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Smith
Kinds of Smith Terms modified by Smith Selected AbstractsADAM SMITH ON EDUCATIONECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2005James Stanfield No abstract is available for this article. [source] Rationality in Economics: Constructivist and Ecological Forms By VERNON L. SMITHECONOMICA, Issue 305 2010ROBERT SUGDEN No abstract is available for this article. [source] GETTING THE FACTS RIGHT: A REPLY TO SMITH (2005)ADDICTION, Issue 10 2005LESLIE A. KING No abstract is available for this article. [source] ADAM SMITH AND THE POSSIBILITY OF SYMPATHY WITH NATUREPACIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2006PATRICK R. FRIERSON However, Smith's "all important emotion of sympathy" (Callicott, 2001, p. 209) seems incapable of extension to entities that lack emotions with which one can sympathize. Drawing on the distinctive account of sympathy developed in Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments, as well as his account of anthropomorphizing nature in "History of Astronomy and Physics," I show that sympathy with non-sentient nature is possible within a Smithian ethics. This provides the possibility of extending sympathy, and thereby benevolence and justice, to nature. [source] Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R by ZUUR, A. F., IENO, E. N., WALKER, N. J., SAVELIEV, A. A., and SMITH, G. M.BIOMETRICS, Issue 3 2009Carl James Schwarz No abstract is available for this article. [source] Use of a Living Dermal Equivalent for a Refractory Abdominal Defect after Pediatric Multivisceral TransplantationDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 9 2004Carlos A. Charles MD Background. Primary closure is not always possible after pediatric multivisceral transplantation. Reepithelialization may require extended periods of postoperative time, which can be associated with significant morbidity Objective. The objective was to accelerate secondary wound closure thereby minimizing infection or further complications in a pediatric multivisceral transplant patient. Methods. Five applications of human fibroblast-derived dermis (Dermagraft, Smith and Nephew) were applied to the postsurgical defect of a pediatric multivisceral transplant patient over the course of 8 months. Routine wound care and observation was performed between human fibroblast-derived dermis applications. Results. Human fibroblast-derived dermis stimulated healing and accelerated reepithelialization. Signs of clinical rejection or infection were not observed. Conclusion. Reepithelialization can be aided in the postoperative period in pediatric multivisceral transplant patients with human fibroblast-derived dermis, thereby helping to deter complications associated with secondary wound closure. We have illustrated the successful use of a human fibroblast-derived dermis as an adjunct for wound healing in a complicated surgical defect. [source] Rethinking axial patterning in amphibiansDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2002Mary Constance Lane Abstract Recent revisions in the Xenopus laevis fate map led to the designation of the rostral/caudal axis and reassignment of the dorsal/ventral axis (Lane and Smith [1999] Development 126:423,434; Lane and Sheets [2000] Dev. Biol. 225:37,58). It is unprecedented to reassign primary embryonic axes after many years of research in a model system. In this review, we use insights about vertebrate development from anatomy and comparative embryology, as well as knowledge about gastrulation in frogs, to reexamine several traditional amphibian fate maps. We show that four extant maps contain information on the missing rostral/caudal axis. These maps support the revised map as well as the designation of the rostral/caudal axis and reassignment of the dorsal/ventral axes. To illustrate why it is important for researchers to use the revised map and nomenclature when thinking about frog and fish embryos, we present an example of alternative interpretations of "dorsalized" zebrafish mutations. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Contextual modulation of spatial discrimination reversal in developing ratsDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Jerome H. Pagani Abstract Reversal of discrimination learning is influenced by manipulation of the training context. In adult and developing rats, contextual changes made between acquisition and reversal aid the learning of the new discrimination, possibly by serving to release proactive interference from the originally acquired discrimination (M. E. Bouton & D. C. Brooks, 1993; N. Spear, G. Smith, R. Bryan, & W. Gordon, 1980). The present study sought to examine this effect in an appetitive T-maze task, as a function of different contextual manipulations. Rats of three ages, Postnatal Day (PND) 19, PND23, and PND30, were tested for their ability to acquire and