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Selected AbstractsChange in pattern of skin disease in Kaduna, north-central NigeriaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2007Husain Yahya MSc Background, We report our experience on the pattern of skin disease in Kaduna, north-central Nigeria over a 6-year period, and compare it with a similar survey conducted in the same area 30 years ago and with surveys from Nigeria and from other parts of Africa. Methods, The medical records of new patients attending the dermatology outpatient clinics of Barau Dikko Specialist Hospital and Habbat Medical Center from March 2000 to December 2005 were retrieved. Demographic data (age and sex) and the diagnoses of skin disease were extracted and analyzed. Results, A total of 5982 cases was seen. Forty-nine per cent were males and 51% were females. One-third of the patients were aged under 20 years, and three quarters were aged below 40 years. Eczematous dermatitis was the most common skin disorder seen, making up 35% of cases, and had replaced dermatophyte infections and scabies, which were the most dominant skin diseases 30 years previously (now constituting 6% and 1.4% of cases, respectively). Atopic dermatitis had more than doubled in frequency (13.8% vs. 5.2%), and contact dermatitis had tripled in frequency (5.8% vs. 1.8%). Acne vulgaris (6.7%), pigmentary disorders (3.9%), urticaria (3.6%), papular urticaria (3.6%), hair disorders (3.3%), lichen simplex chronicus (3%), viral warts (2.9%), and drug eruptions (2.7%) had also increased. Human immunodeficiency virus-related skin disease constituted 4.3% of cases, with pruritic papular eruption being the most common condition. Conclusion, These changes in skin disease can be attributed mainly to an increase in urbanization and improved socio-economic conditions. [source] Changes in the food of British Barn Owls (Tyto alba) between 1974 and 1997MAMMAL REVIEW, Issue 2 2000R. Alasdair Love ABSTRACT Comparison of the results of a 1993,97 Barn Owl Tyto alba pellet survey with those of a similar survey from 1956,74 showed that Barn Owl diet had changed significantly. The primary differences were a widespread decrease in the percentage of Common Shrew Sorex araneus, combined with an increase in Pygmy Shrew Sorex minutus. The percentage of Wood and Yellow-necked mice Apodemus sylvaticus and A. flavicollis and Bank Vole Clethrionomys glareolus in the diet also increased. Changes in Barn Owl diet since 1974 were independent of land-class group, but were dependent upon region. This was due primarily to a large increase in the percentage of Apodemus spp. in Eastern England. Whilst the percentage of Pygmy Shrew in Barn Owl diet showed significant regional variation, there was no significant variation between land-class groups. The diversity of Barn Owl diet increased between 1974 and 1997, although it was still lower in 1997 than earlier in the century. This increase was dependent upon region, but independent of land-class group. The combined results of both surveys showed significant interland-class group variation in dietary diversity. Changes in diet are discussed in relation to the intensification of agriculture and other changes in land management since the 1970s. The effects on Barn Owls of these changes in prey abundance are discussed, particularly in relation to the decline in Barn Owl numbers during the twentieth century. [source] Continuing professional development: Racial and gender differences in obstetrics and gynecology residents' perceptions of mentoringTHE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS, Issue 4 2005Victoria H. Coleman MA Research Associate Abstract Introduction: Having a mentor during residency is often linked to greater success in professional development. The present study compares changes in the percentage of residents with mentors in 1999 and in 2004, while considering current residents' perceptions of their mentors, with particular attention focused on what role race and gender might play in resident-mentor interactions. Method: A survey was administered to 4, 721 residents who took the 2004 Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology in-training examination. Data are reported for respondents from four racial categories: white, African American, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander. Results were compared to those of a similar survey administered in 1999. Responses were analyzed by chi-square analysis and univariate analyses of variance. Results: The response rate was 97%. Most residents (64.9%) reported having a mentor. White female residents were least likely to have a mentor. Compared to results from 1999, the percentage of residents with a mentor, and the percentage of residents with female mentors, has increased. For all residents, personal rapport, knowledge of the field, and similarity in professional interests were the three most important factors in choosing a mentor. The proportion of