Smaller Firms (smaller + firm)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


The Cultural Paradigm of the Smaller Firm

JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2004
Helen Haugh
This paper presents the findings from an ethnographic study of organizational culture and shared values in four smaller firms, the outcome of which was the identification of the cultural values shared between owner,managers (OMs) and employees in each firm. The research employed Schein's conceptualization of culture as a three-layer phenomenon, consisting of surface artifacts, shared values and beliefs, and basic assumptions. The analytical technique of grounded theory was employed to process the large volume of data gathered during the extended research period. The data reveal a complex array of values in each firm, with only one firm exhibiting a homogenous culture where values are shared by all those working in the organization. In the remaining three firms, five values appear to be shared by all employees; however, this is overlaid by a pattern of subcultures differentiated by distinctive shared values. Interfirm analysis among the four firms found that the values of survival, independence, control, pragmatism, and financial prudence were shared by two or more firms. The research collectively defines these shared values as the cultural paradigm of the smaller firm. [source]


MARKET REACTIONS TO THE PASSAGE OF THE FINANCIAL HOLDING COMPANY ACT IN TAIWAN

PACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 4 2008
Jane-Sue Wang
Abstract. We examine how financial institutions react to various events surrounding the passage of Taiwan's Financial Holding Company Act in June 2001. Empirical results indicate that the financial system experiences significant abnormal returns along the legislative process. Smaller firms have significantly higher abnormal returns, thus lending no support for the hypothesis that larger firms benefit more from the Act. Further analysis shows that the significance of market value is replaced by a significant securities industry effect, thereby consistent with the observation that Taiwan's securities firms are generally smaller in market values and are potential target firms for financial holding companies. [source]


The Cultural Paradigm of the Smaller Firm

JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2004
Helen Haugh
This paper presents the findings from an ethnographic study of organizational culture and shared values in four smaller firms, the outcome of which was the identification of the cultural values shared between owner,managers (OMs) and employees in each firm. The research employed Schein's conceptualization of culture as a three-layer phenomenon, consisting of surface artifacts, shared values and beliefs, and basic assumptions. The analytical technique of grounded theory was employed to process the large volume of data gathered during the extended research period. The data reveal a complex array of values in each firm, with only one firm exhibiting a homogenous culture where values are shared by all those working in the organization. In the remaining three firms, five values appear to be shared by all employees; however, this is overlaid by a pattern of subcultures differentiated by distinctive shared values. Interfirm analysis among the four firms found that the values of survival, independence, control, pragmatism, and financial prudence were shared by two or more firms. The research collectively defines these shared values as the cultural paradigm of the smaller firm. [source]


Federal regulation and the American economy

ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2001
Thomas A. Gray
This article begins by assessing the cost of Federal regulation in the United States and how it has changed over time. It shows that there have been periods when these costs have fallen but that the trend is upwards. Some regulations result in net benefits but many produce more costs than benefits and the costs bear most heavily on smaller firms. Various measures taken to control regulatory activities are reviewed. The article ends with a plea for Congress to take responsibility for the quality of regulation instead of leaving it to the regulatory agencies and the President. [source]


Internal audit outsourcing in Australia

ACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 1 2006
Peter Carey
M42 Abstract The present study investigates the determinants of internal audit outsourcing using survey data on 99 companies listed on the Australian Stock Exchange, where 54.5 per cent fully rely on in-house facilities and 45.5 per cent outsource some or all of their internal audit function. Results from logistic regression analyses suggest that internal audit outsourcing is associated with perceived cost savings and the technical competence of the external provider. For a subsample of firms that have previously undertaken internal audit activities before outsourcing, contrary to expectations, the larger the organization the greater the propensity to outsource. In addition, smaller firms are found to be adopting internal audit for the first time, through outsourcing. These results suggest that internal audit outsourcing is an expanding business opportunity for professional accountants; but with 75 per cent of firms outsourcing to their external auditor, there are implications for external auditor independence. [source]


Regulating labour management in small firms

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT JOURNAL, Issue 3 2002
Susan Marlow
There is a relative paucity of evidence on the management of labour in smaller firms. Research that has been undertaken, while recognising the heterogeneity of the sector, does note the prevalence of informality regarding employee relations. Such informality could be challenged by the increasing regulation of the employment relationship following the election of successive Labour governments since 1997. To illuminate this discussion further, evidence drawn from a study of employment regulation is offered. A number of smaller firm owners and their employees were interviewed to ascertain their views on the impact of regulation on the employment relationship. Owners were largely resistant to it but felt they could accommodate changes with relatively little disruption to their existing approach to labour management. Meanwhile, most employees felt the effect of regulation would be muted due to their position as smaller firm labour. [source]