reverse a position habit in a T-maze. Contextual changes were made between acquisition and reversal sessions and consisted of one of three manipulations: (a) texture; the texture of the maze floor was changed via the addition or subtraction of wire mesh; (b) maze; subjects were reversed in a different maze that was identical in construction to the training maze, but differed in spatial location; (c) texture and maze; subjects were shifted to the new maze, the floor of which differed in texture from the training maze but was otherwise identical in construction. Results showed that the texture,maze combination was an effective aid to reversal learning at all ages tested. The texture alone, however, was not effective at any age. The maze alone also was an effective cue for reversal, but proved to have the greatest effect for PND30 subjects. During ontogeny, the contextual modulation of reversal learning is importantly influenced by the nature and the salience of the contextual cue. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 46: 36,46, 2005. [source] The effect of spatial cues on infants' responses in the AB task, with and without a hidden objectDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2001Andrew Bremner The errors made by infants in the AB task were taken by Piaget as an indication of an inability to update their representations of the spatial location of a hidden object. This paper presents an experiment designed to further investigate the role of spatial representations in the production of the error. The introduction of strong visual cues to spatial location was found to reduce the traditional A-not-B search error. However, it also increased perseveration when a ,lids-only' analogue of the AB task was used, in which infants are simply cued to pick up lids rather than encouraged to search for a hidden object. These results present a challenge to the dynamic systems account of the error given by Smith, Thelen, Titzer and McLin (Psychological Review, 106 (1999), 235,260), and indicate that the traditional A-not-B search error arises from a difficulty in updating representations of the spatial location of hidden objects. The relation of these results to Munakata's PDP model (Developmental Science, 1 (1998), 161,211) and Thelen, Schöner, Scheier and Smith's (Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 24 (2001), 1--86) most recent dynamic systems model of the A-not-B error is also discussed. [source] Indirect Perceptual Realism and Multiple ReferenceDIALECTICA, Issue 3 2008Derek Brown Indirect realists maintain that our perceptions of the external world are mediated by our ,perceptions' of subjective intermediaries such as sensations. Multiple reference occurs when a word or an instance of it has more than one reference. I argue that, because indirect realists hold that speakers typically and unknowingly directly perceive something subjective and indirectly perceive something objective, the phenomenon of multiple reference is an important resource for their view. In particular, a challenge that A. D. Smith has recently put forward for indirect realists can be overcome by appreciating how multiple reference is likely to arise when a projectivist variety of indirect realism is interpreted by speakers adhering to a naïve direct realism. [source] Leo Cherne, Neoconservative (But Don't Tell Anyone)DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 4 2004John Ehrman Books reviewed: Andrew F. Smith. Rescuing the World: The Life and Times of Leo Cherne. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002. xvi + 223 pp. Notes, Selected Bibliography, Index. $26.50 (cloth). [source] Costs of cannibalism in the presence of an iridovirus pathogen of Spodoptera frugiperdaECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Trevor Williams Abstract., 1.,The costs of cannibalism were examined in larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the presence of conspecifics infected by a lethal invertebrate iridescent virus (IIV). The hypothesis of a positive correlation between insect density and the likelihood of disease transmission by cannibalism was examined in laboratory microcosms and a field experiment. 2.,Transmission was negligible following peroral infection of early instars with purified virus suspensions or following coprophagy of virus-contaminated faeces excreted by infected insects. In contrast, 92% of the insects that predated infected conspecifics acquired the infection and died prior to adult emergence in the laboratory. Diseased larvae were more likely to be victims of cannibalism than healthy larvae. 3.,The prevalence of cannibalism was density dependent in laboratory microcosms with a low density (10 healthy insects + one infected insect) or high density (30 healthy insects + one infected insect) of insects, and field experiments performed on maize plants infested with one or four healthy insects + one infected insect. 