and reproductive success, suggesting it may play an important role in sexual signaling. We asked whether female chickadees could assess male quality based on plumage, in the absence of information about relative social dominance. Sexually mature but inexperienced females captured during the pair formation period in late fall and early winter were presented with a choice of two unfamiliar, sexually experienced males in separate compartments of an outdoor mate choice arena. Following each preference trial, we released the males into a single compartment and scored their pairwise dominance interactions. In 10 of 11 trials, females spent significantly more time with the male subsequently identified as dominant, despite not witnessing the males interact. Spectral analysis of male plumage reflectance revealed that UV-chroma of dark body regions (bib, cap and mantle) was significantly greater in dominant, preferred males and that dominant, preferred males had significantly brighter white cheek patches. There were no differences in vocalization rates of preferred and non-preferred males. These results show that female chickadees can rapidly assess unfamiliar males based on visual cues, and suggest that variation in achromatic plumage functions in sexual signaling. [source] The intergenerational transmission of social dominance: A three-generation studyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 6 2008Armand Chatard Abstract This study examined the transmission of social dominance orientation (SDO) from parents and grandparents to children. It was predicted that parents as well as grandparents would pass their social dominance attitudes to children. Children's levels of SDO would thus be the highest when parental and grandparental attitudes are high; the lowest when parental and grandparental attitudes are low; and intermediate when parental and grandparental attitudes are incongruent. These hypotheses were examined in a sample of 93 families including children (in early adulthood), one of their parents, and one of their grandparents. Results yielded support for the predictions. These findings' implications are discussed in terms of their potential to explain previous inconsistent results on the transmission of social attitudes to children. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Agreement in Self,Other Ratings of Leader Effectiveness: The role of demographics and personalityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 2 2009Robert P. Vecchio Personality and demographic attributes for a set of 1221 focal managers were examined as correlates of leadership effectiveness evaluations that were obtained via a 360° feedback program. Polynomial regression was used to study the congruence of self-ratings provided by focal managers relative to the different evaluative perspectives (i.e., immediate superior, peer, and subordinate). Analyses supported the prediction that focal manager's sex and age would be associated with the ratings provided by themselves and others. Plus, the tendency to overestimate one's own leader effectiveness relative to evaluations provided by others was found to be greater for males and older managers. Focal managers who expressed greater social sensitivity were evaluated more favorably by subordinates and peers, although not by superiors. Ratings of leader effectiveness from immediate superiors were, instead, more readily predicted by judgments of the performance of the focal manager's organizational unit relative to comparable units. Results of polynomial regression analysis, however, indicated that self,other agreement was related to the focal's sex, social sensitivity, and social dominance. Implications for understanding obstacles to openness to change are discussed. [source] Measuring Sexism, Racism, Sexual Prejudice, Ageism, Classism, and Religious Intolerance: The Intolerant Schema MeasureJOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 10 2009Allison C. Aosved Despite similarities between sexism, racism, sexual prejudice, ageism, classism, and religious intolerance, investigators do not routinely investigate these intolerant beliefs simultaneously. The purpose of this project was to create a brief, psychometrically sound measure of intolerance reflecting these 6 constructs. Data from existing measures (Attitudes Toward Women Scale, Neosexism Scale, Modern and Old-Fashioned Racism Scale, Modern Homophobia Scale, Frabroni Scale of Ageism, Economic Beliefs Scale, and M-GRISM) and from items created by the authors were obtained from several college samples to create the Intolerant Schema Measure (ISM). Results support the internal consistency, test,retest reliability, and factor structure of the questionnaire. Expected relationships between measured concepts, social dominance, social desirability, and across key demographic groups support the validity of the instrument. [source] Long-range call use in dominance-structured Crested Tit Parus cristatus winter groupsJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2000Indri?is Krams In this study on free-ranging Crested Tits Parus cristatus, I examine the relationship between social dominance and the frequency of use of long-range communication calls. Calling rates of trills were highest among socially dominant individuals and they gave more calls when close to the boundary of their territories. Dominant females uttered fewer calls than their mates. However, they gave significantly more calls than subordinate males and subordinate females, the latter calling least. A removal and playback experiment revealed a relationship between the utterance of trilled calls and the defence of the winter territory in the Crested Tit. Although territorial vocalizations could incur costs, territorial individuals may gain from improved winter survival by decreasing the risk of food stealing by Crested Tits from adjacent territories. [source] Examining psychopathic tendencies in adolescence from the perspective of personality theoryAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 5 2009Naomi Sadeh Abstract This study sought to clarify the personality correlates of psychopathic tendencies in adolescents using the Antisocial Process Screening Device [APSD; Frick and Hare, 2001] and a youth adapted version of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire [Patrick et al., 2009, unpublished]. A combination of self- and parent-reports on the APSD (n=229) revealed that the three-facet model of psychopathic tendencies in youth was characterized by a similar constellation of personality traits as the psychopathic construct in adulthood [e.g., Hall, Benning and Patrick, 2004]. Specifically, low anxiety and trait aggression characterized the APSD Callous/Unemotional dimension, social dominance and trait aggression characterized the APSD Narcissism dimension, and disinhibition and low harm avoidance characterized the APSD Impulsivity dimension. The results add credence to the hypothesis that personality relationships to psychopathic tendencies emerge from an early age [Lynam, 2002] and dimensions of psychopathy in youth are associated with distinct personality profiles. Aggr. Behav. 