CEO Stock Options and Equity Risk Incentives

JOURNAL OF BUSINESS FINANCE & ACCOUNTING, Issue 1-2 2006
Melissa A. Williams
Abstract: We test the hypothesis that the risk incentive effects of CEO stock option grants motivate managers to take on more risk than they would otherwise. Using a sample of mergers we document that the ratio of post- to pre-merger stock return variance is positively related to the risk incentive effect of CEO stock option compensation but this relationship is conditioned on firm size, with firm size having a moderating effect on the risk incentive effect of stock options. Using a broader time-series cross-sectional sample of firms we find a strong positive relationship between CEO risk incentive embedded in the stock options and subsequent equity return volatility. As in the case of the merger sample, this relationship is stronger for smaller firms. [source]


Trade Credit Terms Offered by Small Firms: Survey Evidence and Empirical Analysis

JOURNAL OF BUSINESS FINANCE & ACCOUNTING, Issue 3-4 2002
Nicholas Wilson
Trade credit has been shown to be an important source of short-term finance for smaller firms but small firms are also suppliers of trade credit. There is little empirical evidence on the credit granting decisions of small firms. Previous empirical work (Petersen and Rajan, 1997; and Ng, Smith and Smith, 1999) has focused on credit granting and investment in accounts receivable in larger firms. In this paper we look at the influences on credit granting for the smallest firms, using a sample of firms with an average of 10 employees. As in previous studies we find that product and demand characteristics influence credit terms. Moreover, we find evidence that firm size affects credit extension choices directly by setting limits on the possibilities for economies of scale, but it also impacts indirectly by affecting the firm's access to finance and its bargaining strength vis-à-vis suppliers. The dominant position of larger customers in bargaining with small suppliers constrains the impact of other factors on the firm's choice of credit terms. Small firms are also under pressure to conform to industry norms, although lack of resources can be a limiting factor. Constrained firms may make use of two-part terms in an attempt to improve their cashflow. [source]


The Weekend Effect, ,Reverse' Weekend Effect, and Firm Size

JOURNAL OF BUSINESS FINANCE & ACCOUNTING, Issue 5-6 2000
Jorge Brusa
In this paper, we find a ,reverse%rsquo; weekend effect , whereby returns for Monday are positive and significantly greater than returns for the preceding Friday , in recent data for major stock indexes. We also find that, while a weak weekend effect exists in portfolios of smaller firms, the effect begins to diminish and weak ,reverse' weekend effect begins to appear in medium size firms. The ,reverse' weekend effect becomes strong and statistically significant in portfolios of large firms. The detection of a ,reverse' weekend effect in portfolios of large firms is a new finding in the literature. [source]


The Cultural Paradigm of the Smaller Firm

JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2004
Helen Haugh
This paper presents the findings from an ethnographic study of organizational culture and shared values in four smaller firms, the outcome of which was the identification of the cultural values shared between owner,managers (OMs) and employees in each firm. The research employed Schein's conceptualization of culture as a three-layer phenomenon, consisting of surface artifacts, shared values and beliefs, and basic assumptions. The analytical technique of grounded theory was employed to process the large volume of data gathered during the extended research period. The data reveal a complex array of values in each firm, with only one firm exhibiting a homogenous culture where values are shared by all those working in the organization. In the remaining three firms, five values appear to be shared by all employees; however, this is overlaid by a pattern of subcultures differentiated by distinctive shared values. Interfirm analysis among the four firms found that the values of survival, independence, control, pragmatism, and financial prudence were shared by two or more firms. The research collectively defines these shared values as the cultural paradigm of the smaller firm. [source]


Automated identification of technologically similar organizations

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 10 2005
Anthony Breitzman
This article introduces and validates a method for identifying technologically similar organizations, industries, or regions by applying the techniques from information science for term similarity to international patent classifications. Several applications of the method are explored, including identifying hidden competitive threats, finding potential acquisition targets, locating university expertise within a technology, identifying competitor strategy shifts, and more. One advantage of the method is that it is size invariant, meaning, for example, that it is possible for a huge corporation to identify smaller firms in its space before they become significant competitors. Another advantage is that technologically similar organizations can be identified on a large scale without any particular knowledge of the technology or business of either source organizations or target organizations. [source]


FDI AND DOMESTIC INVESTMENT IN TAIWAN: AN ENDOGENOUS SWITCHING MODEL

THE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 4 2007
Hui-lin LIN
F23; D24; F21; C24 The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of the FDI decision on domestic investment in the case of Taiwanese manufacturing firms. In addition, we also consider the deferral effect of the FDI decision and the role of firm size. To this end, this paper takes advantage of an endogenous switching model from which consistent estimators are obtained after correcting for the self-selection problem. The empirical results show that the effect of these manufacturing firms' FDI decisions on domestic investment is significant within the firms. Furthermore, a crowding-out effect of FDI on domestic investment is found when Taiwanese firms engage in defensive FDI. Finally, FDI is found to have a positive influence on the domestic investment of the larger firms, while the influence is negative in the case of the smaller firms. [source]