4.,Cannibalism in the presence of virus-infected conspecifics was highly costly to S. frugiperda; in all cases, insect survival was reduced by between ,,50% (laboratory) and ,,30% (field) in the presence of the pathogen. Contrary to expectations, the prevalence of disease was not sensitive to density because cannibalism resulted in self-thinning. As infected individuals are consumed and disappear from the population, the prevalence of disease will be determined by the timescale over which transmission can be achieved, and the rate at which individuals that have acquired an infection become themselves infectious to conspecific predators. [source] Recent advances in amino acid analysis by CEELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 1 2008Véréna Poinsot Abstract This paper describes a number of articles that have been published on amino acid (AA) analysis using CE during the period from June 2005 to May 2007. This review article follows the format of the previous articles of Smith (Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 3078,3083), Prata et al.. (Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 4129,4138), and Poinsot et al.. (Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 4047,4062 and Electrophoresis 2006, 27, 176,194). Several new developments in AA analysis with CE are reported describing the use of laser-emitting diodes for LIF, MS, and chips. In addition, we describe articles concerning clinical studies and neuroclinical applications. [source] The work of women teachers in primary literacy education: knowing and doingENGLISH IN EDUCATION, Issue 2 2007Barbara Comber Abstract This paper provides a retrospective account of three decades of my work as a literacy educator and researcher. Taking key insights from feminist sociologist, Dorothy Smith, including women's standpoint, the everyday world as problematic, institutional capture, a sociology for the people, I revisit my research on literacy, poverty and schooling. I argue that understanding better the effects of what we do in educational institutions, through collaborative research with teachers, can lead us to generate positive alternative equity-driven practices. [source] Descriptions and biological notes of Ctenoplectra bees from Southeast Asia and Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Ctenoplectrini) with a new species from North BorneoENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2009I-Hsin SUNG Abstract Six Ctenoplectra species are recorded from Southeast Asia and Taiwan. They are C. chalybea Smith, C. cornuta Gribodo, C. davidi Vachal, C. elsei Engel, C. sandakana sp. nov. and C. vagans Cockerell. Females of C. sandakana sp. nov. from North Borneo are similar to the mainland species C. chalybea, but differ mainly in the clypeal keel and the length of the antennal segments. The small blackish species, C. cornuta, is distributed in Myanmar, China and Taiwan and C. davidi is distributed in China, Russia and Taiwan; both species are seen at the flowers of Thladiantha. Ctenoplectra chalybea was collected from the Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Taiwan and Vietnam. Ctenoplectra apicalis Smith and C. kelloggi Cockerell are allied to C. chalybea; however, C. kelloggi is excluded from this study due to insufficient material. A key to the six known Ctenoplectra species is given. The large metallic species, C. chalybea and C. elsei, visit flowers of Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. For the first time observations on the nest structures of C. chalybea and C. cornuta are presented. They choose remarkable places, such as artificial structures and buildings, for nest sites. The nest architecture prevents rain and direct sunlight from entering the nest. Bees used pre-existing holes or crevices in wood for nesting shelters and collected soil and appeared to mix it with some other substance to build nests. The cell lining materials and rubbing behaviors against the cell wall suggest that Ctenoplectra bees use floral oil mainly for cell lining materials. [source] Vespidae (Hymenoptera) of Vietnam 3: Synoptic key to Vietnamese species of the polistine genus Ropalidia, with notes on taxonomy and distributionENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2006Lien T. P. NGUYEN Abstract Nineteen species of the paper wasp genus Ropalidia are recorded from Vietnam, of which three are new records for Vietnam. A key to all of the species, distribution records and taxonomic remarks are given. New synonymies proposed are: Ropalidia bicolorata parvula van der Vecht, 1962, under R. bicolorata van der Vecht, 1962; R. hongkongensis juncta van der Vecht, 1941, under R. hongkongensis (de Saussure, 1854); Icaria jucunda Cameron, 1898, and R. marginata sundaica van der Vecht, 1941, under R. marginata (Lepeletier, 1836); R. rufocollaris atrata van der Vecht, 