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Smaller Units (smaller + unit)
Selected AbstractsTunneling enhanced by web page content block partition for focused crawlingCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 1 2008Tao Peng Abstract The complexity of web information environments and multiple-topic web pages are negative factors significantly affecting the performance of focused crawling. A highly relevant region in a web page may be obscured because of low overall relevance of that page. Segmenting the web pages into smaller units will significantly improve the performance. Conquering and traversing irrelevant page to reach a relevant one (tunneling) can improve the effectiveness of focused crawling by expanding its reach. This paper presents a heuristic-based method to enhance focused crawling performance. The method uses a Document Object Model (DOM)-based page partition algorithm to segment a web page into content blocks with a hierarchical structure and investigates how to take advantage of block-level evidence to enhance focused crawling by tunneling. Page segmentation can transform an uninteresting multi-topic web page into several single topic context blocks and some of which may be interesting. Accordingly, focused crawler can pursue the interesting content blocks to retrieve the relevant pages. Experimental results indicate that this approach outperforms Breadth-First, Best-First and Link-context algorithm both in harvest rate, target recall and target length. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Female canaries that respond and discriminate more between male songs of different quality have a larger song control nucleus (HVC) in the brainDEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Stefan Leitner Abstract In male songbirds the song control pathway in the forebrain is responsible for song production and learning. In most species, females do not sing and have smaller nuclei in the song control pathway. Although the function of the pathway in females is assumed to be associated with the perception of male song, there is little direct evidence to support this view. In this study on female canaries, we investigate the role of two key nuclei in the song control pathway (HVC and lMAN) in relation to playback of male song. Male canaries produce elaborate songs that function to attract and stimulate females. The songs are constructed from smaller units called syllables, and special syllables with a more complex structure (sexy syllables) are known to induce females to perform copulation solicitation displays (CSD) as an invitation to mate. By using computer-edited experimental songs, we first show that females discriminate between songs by producing significantly more CSD to those containing sexy syllables. We then sectioned the brains and used in situ hybridization to reveal song nuclei containing androgen receptors. We report positive correlations between the size of HVC and both total CSD response and the amount of discrimination between sexy and nonsexy songs. We found no such relationships between these measures and the size of lMAN. These results provide some evidence to support the view that, in female canaries HVC is involved in female perception and discrimination of male song. The results also have implications for the evolution of complex male songs by sexual selection and female choice. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 294,301, 2002 [source] Relationships in Taraxacum section Arctica s.l. (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) and allies based on nrITSFEDDES REPERTORIUM, Issue 1-2 2009I. Uhlemann nrITS sequences of 19 Taraxacum -species as well as four outgroups of Asteraceae-Cichorieae were analysed using Bayesian and parsimony analyses in order to establish their systematics. The Arctica s.l. clade together with T. bessarabicum is sister to all derived European and South American taxa. The division of Arctica s.l. into smaller units (sections: Antarctica, Arctica s. str., Australasica) is supported. Within the remaining taxa, Taraxacum farellonicum, a species from the Chilean Andes which is described as new, is supposed to be a hybrid of T. gilliesii and an introduced Ruderalia -species. Section Erythrosperma is well separated and supported. With the exception of T. patagonicum and T. bracteatum which are sister to the other representatives of the European taxa two groups are distinguished: first the Ruderalia/Hamata alliance (including T. tenebricans with some exceptional characters) of predominantly ruderal species and second an assemblage of the sections Celtica, Fontana, Macrodonta, Palustria and Taraxacum prefering a lesser ruderal habitate. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) Molekulare Systematik der Gattung Taraxacum Sektion Arctica s.l. (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) und verwandter Arten auf der Basis von nuklearer ribosomaler DNA (nrITS) Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse von 19 Arten der Gattung Taraxacum und vier Außengruppen aus den Asteraceae-Cichorieae wurden mit Bayesischen und Parsimonieanalysen der nrITS Sequenzen rekonstruiert. Die Sektion Arctica s.l. bildet zusammen mit T. bessarabicum die Schwestergruppe zu den abgeleiteten europäischen und südamerikanischen Taxa. Die Klassifizierung der Arctica s.l. in die Sektionen Antarctica, Arctica s.str. und Australasica wird von den Analysen unterstützt. Die in dieser Studie neu beschriebene Art, Taraxacum farellonicum, aus den chilenischen Anden ist wahrscheinlich ein Hybrid aus T. gilliesii und einer neophytischen Art der Sektion Ruderalia. Die Sektion Erythrosperma erscheint als gut gestützte Gruppe. Mit Ausnahme von T. patagonicum und T. bracteatum, die Schwestergruppen zu den anderen Vertretern europäischer Taxa bilden, können zwei größere Komplexe unterschieden werden: erstens die Ruderalia/Hamata -Gruppe (einschließlich T. tenebricans mit einigen besonderen Merkmalen), welche vorwiegend Arten der ruderalen Standorte umfasst und zweitens ein Verwandtschaftskreis aus den Sektionen Celtica, Fontana, Macrodonta, Palustria und Taraxacum, die an weniger stark ruderalisierten Standorten vorkommen. [source] Aging Blow Fly Eggs Using Gene Expression: A Feasibility StudyJOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 6 2007Aaron M. Tarone Ph.D. Abstract:, Forensic entomology can aid death investigations by using predictable developmental changes to estimate the ages of flies associated with a body. In developmental stages that do not increase in size however, including the egg and pupa, it can be difficult to objectively refine an age estimate beyond the limits of the stage duration. Gene transcript levels, changing throughout development, represent a potential data source useful for objectively identify smaller units of developmental time. The expression of three genes (bcd, sll, cs) was profiled throughout the maturation of blow fly eggs to determine the feasibility of predicting age, identifying significant linear trends in expression during