residents reporting explicit discussions about career options has declined since 1999. Discussion: Ethnic minorities are more likely than white residents to have a mentor, and to report that their mentors provide helpful advice. Although the proportion of residents with a mentor has increased since 1999, the quality of the mentoring relationship is meeting resident expectations but not exceeding them. [source] Regional anaesthesia for limb surgery: a review of anaesthetists' beliefs and practice in the Oxford region*ANAESTHESIA, Issue 6 2008N. M. Feely Summary We conducted a postal survey of 210 anaesthetists in the Oxford region to determine their views and practice regarding the timing of regional anaesthesia when combined with general anaesthesia for adults undergoing limb surgery and to compare the results with those obtained in a similar survey conducted in 2001. Of the 151 respondents (72% response rate), 102 (68%) regularly combined regional and general anaesthesia for adult limb surgery. Over 80% believed that central neuraxial blocks should be performed before general anaesthesia. This matched their current practice, marking a change from 2001. Significantly fewer anaesthetists believed it necessary to perform peripheral nerve blocks before general anaesthesia than in 2001, marking another significant change in practice. Overall, the results indicate an increased popularity of regional blocks in combination with general anaesthesia when compared with 2001 practice, which we believe is related to high quality advanced training modules now on offer to senior trainees in the Oxford region. [source] Management of isolated orbital floor blow-out fractures: a survey of Australian and New Zealand oral and maxillofacial surgeonsCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Anthony J Lynham FRCS FRACDS(OMS) Abstract Background:,This is the first report of involvement of Australian and New Zealand oral and maxillofacial surgeons in the management of isolated orbital floor blow-out fractures and was conducted to obtain comparisons with the results from a recent similar survey of British oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Methods:,A questionnaire survey was sent to all 113 practising members of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons in April 2002 with a second mailout 1 month later. Results:,Sixty-nine per cent of the respondents were referred isolated orbital floor blow-out fractures for management, and just over half of these respondents estimated that 50% or more of the cases went to surgery. The materials most commonly used in orbital floor reconstruction were resorbable membrane for small defects and autologous bone for large defects. Conclusion:,As in Britain, management of isolated orbital floor blow-out fractures comprises part of the surgical spectrum for many oral and maxillofacial surgeons in Australia and New Zealand. The management protocol was observed to be very similar between the two groups. [source] Alcohol use among Australian secondary students in 1996DRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 4 2000VICTORIA M. WHITE Abstract This research estimates the prevalence of alcohol use among Australian secondary students in 1996 and examines trends in alcohol prevalence over a 12-year period. A national randomly selected representative sample of 434 secondary schools participated in the 1996 study. Eghty students were selected randomly from each school and completed a questionnaire anonymously. Current drinking (drinking alcohol in the week before the survey) increased with age from 17% of boys and 10% of girls aged 12 to 56% of boys and 50% of girls aged 17. Comparisons with data collected by similar surveys in 1984, 1987, 1990 and 1993 showed that while fewer 12,15-year-olds were current drinkers in 1996 than in 1984 or 1987, the 1996 proportion was no different from the 1993 proportion. In 1996, there were more hazardous drinkers among male current drinkers aged 12,15 than in any other survey period. Among 16-and 17-year-olds, there were more current drinkers in 1996 than in 1993 or 1990, and more male and female current drinkers were drinking at hazardous levels in 1996 than in 1987 and 1990. Extrapolating from the 1996 findings, nearly 424000 students aged 12,17 years were current drinkers. [source] Survey Conditioning in Self-Reported Mental Health Service Use: Randomized Comparison of Alternative Instrument FormatsHEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007Naihua Duan Objective. To test the effect of survey conditioning (whether observed survey responses are affected by previous experience in the same survey or similar surveys) in a survey instrument used to assess mental health service use. Data Sources. Primary data collected in the National Latino and Asian American Study, a cross-sectional household survey of Latinos and Asian Americans residing in the United States. Study Design. Study participants are randomly assigned