1941, under R. rufocollaris (Cameron, 1900); and R. stigma rufa van der Vecht, 1941 and R. stigma nigrolineata van der Vecht, 1962, under R. stigma (Smith, 1858). [source] Disgust sensitivity predicts the insula and pallidal response to pictures of disgusting foodsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 11 2007Andrew J. Calder Abstract The anterior insula has been implicated in coding disgust from facial, pictorial and olfactory cues, and in the experience of this emotion. Personality research has shown considerable variation in individuals' trait propensity to experience disgust (,disgust sensitivity'). Our study explored the neural expression of this trait, and demonstrates that individual variation in disgust sensitivity is significantly correlated with participants' ventroanterior insular response to viewing pictures of disgusting, but not appetizing or bland, foods. Similar correlations were also seen in the pallidum and orofacial regions of motor and somatosensory cortices. Our results also accord with comparative research showing an anterior to posterior gradient in the rat pallidum reflecting increased ,liking' of foods [Smith, K. S. and Berridge, K. C. (2005) J. Neurosci., 25, 849,8637]. [source] The structure of negative emotion scales: generalization over contexts and comprehensivenessEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 2 2002Dirk J. M. Smits In this article, we tested whether a four-dimensional individual-difference structure of negative emotions (Sadness, Fear, Anger, Shame) as described e.g. by Diener, Smith and Fujita can be found in self-report data when the emotions are explicitly linked to three different specific contexts. In addition, we check the comprehensiveness of the structure by adding terms people spontaneously use to directly express negative affect. A situational questionnaire was constructed, based on the emotion terms from Diener et al., and it was administered to 161 participants. The structure we obtained was five dimensional instead of four dimensional: the Shame scale turned out to be two dimensional, with guilt and regret defining one factor, and shame and embarrassment defining another factor. Between these two, there is a moderate positive correlation. The structure is shown to be nearly identical for all three situations. The minor differences we found do contextualize the meaning of the emotional responses. The newly added terms could be captured quite well by the factor Anger. No separate factor was needed, meaning that the obtained five-dimensional structure may be considered comprehensive enough for the field of negative emotions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Social Justice in European Contract Law: a ManifestoEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 6 2004Study Group on Social Justice in European Private Law The Study Group on Social Justice in European Private Law are: Gert Brüggemeier (Bremen), Mauro Bussani (Trieste), Hugh Collins (London), Aurelia Colombi Ciacchi (Bremen), Giovanni Comandé (Pisa), Muriel Fabre-Magnan (Nantes), Stefan Grundmann (Berlin), Martijn Hesselink (Amsterdam) (Chairman), Christian Joerges (Florence), Brigitta Lurger (Graz), Ugo Mattei (Torino), Marisa Meli (Catania), Jacobien Rutgers (Amsterdam), Christoph Schmidt (Florence), Jane Smith (Bremen), Ruth Sefton-Green (Paris), Horatia Muir Watt (Paris), Thomas Wilhelmsson (Helsinki). [source] REPRESSION OF COMPETITION AND THE EVOLUTION OF COOPERATIONEVOLUTION, Issue 4 2003Steven A. Frank Abstract Repression of competition within groups joins kin selection as the second major force in the history of life shaping the evolution of cooperation. When opportunities for competition against neighbors are limited within groups, individuals can increase their own success only by enhancing the efficiency and productivity of their group. Thus, characters that repress competition within groups promote cooperation and enhance group success. Leigh first expressed this idea in the context of fair meiosis, in which each chromosome has an equal chance of transmission via gametes. Randomized success means that each part of the genome can increase its own success only by enhancing the total number of progeny and thus increasing the success of the group. Alexander used this insight about repression of competition in fair meiosis to develop his theories for the evolution of human sociality. Alexander argued that human social structures spread when they repress competition within groups and promote successful group-against-group competition. Buss introduced a new example with his suggestion that metazoan success depended on repression of competition between cellular lineages. Maynard Smith synthesized different lines of thought on repression of competition. In this paper, I develop simple mathematical models to illustrate the main processes by which repression of