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Slight Loss (slight + loss)
Selected AbstractsEstablishment of the 1st World Health Organization international standards for human papillomavirus type 16 DNA and type 18 DNAINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 12 2010Dianna E. Wilkinson Abstract A World Health Organization collaborative study was conducted to evaluate candidate international standards for human papillomavirus (HPV) Type 16 DNA (NIBSC code 06/202) and HPV Type 18 DNA (NIBSC code 06/206) for use in the amplification and detection steps of nucleic acid-based assays. The freeze-dried candidate international standards were prepared from bulk preparations of cloned plasmid containing full-length HPV-16 or HPV-18 genomic DNA. Nineteen laboratories from 13 countries participated in the study using a variety of commercial and in-house quantitative and qualitative assays. The data presented here indicate that, upon freeze-drying, there is no significant loss in potency for the candidate HPV-18 DNA and a slight loss in potency for the candidate HPV-16 DNA; although this is likely not scientifically relevant when assay precision is considered. In general, the individual laboratory mean estimates for each study sample were grouped ±,2 log10 around the theoretical HPV DNA concentration of the reconstituted ampoule (1 × 107 HPV genome equivalents/mL). The agreement between laboratories is improved when potencies are made relative to the candidate international standards, demonstrating their utility in harmonizing amplification and detection steps of HPV-16 and ,18 DNA assays. Degradation studies indicate that the candidate international standards are extremely stable and suitable for long-term use. Based on these findings, the candidate standards were established as the 1st WHO international standards for HPV-16 DNA and HPV-18 DNA, each with a potency of 5 × 106 international units (IU) per ampoule or 1 × 107 IU mL,1 when reconstituted as directed. [source] Internal atmosphere, quality attributes and sensory evaluation of MAP packaged fresh-cut Conference pearsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Robert Soliva-Fortuny Summary Conference pear cubes processed at partially ripe maturity could preserve an acceptable sensory quality during 3-week storage. A processing treatment consisting of a dip in 10 g L,1 ascorbic acid and 5 g L,1 calcium chloride and a packaging atmosphere of 2.5 kPa O2 + 7% CO2 preserved the overall sensory shelf life without significant changes in relation to untreated freshly prepared samples. However, high CO2 conditions were responsible for a rapid degradation of the product during the following days. Under 0 kPa O2 atmosphere, the product underwent a progressive but slight loss of flavour; but colour and firmness variations were not detected through sensory tests. [source] Cobalt/Rhodium Heterobimetallic Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Amines in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide and Molecular Oxygen to UreasADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 9 2009Ji Hoon Park Abstract An environmentally friendly oxidative carbonylation of aliphatic and aromatic primary amines to ureas has been successfully achieved in the presence of a catalytic amount of cobalt/rhodium heterobimetallic nanoparticles without any promoters. The catalyst system could be reused with only a slight loss of catalytic activity. [source] Development of flame retardancy properties of new halogen-free phosphorous doped SiO2 thin films on fabricsJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 6 2007Aysun Cireli Abstract In this study, flame retardancy properties of fabrics treated with phosphorous (P) doped and undoped SiO2 thin films were developed by sol,gel technique. As to this aim, P-doped and undoped SiO2 film were coated on cotton fabric from the solutions prepared from P, Si-based precursors, solvent, and chelating agent at low temperature in air using sol,gel technique. To determine solution characteristics, which affect thin film structure, turbidity, pH values, and rheological properties of the prepared solutions were measured using a turbidimeter, a pH meter, and a rheometer machines before coating process. The thermal, structural, and microstructural characterization of the coating were done using differential thermal analysis/thermograviometry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, tensile strength, wash fastness, flame retandancy, and lightness properties of the coated fabrics were determined. To compensate the slight loss of tensile strength of samples, which occurred at the treated fabrics with P-doped Si-based solutions, the cotton fabrics were coated with polyurethane films during second step. In conclusion, the flame retardant cotton fabric with durability of washing as halogen-free without requiring after treatment with formaldehyde was fabricated using sol,gel processing for the first time. Moreover the cotton fabrics, which were treated with P-doped Si-based solutions and then coated with polyurethane at second step, still has got nonflammable property. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007 [source] A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR HIGH-PRESSURE CARBON DIOXIDE INACTIVATION OF MICROORGANISMSJOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 2 2009S. BUZRUL ABSTRACT The Weibull model, which is commonly used for thermal inactivation of microorganisms in literature, was used to describe microbial inactivation by high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD). The number of parameters of the model was reduced from two to one in order to avoid interrelationship of these parameters with a slight loss of goodness-of-fit. A second-order polynomial function fulfilling a number of constraints was proposed for the secondary modeling of the time-constant parameter of the reduced Weibull model. This function consists of both pressure and temperature and therefore can be used for HPCD treatments. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The application of any new technology in food preservation requires a reliable model that accurately describes and predicts the inactivation data of microorganisms. In principle, the methodology presented here could be used to describe and predict the survival data for high-pressure carbon dioxide inactivation of microorganisms at least for some pressure and temperature ranges if the isobaric/isothermal survival curves of these microorganisms are linear, concave upward or downward. [source] Temperature scanning FTIR analysis of secondary structures of proteins embedded in amorphous sugar matrixJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 9 2009Koreyoshi Imamura Abstract Heat-induced changes in secondary structures of five proteins (bovine serum albumin, BSA; human serum albumin, HSA; myoglobin; ribonuclease A, RNase A; and, ,-lactoglobulin, ,-Lg) in an amorphous sugar matrix were analyzed by temperature-scanning Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to elucidate the mechanism of heat-induced conformational change of solid-phase proteins. Three sugars, trehalose, maltose, and dextran (MW 6000), were used. Loss of ,-helices due to increasing temperature was observed for BSA, HSA, and myoglobin, which are rich in ,-helices. RNase A showed a marked decrease in predominant secondary structural components (,-sheet) with increasing temperature. However, no noticeable changes in the content of secondary structures, except for a slight loss of ,-helices, were observed for ,-Lg, which is also ,-sheet-rich. These heat-induced conformational changes were significant at temperatures above the glass transition temperature. The heat-induced conformational change in BSA dried with sugar appeared time-independent and was clearly different from that due to dehydration and from the thermal conformational change for a solution of BSA. In particular, differences in secondary structural components that increased due to loss of ,-helices were noted. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:3088,3098, 2009 [source] Synthesis of Large Ring Macrocycles (12,18) by Recyclable Palladium-Complexed Dendrimers on Silica Gel Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclocarbonylation ReactionsCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 20 2007Shui-Ming Lu Dr. Abstract Intramolecular cyclocarbonylation reactions with palladium-complexed dendrimers on silica gel as catalysts are very effective for the synthesis of twelve- to eighteen-membered ring macrocycles. This process can tolerate a wide variety of functional groups, including halide, ether, ketone, and ester. The heterogeneous dendritic catalysts facilitate excellent substrate reactivity, affording oxygen-, nitrogen-, or sulfur-containing tricyclic heterocycles in 70,92,% yields. Importantly, these systems are easily recovered by simple filtration and reused several times with only a slight loss of activity. [source] Blanching and long-term freezing affect various bioactive compounds of vegetables in different waysJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 14 2003Riitta Puupponen-Pimiä Abstract An extensive study on the effects of blanching/freezing and long-term freezer storage on various bioactive compounds of more than 20 commonly used vegetables was performed. Effects were strongly plant species-dependent. Contents of dietary fibre components either were not affected or increased slightly. Minerals in general were also stable, but some losses of soluble minerals by leaching were observed. Phenolic antioxidants and vitamins were clearly more sensitive. Significant losses (20,30%) of antioxidant activity and total phenolics were detected in many vegetables. A qualitative HPLC profiling method for phenolic antioxidants was developed which proved to be very useful when evaluating the complex behaviour of phenolics during food processing. Up to one-third of vitamin C contents were lost during blanching, and further slight losses were detected during storage. Folic acid turned out to be very sensitive to blanching, with more than half of the vitamin being lost, but was stable during freezer storage. Carotenoids and sterols were not affected by blanching or freezer storage. The usefulness of the applied screening methods for evaluation of the effects of processing on vegetables is shown. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Effects of diseases on the growth and yield of spring linseed (Linum usitatissimum), 1988,1998ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2000S A M PERRYMAN Summary In spring linseed field experiments with fungicides at Rothamsted from 1988 to 1998, substantial yield losses assoeiated with diseases occurred in three years and slight losses could be associated with diseases in other years. These yield losses were related to decreases in yield components (thousand grain weights and number of capsules). Leaf browning was observed each year and percentage leaf area with browning was the disease factor most consistently related to yield losses (in five years). Yield loss relationships for these five years suggested that for each 10% increase in percentage leaf area with browning there was a yield loss of 0.10 to 0.18 t ha,1. Stem browning, lesions on capsules and powdery mildew were associated with yield losses in two years, three years and one year, respectively. Yield losses were greatest in years when the period of flowering and early capsule development in June and July was wetter than average; the predominant disease was grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) in wet years up to 1996, whereas pasmo (Mycosphaerella linicola) was most important in 1997 and 1998. Observed yield losses were small in hot, dry years when powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca lini) and verticillium (Verticillium dahliae) were the predominant diseases. [source] | ||||||||||