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Smear Test (smear + test)
Selected AbstractsBiodegradable poly(D,L -lactide) coating of implants for continuous release of growth factorsJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, Issue 4 2001G. Schmidmaier Abstract Local application of growth factors like insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-,1) from a biodegradable thin layer of poly(D,L -lactide) (PDLLA) coated implants could stimulate fracture healing. A new "cold coating technique" for metallic implants was established to produce a biodegradable coating with a high mechanical stability that provides a continuous release of incorporated growth factors. The properties of this bioactive coating were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed a coating thickness of in average 14.8 ,m on titanium and 10.7 ,m on steel wires. Intramedullary implantation and extraction experiments depicted a loss of PDLLA coating from titanium and steel implants of less than 5%. After explantation of the implants, the coating displayed a complete and regular layer without any defects of PDLLA uncovering the metallic surface. Smear tests demonstrate that the coating can be performed under sterile conditions. The PDLLA depicted a reduction of about 8% within 6 weeks in vitro and in vivo. The growth factors were incorporated in a stable form and demonstrated a loss of stability of less than 3% within 42 days and less than 5% within one year. In an elution experiment, 54% IGF-I and 48% TGF-,1 were released within the first 48 h. After 42 days, 76% of IGF-I and 71% of TGF-,1 were detected in the elution fluid by ELISA. Comparable results were obtained in the in vivo experiments after 42 days. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 449,455, 2001 [source] Effects of dietary boron on cervical cytopathology and on micronucleus frequency in exfoliated buccal cellsENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Mehmet Korkmaz Abstract Recent evidence indicates that boron and borates may have anticarcinogenic properties. In this study, we have investigated the incidence of adverse cytological findings in cervical smears and the micronucleus (MN) frequency in women living in boron-rich and boron-poor regions. Cervical smears were prepared from 1059 women with low socioeconomic status; 472 of the women lived in relatively boron-rich rural areas, while 587 lived in relatively boron-poor regions. The average and standard deviation values for the age of the women screened with the cervical Pap smear test were 41.55 ± 8.38. The mean dietary intake of boron was 8.41 mg/day for women from the boron-rich regions, and 1.26 mg/day for women living in the boron-poor regions (P < 0.0001). Women from the boron-rich regions had no cytopathological indications of cervical cancer, while there were cytopathological findings for 15 women from the boron-poor areas (,2 = 10.473, P < 0.05). Sixty women, 30 from each region, were chosen for evaluating MN frequencies in exfoliated buccal cells. MN frequencies for women from the boron-rich and boron-poor regions were not significantly different (t = ,0.294, P > 0.05). Also, there were no significant correlations between age and MN frequency for women from both the boron-rich (r = 0.133, P = 0.48, P > 0.05) and boron-poor (r = ,0.033, P = 0.861, P > 0.05) regions. The results suggest that ingestion of boron in the drinking water decreases the incidence of cervical cancer-related histopathological findings. There was no correlation between the pathological findings from the cervical smears and buccal cell MN frequency suggesting that the two study populations were exposed equally to gentotoxic agents. Nonetheless, cervical cancer-related histopathological findings should be validated by other researchers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 17,25, 2007. [source] Awareness of breast and cervical cancer risk factors and screening behaviours among nurses in rural region of TurkeyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER CARE, Issue 3 2008A. YAREN md Breast and cervical cancer are the most common causes of cancer mortality among women worldwide, but actually they are largely preventable diseases. There is limited data on breast and cervical cancer knowledge, screening practices and attitudes of nurses in Turkey. A self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate the knowledge and attitude of nurses on risk factors of the breast and cervical cancer as well as screening programmes such as breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination, mammography (MMG) and papanicolaou (pap) smear test. In total, 125 out of 160 nurses participated in the study (overall response rate was 80.6%). The risk factors and symptoms of breast cancer was generally well known, except for early menarche (23.2%) and late menopause (28.8%). For cervical cancer, the correct risk factors mostly indicated by the nurses were early age at first sexual intercourse (56%), smoking (76%), multiple sexual partners (71.2%). As for screening methods, it was believed that BSE was a beneficial method to identify the early breast changes (84.8%) and MMG was able to detect the cancer without a palpable mass (57.6%). Little was known about the fact that women should begin cervical cancer screening approximately 3 years after the onset of sexual intercourse (23.2%) and if repeated pap smear test were normal, it could be done every 2,3 years. Most of the nurses considered that MMG decreases the mortality in breast cancer (65.6%) and also believed that pap smear test decreases the mortality in cervical cancer (75.2%). Despite high level of knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, symptoms and screening methods, inadequate knowledge of cervical cancer screening method were found among nurses. [source] Improving Adherence to Abnormal Pap Smear Follow-UpJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 1 2001Priscilla DeRemer Abercrombie RN Objective: To gain a better understanding of factors that affect follow-up and the strategies that have been found to improve follow-up after an abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test. Data Sources: A computer-based search of the literature was conducted using MEDLINE with the keywords adherence, nonadherence, compliance, Follow-up, and abnormal Pap smears. Study Selection: Research studies published between 1985 and 1999 in the English language were included. If relevant studies were cited in the articles reviewed, these studies also were reviewed. A total of 25 studies were reviewed. Data Extraction: A critical review of these studies was conducted, with special attention to implications for clinical practice as well as future research. The studies fell into two groups: factors associated with nonadherence and strategies developed to improve adherence. Data Synthesis: A number of factors were identified that affect adherence to follow-up among women with abnormal Pap smears. Some of these factors involve characteristics of the woman, such as demographics, social support, lack of understanding, and fear. Factors that pertain to the health care system, such as inconvenient clinic hours, male providers, and insensitive staff, also were identified. A number of strategies have been successful in improving follow-up, including telephone counseling, educational programs, and economic incentives. Conclusions: Nurses play a crucial role in Facilitating adherence to recommendations for follow-up. They can identify women at risk for poor follow-up, increase awareness of the factors that affect follow-up, and implement strategies shown to be successful in improving adherence. Future research should take into account the rnultifactoral nature of adherence as well as the patient's perspective. In addition, studies should be designed with special attention to generalizability and should include women from populations most at risk for cervical cancer. [source] Study to compare the efficacy and safety of fluconazole cream with flutrimazole cream in the treatment of superficial mycosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase III trialMYCOSES, Issue 6 2010S. M. Yim Summary Fluconazole, which is a drug of the azole family, is safely used in systemic treatment of oral and intravenous injection, but it is difficult to use fluconazole as a topical application because of its large molecular weight and strong hydrophilic property. This study is a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority study to compare the antifungal effect and safety of fluconazole cream 0.5% and 1% with flutrimazole cream 1% in superficial mycosis. A total of 162 subjects selected to participate in this study were equally divided into three groups and assigned to be given fluconazole cream 0.5%, fluconazole cream 1%, and flutrimazole cream 1% in the ratio of 1 : 1. The primary index of drug efficacy was determined by complete mycological cure in which no fungus was detected on KOH smear test 4 weeks after application of fluconazole. The secondary index of efficacy was defined as complete mycological cure 4 weeks after the application of fluconazole, improvement of clinical symptoms and overall effectiveness assessed by the research staff. According to this study, on comparing the efficacy of cure of superficial dermatomycosis after 4 weeks of application, both fluconazole 0.5% and fluconazole 1% cream were found to be equally effective and non-inferior to flutrimazole 1% cream. Given the effectiveness and safety of the drug, both fluconazole 0.5% and 1% cream might be said to be optimal concentration in the treatment of superficial dermatomycosis. [source] Screening for cervical cancer among Israeli lesbian womenINTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW, Issue 4 2009M. Ben-Natan rn Background:, The proportion of lesbian women who contract the human papilloma virus may reach 13% or even 21%; however, lesbian women were found to receive Pap smear tests less often or less regularly. Aim:, To explore factors influencing lesbian women to undergo Pap smear tests and to determine whether the Health Belief Model (HBM) is able to predict whether lesbian women would be willing to undergo the test. Method:, This is a correlational quantitative study guided by the HBM. A convenience sample of 108 Israeli lesbian women was recruited from local events in the lesbian community in the city of Tel Aviv, Israel. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Findings:, Findings indicate that only 22.2% of the women had undergone Pap smear tests in the past, but a slightly higher proportion, 30.8%, intended to be tested during the next year. Older women were found to be more compliant with the test. Model-based factors affecting actual testing were perceived benefits and barriers. Factors affecting women's intention to be tested were perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and general health motivation. Conclusions:, Effective strategies for nurses promoting cervical cancer screening among lesbians should address ways to improve familiarity with Pap smear tests, raise physicians' awareness of offering the test to lesbians and emphasize the importance of women-based medical teams. [source] | ||||||||||