competition evolves. With the concepts made clear, I then explain the history of the idea. I finish by summarizing many new developments in this subject and the most promising lines for future study. [source] Fatigue crack growth and life prediction of a single interference fitted holed plateFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 10 2010T. N. CHAKHERLOU ABSTRACT To understand the different aspects of fatigue behaviour of complex structural joints it will be much helpful if the effects of different parameters are studied separately. In this article, to study the isolated effect of interference fit on fatigue life a pined hole specimen is investigated. This specimen is a single-holed plate with an oversized pin which force fitted to the hole. The investigation was carried out both experimentally and numerically. In the experimental part, interference fitted specimens along with open hole specimens were fatigue tested to study the experimental effect of the interference fit. In the numerical part, three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations have been performed in order to obtain the created stresses due to interference fit and subsequent applied longitudinal load at the holed plate. The stress distribution obtained from FE simulation around the hole was used to predict crack initiation life using Smith,Watson,Topper method and fatigue crack growth life using the NASGRO equation with applying the AFGROW computer code. The predicted fatigue life obtained from the numerical methods show a good agreement with the experimental fatigue life. [source] Mean stress effects in stress-life fatigue and the Walker equationFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 3 2009N. E. DOWLING ABSTRACT Mean stress effects in finite-life fatigue are studied for a number of sets of experimental data for steels, aluminium alloys and one titanium alloy. Specifically, the agreement with these data is examined for the Goodman, Morrow, Smith,Watson,Topper and Walker equations. The Goodman relationship is found to be highly inaccurate. Reasonable accuracy is provided by the Morrow and by the Smith,Watson,Topper equations. But the Morrow method should not be used for aluminium alloys unless the true fracture strength is employed, instead of the more usual use of the stress-life intercept constant. The Walker equation with its adjustable fitting parameter , gives superior results. For steels, , is found to correlate with the ultimate tensile strength, and a linear relationship permits , to be estimated for cases where non-zero mean stress data are not available. Relatively high-strength aluminium alloys have ,, 0.5, which corresponds with the SWT method, but higher values of , apply for relatively low-strength aluminium alloys. For both steels and aluminium alloys, there is a trend of decreasing , with increasing strength, indicating an increasing sensitivity to mean stress. [source] Analytical and experimental studies on fatigue crack path under complex multi-axial loadingFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 4 2006L. REIS ABSTRACT In real engineering components and structures, many accidental failures are due to unexpected or additional loadings, such as additional bending or torsion, etc. Fractographical analyses of the failure surface and the crack orientation are helpful for identifying the effects of the non-proportional multi-axial loading. There are many factors that influence fatigue crack paths. This paper studies the effects of multi-axial loading path on the crack path. Two kinds of materials were studied and compared in this paper: AISI 303 stainless steel and 42CrMo4 steel. Experiments were conducted in a biaxial testing machine INSTRON 8800. Six different biaxial loading paths were selected and applied in the tests to observe the effects of multi-axial loading paths on the additional hardening, fatigue life and the crack propagation orientation. Fractographic analyses of the plane orientations of crack initiation and propagation were carried out by optical microscope and SEM approaches. It was shown that the two materials studied had different crack orientations under the same loading path, due to their different cyclic plasticity behaviour and different sensitivity to non-proportional loading. Theoretical predictions of the damage plane were made using the critical plane approaches such as the Brown,Miller, the Findley, the Wang,Brown, the Fatemi,Socie, the Smith,Watson,Topper and the Liu's criteria. Comparisons of the predicted orientation of the damage plane with the experimental observations show that the critical plane models give satisfactory predictions for the orientations of early crack growth of the 42CrMo4 steel, but less accurate predictions were obtained for the AISI 303 stainless steel. This observation appears to show that the applicability of the fatigue models is dependent