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Simple Sum (simple + sum)
Selected AbstractsA new empirical weighted monetary aggregate for the UKINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCE & ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2001Leigh Drake E41; E52; E58 Abstract This paper utilizes an approach to long-run modelling proposed by Pesaran et al. (1996. Testing for the existence of a long run relationship. Mimeo, University of Cambridge) to develop an empirical weighted broad monetary aggregate for the UK. The properties of this new aggregate are contrasted with those of the corresponding simple sum and Divisia aggregates. The new weighted monetary aggregate is found to be highly stable and conforms well with standard money demand properties. The aggregate also displays sensible impulse response and persistence profiles to monetary shocks in the context of a VECM framework. Finally, the empirical weighted aggregate displays superior information content in respect of nominal income when contrasted with simple sum and Divisia aggregates using a series of St. Louis equations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Long-memory forecasting of US monetary indicesJOURNAL OF FORECASTING, Issue 4 2006John Barkoulas Abstract Several studies have tested for long-range dependence in macroeconomic and financial time series but very few have assessed the usefulness of long-memory models as forecast-generating mechanisms. This study tests for fractional differencing in the US monetary indices (simple sum and divisia) and compares the out-of-sample fractional forecasts to benchmark forecasts. The long-memory parameter is estimated using Robinson's Gaussian semi-parametric and multivariate log-periodogram methods. The evidence amply suggests that the monetary series possess a fractional order between one and two. Fractional out-of-sample forecasts are consistently more accurate (with the exception of the M3 series) than benchmark autoregressive forecasts but the forecasting gains are not generally statistically significant. In terms of forecast encompassing, the fractional model encompasses the autoregressive model for the divisia series but neither model encompasses the other for the simple sum series.,,Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Children's Self-Reports About Violence Exposure: An Examination of the Things I Have Seen and Heard ScaleAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 3 2007Richard Thompson PhD Children's exposure to violence is often found to be an important predictor of child outcomes. The measures most frequently used to assess it have not been systematically examined, and there is little consensus about how to use these measures. This study examined a version of the Things I Have Seen and Heard Scale in a sample of 784 children who completed the scale at both age 6 and 8. There was only modest support for the use of the scale as a set of single-item measures or as a simple sum of items. Exploratory factor analyses suggested that the scale consisted of two factors: a global/community violence scale and a home violence scale. The evidence for validity of the scales was stronger at age 8 than at age 6. These findings suggest that there may be some limits to the utility of self-reports of violence exposure in very young children. However, there is initial evidence that the global/community scale is a reliable and valid indicator of young children's exposure to violence. Further use and exploration of the subscales is warranted. [source] | ||||||||||