their development. Models estimating egg age made predictions within 2 h of true age when all expression data were available, while the presence/absence of cs transcripts identified two age classes, together indicating that gene expression can be used to more precisely predict blow fly age. [source] The change in characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose during wet granulation using a high-shear mixerJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 5 2001Tatsuya Suzuki The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of hard granule formation and to demonstrate the applicability of X-ray diffraction methods for studying the polymeric pharmaceutical excipients. Using a high-shear mixer, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was granulated with water as the granulating liquid. The hardness of the MCC granules increased with granulation time and the amount of water added. The specific surface area measured by the N2 adsorption method was reduced during the process. Crystallite size of cellulose, calculated by Scherrer's equation adapted for wide angle X-ray diffraction method, decreased with granulation time and with increasing amounts of water added. Debye plots for X-ray small scattering patterns suggested that the average magnitude of the continuous solid region in MCC granules became significantly greater, whereas the specific surface area of the MCC granules, calculated from Debye plots, became smaller in comparison with that of intact MCC. These findings suggested that the long-chain structures in MCC were disrupted, resulting in smaller units with shorter chain lengths due to the strong shear force of the impeller. These smaller units then form a network within the granules. Thus, MCC granules are strengthened with longer granulation time and greater amounts of water, resulting in a more intricate network. The change in MCC chain length and physical structure can be experimentally detected using the small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction methods. [source] Category-1 caesarean section: a survey of anaesthetic and peri-operative management in the UK,ANAESTHESIA, Issue 4 2010S. M. Kinsella Summary A national survey of anaesthetic and peri-operative management of category-1 caesarean section was sent to 245 consultant-led maternity units. There was a 70% response rate. The median (IQR [range]) general anaesthetic rate was 51% (29%,80% [6%,100%]), 12% (9%,16% [3%,93%]), 4% (2%,5% [<1%,18%]), for category-1 caesarean section, categories 1,3 (non-elective/emergency) and category-4 (elective) caesarean section, respectively. The main operating theatre for caesarean section is on the delivery suite in 151 (88%) units, and 112 (66%) units also have a second theatre in the same location. One hundred and thirty-nine (81%) use the standard urgency classification described in the NICE caesarean section guideline. However, only 72 (42%), 24 (14%), and 16 (9%) units comply with this guideline's recommended decision-delivery intervals for category-1 (, 30 min), category-2 (, 30 min) and category-3 (, 75 min) caesarean sections, respectively. Practice in the smaller units was similar to that in the larger units, although there was less availability of a dedicated anaesthetist, intra-uterine resuscitation guidelines and operating theatres on the delivery suite in the smaller units. [source] Eye movements in German-speaking children with and without dyslexia when reading aloudACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 6 2010Susanne Trauzettel-Klosinski Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 681,691 Abstract. Purpose:, The phonological difficulty and orthographic regularity of a language influence reading strategies. Only a few studies have been conducted in readers of German, which has a high grapheme,phoneme correspondence. The aim of this study was to investigate, firstly, the influence of different levels of phonological difficulty of reading material in German on reading in children and, secondly, to compare the reading strategies of German children with findings in English-speaking readers. Methods:, Eye movements in 16 German children with dyslexia and 16 age-matched control children (mean age 9.5 ± 0.35 years) in the third and fourth grades of school were recorded by scanning laser ophthalmoscope while they read aloud two texts of differing levels of difficulty. Results:, In the dyslexia group, reading speed was slowed, and the number of saccades and regressions was raised markedly, although the percentage of regressions only slightly. The number of eye movements increased in both groups with increasing text difficulty, although much more in the dyslexia group than in the control group, whereas fixation duration was not influenced. Conclusions:, Phonological difficulty influences reading speed and eye movement pattern: children with dyslexia markedly increase their number of eye movements and analyse the text in smaller units per fixation, but keep fixation duration constant. This strategy reflects their favouring of the indirect, sublexical route of grapheme,phoneme conversion, whereas readers of English-language texts are more likely to prefer the whole-word approach, i.e. the direct, lexical route that is associated with orthographic memory. [source] Leadership and management skills of first-line managers of elderly care and their work environmentJOURNAL OF NURSING MANAGEMENT, Issue 6 2010FATHYA ABDELRAZEK PhD abdelrazek f., skytt b., aly m., el-sabour m.a., ibrahim n.& engström m.(2010) Journal of Nursing Management 18, 736,745 Leadership and management skills of first-line managers of elderly care and their work environment Aim, To study the leadership and management skills of first-line managers (FLMs) of elderly care and their work environment in Egypt and Sweden. Background, FLMs in Egypt and Sweden are directly responsible for staff and quality of care. However, FLMs in Sweden, in elderly care, have smaller units/organizations to manage than do their colleagues in Egypt. Furthermore, family care of the elderly has been the norm in Egypt, but in recent years institutional care has increased, whereas in Sweden, residential living homes have existed for a longer period. Methods, A convenience sample of FLMs, 49 from Egypt and 49 from Sweden, answered a questionnaire measuring leadership and management skills, structural and psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and psychosomatic health. Results, In both countries, FLMs' perceptions of their leadership and management skills and psychological empowerment were quite high, whereas scores for job satisfaction and psychosomatic health were lower. FLMs had higher values in several factors/study variables in Egypt compared with in Sweden. Conclusion and implications, The work environment, both in Egypt and Sweden, needs to be improved to increase FLMs' job satisfaction and decrease stress. The cultural differences and levels of management have an effect on the differences between the two countries. [source] | |||||||||||||