to a Traditional Instrument with an interleafed format placing service use questions after detailed questions on disorders, or a Modified Instrument with an ensemble format screening for service use near the beginning of the survey. We hypothesize the ensemble format to be less susceptible to survey conditioning than the interleafed format. We compare self-reported mental health services use measures (overall, aggregate categories, and specific categories) between recipients of the two instruments, using 2 × 2 ,2 tests and logistic regressions that control for key covariates. Data Collection. In-person computer-assisted interviews, conducted in respondent's preferred language (English, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese, Tagalog, or Vietnamese). Principal Findings. Higher service use rates are reported with the Modified Instrument than with the Traditional Instrument for all service use measures; odds ratios range from 1.41 to 3.10, all p -values <.001. Results are similar across ethnic groups and insensitive to model specification. Conclusions. Survey conditioning biases downward reported mental health service use when the instrument follows an interleafed format. An ensemble format should be used when it is feasible for measures that are susceptible to survey conditioning. [source] Surveying Supported Employment in Finland: A Follow-upJOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 4 2007Timo Saloviita Abstract, The longitudinal status of supported employment in Finland was examined via a 2003 nationwide survey sent to job coaches involved in supporting workers with intellectual and other disabilities. Sustained supported employment, defined as "paid work in integrated settings with ongoing supports that contained at least two on-site visits per month at the worksite" was identified at 22 organizations that supported 52 workers. The results of the current survey were compared with those gained from similar surveys conducted in 1998, 1999, and 2001. Comparison of data over a 6-year period showed a decline in the provision of intensive employment supports and appeared to reflect both a change in European public policy on employment supports, and a conceptual shift in supported employment from a paradigm for people with significant disabilities to a technical tool for the employment of people with limited support needs. Along with this change, supported employment agencies in Finland were found to have progressively barred people with significant disabilities from being their customers. [source] Poor recognition of the UK minimum driving vision standard by motorists attending optometric practiceOPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 3 2007Jonathan S. Pointer Abstract Purpose:, To evaluate the current level of recollection of the vehicle number plate viewing distance in a group of motorists. Knowledge of this distance is required to self-check compliance with the UK legal minimum driving vision standard. Methods:, A cohort of 480 motorists aged ,17 years attending optometric practice for a routine sight test agreed to participate in a short verbal survey. They were asked whether they could state the current UK statutory vehicle number plate viewing distance as specified in the Highway Code. Also recorded were each motorist's high contrast logMAR visual acuity, whether or not an optical prescription was habitually worn when driving, and brief demographic details (age, gender). Results:, No statistically significant gender-based difference was present in age distribution, mean logMAR binocular acuity, or age and number (proportion) of motorists who habitually wore a refractive correction when driving. The level of mean binocular acuity was uniformly good (<0.0 logMAR, or better than 6/6 Snellen). However, the recollection by respondents of the statutory viewing distance was poor: only 5% were able to state correctly the current distance (20 m), and 22% recalled the previous (20.5 m/67 ft) or the original (22.9 m/75 ft) statutory distance. Of the remainder, 28% underestimated and 45% overestimated the distance. A statistically significant gender-based difference (p = 0.01) between the recollections of non-prescription wearers became marked (p = 0.001) for habitual wearers, in which latter case the median value and range of estimates by female motorists was greater than their male counterparts. Conclusions:, The level of recognition by these motorists of the viewing distance necessary to satisfy the legal minimum vision standard required for driving on UK roads was low and comparable to the levels recorded in two similar surveys undertaken by other authors 10 and 20 years ago. An inexpensive and easily implemented publicity innovation is suggested which could help improve driver appreciation of the statutory distance and promote compliance with the legal vision standard. [source] Differentiating Components of Sexual Well-Being in Women: Are Sexual Satisfaction and Sexual