The Quality of Entrepreneurs,

THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 539 2009
Hans K. Hvide
What determines the quality of entrepreneurs? The article proposes a model of the interaction between individual workers' decision to become entrepreneurs and employers' efforts to keep their best workers and ideas. The main prediction from the model is that larger firms produce entrepreneurs of higher quality than smaller firms. Using novel and unique Norwegian data, I find that previous employer size exerts a significant influence on entrepreneurial performance. For example, increasing previous employer size from the 25 percentile to the 75 percentile increases yearly profitability on assets by 6 percentage points. [source]


Does Corporate Headquarters Location Matter for Stock Returns?

THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE, Issue 4 2006
CHRISTO PIRINSKY
ABSTRACT We document strong comovement in the stock returns of firms headquartered in the same geographic area. Moreover, stocks of companies that change their headquarters location experience a decrease in their comovement with stocks from the old location and an increase in their comovement with stocks from the new location. The local comovement of stock returns is not explained by economic fundamentals and is stronger for smaller firms with more individual investors and in regions with less financially sophisticated residents. We argue that price formation in equity markets has a significant geographic component linked to the trading patterns of local residents. [source]


Interfirm Modularity and Its Implications for Product Development,

THE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2005
Nancy Staudenmayer
Industries characterized by interfirm modularity, in which the component products of different firms work together to create a system, are becoming increasingly widespread. In such industries, the existence of a common architecture enables consumers to mix and match the products of different firms. Industries ranging from stereos, cameras, and bicycles to computers, printing, and wireless services are now characterized by interfirm modularity. While the increasing presence of this context has been documented, the implications for the product development process remain underdeveloped. For the present study, in-depth field-based case studies of seven firms experiencing an environment of interfirm modularity were conducted in order to deepen understanding of this important phenomenon. What unique challenges did this context pose and why? What solutions did firms experiment with, and which seemed to work? Based on an inductive process of data analysis from these case studies, three primary categories of challenges raised by this environment were identified. First, firms were frustrated at their lack of control over the definition of their own products. The set of features and functions in products were constrained to a great extent by an architecture that the firm did not control. Second, while an environment of interfirm modularity should in theory eliminate interdependencies among firms since interfaces between products are defined ex-ante, the present study found, ironically, that interdependencies were ubiquitous. Interdependencies continually emerged throughout the product development process, despite efforts to limit them. Third, firms found that the quantity and variegated nature of external relationships made their management exceedingly difficult. The sheer complexity was daunting, given both the size of the external network as well as the number of ties per external collaborator. Partners with whom control over the architecture was shared often had divergent interests,or at least not fully convergent interests. The solutions to these challenges were creative and in many cases counter to established wisdom. For instance, research has suggested many ways for a firm to influence architectural standards. While the firms in the present sample followed some of this advice, they also focused on a more neglected aspect of architecture,the compliance and testing standards that accompany modules and interfaces. By concentrating their efforts in a different area, even smaller firms in this sample were able to have some influence. Instead of focusing on the elimination of interdependencies, it was found that firms benefited from concentrating on the management of interdependencies as they emerged. Finally, while layers of management and "bureaucracy" are often viewed as unproductive, these firms found that adding structure, through positions such as Relationship Manager, was highly beneficial in handling the coordination and control of a wide range of external relationships. [source]


Corporate environmental reporting: what's in a metric?

BUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 2 2003
R. Scott Marshall Assistant Professor of Management
Although there has been increased attention to corporate environmental reports (CERs), there has yet to be a close examination of the metrics used in these reports. Metrics do not address the content of CERs, but, perhaps more importantly, metrics provide the means for conveying the content. In this paper, we analyze metrics used in 79 corporations' recent CER reports. We define and use an 'environmental sustainability' lens, and apply two environmental metrics taxonomies to CER metrics. We also consider the implications of key internal and external firm factors on CER metrics. Our findings suggest that (i) firms' compliance with ISO 14001 increases the presence of future oriented metrics, (ii) a majority of CER content uses lagging metrics with descriptive and operational performance information, (iii) larger firms are more likely than smaller firms to use future oriented metrics and (iv) there are noticeable differences across countries/regions in terms of CER metrics. Several important issues seem evident from the study. First, the metrics most commonly used in CERs provide little information about future performance. Second, the majority of metrics describe operations performance rather than environmental impact. Third, even though the sample was chosen based on a priori indicators of corporate environmental awareness, only about half of the companies sampled had a CER available. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment [source]


Does the Lender Matter?