35:399,407, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Class and the Construction of the 19th Century German Male BodyJOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Berit Elisabeth Dencker Between 1848 and 1871, the German male identity created by the popular German gymnastics movement became a civilized bourgeois identity, distinguished from an aristocratic identity and one associated with manual labor. Bourgeois gymnasts initiated this process but the rest of the mainly petty bourgeois gymnasts eventually adopted the civilized identity embodied through gymnastics. Complementing studies that show that the bourgeoisie's increasing social dominance was reflected in the class-based restriction of access to voluntary associations, this article shows that it also involved the adoption of practices that expressed a restrictive bourgeois identity. The article challenges previous explanations of changing gymnastics practices and Pierre Bourdieu's emphasis on the role of class distinction in explaining changes in sports practices. [source] Altered Thyroid Hormones and Behavioural Change in a Sub-Population of Rats Following Chronic Constriction InjuryJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 8 2010E. Kilburn-Watt Hypothyroidism is associated with a disturbance of behaviour and mood. There are also individuals, not classified as hypothyroid, with low to ,low normal' thyroid hormone levels and normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels who have mood and behavioural changes. As the peripheral thyroid hormones decrease, TSH is expected to increase. However, there are a number of physiological mechanisms known to suppress TSH. In the present study, we report on thyroid hormone regulation in a rat model of neuropathic pain and altered social behaviour that is usually transient, but is persistent in a sub-group of the population. Following ligation of the sciatic nerve, male Sprague-Dawley rats were assessed for social dominance towards an intruder: 20% showed persistently decreased social dominance. Plasma levels of thyroid hormones, TSH and corticosterone were measured before and on days 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 after injury in 21 rats. The mean plasma thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels decreased significantly post-injury in rats with persistently changed behaviour compared to rats with unchanged behaviour (P , 0.002). There was no significant difference between groups for mean change in free triiodothyronine (fT3) or TSH. There was a correlation between decreased dominance behaviour and decrease in both T4 (r = 0.62, P = 0.009) and fT4 (r = 0.71, P = 0.001), but no correlation with TSH. In a sub-population of rats, decreased thyroid hormones did not result in the expected increased levels of TSH to restore pre-injury levels, nor did they show increased hypothalamic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone mRNA expression, indicating altered hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis regulation. Because T3 availability to the brain is dependent on both circulating T3 and T4, decreased peripheral thyroid hormones may result in changed neural function, as expressed in altered complex behaviours in this sub-population of rats. [source] Peer- and self-rated correlates of a teacher-rated typology of child adjustmentPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 6 2007William A. Lindstrom External correlates of a teacher-rated typology of child adjustment developed using the Behavior Assessment System for Children were examined. Participants included 377 elementary school children recruited from 26 classrooms in the southeastern United States. Multivariate analyses of variance and planned comparisons were used to determine whether the teacher-rated behavior subtypes could be differentiated and, if so, to create more complete descriptions of each cluster. Self-perceptions of academic, social, and emotional adjustment as well as peer perceptions of behavioral attributes and social status were found to provide convergent evidence for the typology. Divergent evidence emerged related to internalizing difficulties. Parallels between the teacher-rated typology and peer-relations research were drawn. Most notably, peers rated Mildly Disruptive (MD) children as bullying and disruptive, consistent with teacher report. However, peers also rated MD children as "cool" and with high levels of social dominance and social control, consistent with recent reports of popular bullies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Experimental field study of the relative costs and benefits to wild tamarins (saguinus imperator and S. fuscicollis) of exploiting contestable food patches as single- and mixed-species troopsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Júlio César Bicca-Marques Abstract Several species of tamarins form stable mixed-species troops in which groups of each species feed, forage, rest, and travel together during much of the year. Although the precise set of factors that facilitate this ecological relationship remains unclear, predator detection and foraging benefits are presumed to play a critical role in maintaining troop stability. In this work we present data from an experimental field study designed to examine how factors such as social dominance and within-patch foraging decisions affect the costs and benefits to tamarins of visiting feeding sites as single- and mixed-species troops. Our data indicate that when they exploited contestable food patches (sets of eight feeding platforms, two of which contained a 100-g banana), each tamarin species experienced foraging costs when they arrived as part of a mixed-species troop. These costs were found to be less severe for emperor tamarins because they were socially dominant to saddle-back tamarins and could displace them at feeding sites. We conclude that the foraging benefits to tamarins residing in mixed-species troops are asymmetrical, and that at feeding sites in which the amount of food in a patch is insufficient to satiate all troop members, even minor differences in the timing of return to food patches and changes in troop cohesion have a measurable effect on the costs and benefits to participating tamarin species. Am. J. Primatol. 60:139,153, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Female dominance in captive gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus)AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Ute Radespiel Abstract Female dominance or female feeding priority seem to be characteristic for many lemur species, but are rare traits in other primates and mammals in general. The nocturnal lemur species, however, are underrepresented in the quantitative studies on social dominance. The aim of this study is to investigate the pattern of intersexual dominance relationships in the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), a species that is generally thought to possess a number of ancestral lemur traits. The context, distribution, and outcome of intersexual conflicts are analyzed in four captive groups of gray mouse lemurs. Intersexual conflicts occurred in the study groups in different behavioral contexts and were mostly spatial interactions (chasing/fleeing, approach/avoidance). The majority of conflicts were decided, and were in all but one case won by females. This is the first evidence suggesting unconditional female dominance in a cheirogaleid primate. The existence of female dominance in most families of the Lemuriformes suggests it is an ancient trait that evolved in their common ancestor. Am. J. Primatol. 54:181,192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||||||||