Distress Independent Constructs?THE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 7 2010Kyle R. Stephenson BS ABSTRACT Introduction., Sexual satisfaction and sexual distress are common outcome measures in studies of sexual health and well-being. However, confusion remains as to if and how the two constructs are related. While many researchers have conceptualized satisfaction and distress as polar opposites, with a lack of satisfaction indicating high distress and vice versa, there is a growing movement to view satisfaction and distress as relatively independent factors and measure them accordingly. Aim., The study aimed to assess the level of independence between sexual satisfaction and distress in female clinical and nonclinical samples. Methods., Ninety-nine women (mean age = 25.3) undergoing treatment (traditional sex therapy and/or gingko biloba) for sexual arousal disorder with or without coexistent hypoactive sexual desire disorder and/or orgasmic disorder completed surveys assessing sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, sexual functioning, and relational functioning at pretreatment, mid-treatment, posttreatment, and follow-up. Two hundred twenty sexually healthy women (mean age = 20.25) completed similar surveys at 1-month intervals. Main Outcome Measures., Sexually dysfunctional women completed the Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Women (SSS-W), the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Sexually healthy women completed the SSS-W, the FSFI, the Relationship Assessment Scale, and the Dimensions of Relationship Quality Scale. Results., Sexual satisfaction and distress were generally closely and inversely related; however, distress was more closely related to sexual functioning variables than was satisfaction in the clinical sample, and satisfaction was more closely related to relational variables than was distress in the nonclinical sample. Additionally, satisfaction and distress showed partially independent patterns of change over time, and scales of distress showed a larger change in response to treatment than did scales of satisfaction. Conclusion., Although sexual satisfaction and distress may be closely related, these findings suggest that they are, at least, partially independent constructs. Implications for research on sexual well-being and treatment outcome studies are discussed. Stephenson KR, and Meston CM. Differentiating components of sexual well-being in women: Are sexual satisfaction and sexual distress independent constructs? J Sex Med 2010;7:2458,2468. [source] Changes in frigate tuna populations on the south coast of Sri Lanka: evidence of the shifting baseline syndrome from analysis of fisher observationsAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 2 2010A. J. Venkatachalam Abstract 1.This study examines changes in frigate tuna populations in southern Sri Lanka, based on reports from fishers in three age classes. Significantly higher values for best day's catch and largest specimen ever caught were obtained by older fishers than younger ones. Values were also significantly higher during early years, providing clear evidence of a decrease in the resource over time (1951,2007). 2.Older fishers reported best catches further inshore and in shallower waters which, on becoming depleted, forced younger generations to fish in less exploited areas further offshore. Heavy harvesting is also evident from the significantly greater number of sites reported by older fishers as being depleted, compared with observations of younger fishers. 3.These findings contrast markedly with catch and catch per effort patterns from statistics for frigate tuna and bullet tuna (combined) in southern Sri Lanka (1994,2004). No stock decline is evident, and at least one report in the early 1990s advocated increasing exploitation rates by 40% to maximize yields. 4.Although not a primary research objective, fisher observations on frigate tuna populations were also analysed to help evaluate possible effects of the 2004 tsunami. Most fishers reported post-tsunami decline, but mainly from a larger new generation of fishers, rather than extra boats provided by aid money or (direct or indirect) biophysical impacts from the tsunami. 5.Reliance on fishery statistics, especially for mixed species and over a limited period, can be risky and easily mask true stock status. Evidence of harvesting effects on frigate tuna in southern Sri Lanka is evident using questionnaire data over a longer time scale. 6.This study provides another compelling case of the ,shifting baseline syndrome', whereby fishers of different ages have altered perceptions/experiences of their environment. This may be its first reported occurrence in Sri Lanka. Traditional knowledge from this and similar surveys may provide national fishery management with valuable insights and help improve conservation prospects for frigate tuna and other marine resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||