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES, Issue 4 2002
Home Office Location, Lender Type, Real Estate Development Lending
Inter-regional expansion and merger and acquisition activity triggered by regulatory reforms are changing the structure of North America's financial industry. Increases in concentration and the belief that large and small financial institutions specialize in distinct segments of the lending market have raised concerns among some that these industry changes will have real effects on the availability and access to credit for distinct classes of borrowers, especially smaller firms. This paper examines this issue by looking at differences across lenders in the financing of residential construction by lender type and home office location (local versus out-of-province). The analysis has two components. The first is a descriptive data analysis for evidence that smaller, local lenders provide capital to more marginal and infra-marginal borrowers. The second is a test of whether lenders active in multiple jurisdictions allocate loan capital for real estate efficiently. To evaluate these issues, the paper uses data on over 1,300 senior and junior construction loans in the Vancouver, BC, metropolitan area. We find that local lenders do seem to behave differently, charging lower spreads and extending credit to more marginal or less well capitalized developers. However, contrary to the claims of many Vancouver developers, lenders in Central Canada did not limit credit to British Columbia when their home real estate markets turned down in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Instead, the lending volume and market share in the Vancouver market of lenders based outside of BC rose when the relative condition of their home real estate markets worsened. Résumé La fusion et l'expansion inter-régionales, l'acquisition des activités déclenchée par les reformes régulatrices modifient la structure des industries financières nord-américaines. Les accroissements de la concentration et la croyance en la spécialisation des petites et des grandes institutions financières dans différents secteurs du marché de prêt ont amené les uns à s'inquiéter du fait que certains de ces changements industriels peuvent avoir des effets certains sur la disponibilité et l'accès au crédit à des classes distinctes d'emprunteurs et en particulier aux petites firmes. Le présent article examine cette question en analysant les différences entre les prêteurs dans le financement des constructions résidentielles suivant le type de prêteur et le lieu d'implantation de son établissement principal (dans la province par opposition à hors de la province). L'analyse a deux composantes: la première est l'analyse descriptive des données dans le but de montrer que les petits prêteurs locaux fournissent des capitaux à plus d'emprunteurs marginaux et infra-marginaux. La seconde composante est un test qui vise à savoir si les prêteurs actifs dans plusieurs juridictions allouent efficacement des capitaux d'emprunts aux compagnies immobilières. Pour évaluer ces questions, l'article utilise des données de plus de 1300 prêts de constructions primaires et secondaires dans la zone métropolitaine de Vancouver, en Colombie Brittanique. Notre travail permet de constater que les prêteurs locaux semblent se comporter différemment, demandant des marges plus basses et accordant des crédits à des promoteurs immobiliers plus marginaux ou nettement moins capitalisés. Cependant, contrairement aux déclarations de plusieurs promoteurs immobiliers de Vancouver, les prêteurs du Canada Centre ne s'étaient pas limités à la Colombie Britannique dans l'octroi des crédits quand leurs marchés des propriétés immobilières avaient fléchi à la fin des années 1980 au début des années 1990. Bien au contraire, le volume de prêt et la part de marché dans le marché de Vancouver des prêteurs installés hors de la Colombie Britannique s'est accru quand la condition relative de leurs marchés immobiliers a empiré. [source]


Comparable worth in a decentralized labour market: the case of Ontario

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2004
Michael Baker
We report substantial lapses in compliance among smaller firms where the majority of men and women work. We also find that the pay equity law had no effect on aggregate wages in female jobs or on the gender wage gap. This experience provides unique perspectives on (1) the tensions between the workings of a decentralized labour market and the principles of comparable worth and (2) the obstacles to its extension to the private sector. JEL classification: J7, J3 L'équité salariale dans un marché du travail décentralisé: le cas de l'Ontario., Les auteurs documentent l'application de la loi d'équité salariale mise en vigueur dans le secteur privé en Ontario au début des années 1990. On fait état de défaillances substantielles dans la mise en ,uvre de cette politique auprès des PME (où la majorité des hommes et des femmes travaillent). L'analyse révèle que, au niveau agrégé, la loi d'équité salariale n'a pas eu d'effets sur les salaires dans les emplois féminins ou sur l'écart salarial entre les hommes et les femmes. L'expérience ontarienne fournit des perspectives éclairantes sur 1) les tensions entre le fonctionnement d'un marché du travail décentralisé et les principes de salaire égal pour un travail de valeur comparable, et 2) sur les obstacles à l'extension de ces principes au secteur privé. [source]