on the material type and multi-axial microstructure characteristics. [source] The validation of some methods of notch fatigue analysisFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 5 2000Taylor This paper is concerned with the testing and validation of certain methods of notch analysis which the authors have developed theoretically in earlier publications. These methods were developed for use with finite element (FE) analysis in order to predict the fatigue limits of components containing stress concentrations. In the present work we tested and compared these methods using data from standard notches taken from the literature, covering a range of notch geometries, loading types, R -ratios and materials: a total of 47 different data sets were analysed. The greatest predictive success was achieved with critical-distance methods known as the point, line and area methods: 94% of these predictions fell within 20% of the experimental fatigue limits. This was a significant improvement on previous methods of this kind, e.g. that of Klesnil and Lucas [(1980) Fatigue of Metallic Materials, Elsevier Science]. Methods based on the Smith and Miller [(1978) Int. J. Mech. Sci. 20, 201,206] concept of crack-like notches were successful in 42% of cases; they experienced difficulties dealing with very small notches, and could be improved by using an ElHaddad-type correction factor, giving 87% success. An approach known as ,crack modelling' allowed the Smith and Miller method to be used with non-standard stress concentrations, where notch geometry is ill defined; this modification, with the same short-crack correction, had 68% success. It was concluded that the critical-distance approach is more accurate and can be more easily used to analyse components of complex shape, however, the crack modelling approach is sometimes preferable because it can be used with less mesh refinement. [source] Intracellular trafficking and release of intact edible mushroom lectin from HT29 human colon cancer cellsFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 7 2000Lu-Gang Yu Our previous studies have shown that the Gal,1,3GalNAc,- (Thomsen,Friedenreich antigen)-binding lectin from the common edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus (ABL) reversibly inhibits cell proliferation, and this effect is a consequence of inhibition of nuclear localization sequence-dependent nuclear protein import after ABL internalization [Yu, L.G., Fernig, D.G., White, M.R.H., Spiller, D.G., Appleton, P., Evans, R.C., Grierson, I., Smith, J.A., Davies, H., Gerasimenko, O.V., Petersen, O.H., Milton, J.D. & Rhodes, J.M. (1999) J. Biol. Chem.274, 4890,4899]. Here, we have investigated further the intracellular trafficking and fate of ABL after internalization in HT29 human colon cancer cells. Internalization of 125I-ABL occurred within 30 min of the lectin being bound to the cell surface. Subcellular fractionation after pulse labelling of the cells with 125I-ABL for 2 h at 4 °C followed by culture of the cells at 37 °C demonstrated a steady increase in radioactivity in a crude nuclear extract. The radioactivity in this extract reached a maximum after 10 h and declined after 20 h. Release of ABL from the cell, after pulse labelling, was assessed using both fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled ABL and 125I-ABL and was slow, with a t1/2 of 48 h. Most of the 125I-ABL both inside cells and in the medium remained intact, as determined by trichloroacetic acid precipitation and SDS/PAGE, and after 48 h only 22 ± 2% of ABL in the medium and 14 ± 2% inside the cells was degraded. This study suggests that the reversibility of the antiproliferative effect of ABL is associated with its release from cells after internalization. The internalization and subsequent slow release, with little degradation of ABL, reflects the tendency of lectins to resist biodegradation and implies that other endogenous or exogenous lectins may be processed in this way by intestinal epithelial cells. [source] Study of essential oils of Eucalyptus resinifera Smith, E. tereticornis Smith and Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson, grown in CubaFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2002Jorge A. Pino Abstract The yields and chemical composition are reported of oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves of three species grown in the western region of Cuba: Eucalyptus resinifera Smith, Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith and Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson. The analyses were made by GC and GC,MS. The oil of E. resinifera was found to contain 1,8-cineole (68.0%) as the major constituent. In contrast, the oil of E. tereticornis was found to contain 1,8-cineole (23.2%) and p - cymene (13.8%), while that of C. maculata contained ,-pinene (49.7%), ,-eudesmol (18.0%) and ,-eudesmol (11.3%) as major constituents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Emerging Female Citizen: Gender and Enlightenment in Spain by Theresa Ann SmithGENDER & HISTORY, Issue 1 2008ROSALIND CARR No abstract is available for this article. [source] Palsas in Härjedalen, Sweden: 1910 and 1998 ComparedGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2000Tomas Nihlén In 1998 an area near Helagsfjället in Härjedalen was investigated in an attempt to relocate palsas discovered by the botanist Harry Smith in 1910. Several small palsa-like features with ice cores were detected. The palsas were found on an almost flat peat bog at 950 m, 3 km NW of Helagsfjället. Five clearly elevated mounds and some indistinct ones with palsa-like features were traced. The five mounds were about 0.6 m high and had an area of about 2 × 3 m. One of the mounds was examined in more detail. At a depth of 0.3 m in the peat an ice body with a hard ice core was found. This location is the most southerly area known with occurrence of palsa-like forms in Sweden at the present time. In spite of a warmer climate towards the latter part of this century, palsa-like features have survived in this area. The mean annual temperature barely fits the criterion for palsa formation while the mean annual precipitation is too high as compared with the general assumptions. The palsa formation is probably dependent on strong winds thinning out the snowcover. [source] From clergymen to computers,the advent of virtual palaeontologyGEOLOGY TODAY, Issue 3 2010Russell J. Garwood Palaeontology was established as a science in the Victorian era, yet has roots that stretch deeper into the recesses of history. More than 2000 years ago, the Greek philosopher Aristotle deduced that fossil sea shells were once living organisms, and around 500 ad Xenophanes used fossils to argue that many areas of land must have previously been submarine. In 1027, the Persian scholar Avicenna suggested that organisms were fossilized by petrifying fluids; this theory was accepted by most natural philosophers up until the eighteenth century Enlightenment, and even beyond. The late 1700s were notable for the work of Georges Cuvier who established the reality of extinction. This, coupled with advances in the recognition of faunal successions made by the canal engineer William Smith, laid the framework for the discipline that would become known as palaeontology. As the nineteenth century progressed, the scientific community became increasingly well organized. Most fossil workers were gentleman scientists and members of the clergy, who self-funded their studies in a new and exciting field. Many of the techniques used to study fossils today were developed during this ,classical' period. Perhaps the most fundamental of these is to expose a fossil by splitting the rock housing it, and then conduct investigations based upon the exposed surface (Fig. 1). This approach has served the science well in the last two centuries, having been pivotal to innumerable advances in our understanding of the history of life. Nevertheless, there are many cases where splitting a rock in this way results in incomplete data recovery; those where the fossils are not flattened, but are preserved in three-dimensions. Even the ephemeral soft-tissues of organisms are occasionally preserved in a three-dimensional state, for example in the Herefordshire, La Voulte Sûr Rhone and Orsten ,Fossil Lagerstätten' (sites of exceptional fossil preservation). These rare and precious deposits provide a wealth of information about the history of life on Earth, and are perhaps our most important resource in the quest to understand the palaeobiology of extinct organisms. With the aid of twenty-first century technology, we can now make the most of these opportunities through the field of ,virtual palaeontology',computer-aided visualization of fossils. Figure 1. A split nodule showing the fossil within, in this case a cockroachoid insect. Fossil 4 cm long (From Garwood & Sutton, in press). [source] Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes from the Roots of Ligularia cymbuliferaHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 2 2008Chun-Mei Liu Abstract The new pyrrolizidine alkaloid glycoside 1, and the three new highly oxygenated bisabolane sesquiterpenes 4,6, together with the two known pyrrolizidine alkaloids 2 and 3, were isolated from the roots of Ligularia cymbulifera (W.,W. Smith) Hand.- Mazz. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, especially 1D- and 2D-NMR data. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1, 2, and 4,6 were evaluated against hepatoma (BEL-7402), human leukemia (HL-60), human ovarian carcinoma (HO-8910), and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (KB) cell lines (Tables 1,3). Compound 6 showed weak cell-growth inhibition of BEL-7402 cell. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||