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Similar Strategies (similar + strategy)
Selected AbstractsZidovudine with nevirapine for the prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission reduces nevirapine resistance in mothers from the Western Cape, South AfricaJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 6 2008G.U. van Zyl Abstract In the Western Cape province of South Africa, an intensified regimen for the prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission-of-HIV consisting of zidovudine (AZT) from 34 weeks of pregnancy plus single dose (sd) nevirapine (NVP) during labor was instituted in 2004. The newborn baby receives a single dose of NVP and AZT for 7 days. Similar strategies in Thailand and Africa have been shown to be more effective in reducing transmission than NVP alone. The use of sd NVP only for the prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission-of-HIV has a high risk of inducing resistance (25,69%) with an average of 35.7% by a recent meta-analysis and has been shown to adversely affect non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based antiretroviral therapy when initiated within 6 months. In this study the prevalence of resistance to NVP and AZT in mothers who had received the intensified regimen was measured. Specimens collected from mothers were genotyped by in-house PCR and sequencing. In specimens obtained within 60 days of delivery, acquired NVP resistance mutations were detected in 13 of 76 patients (17.1%, 95% confidence interval: 8.7,25.6%), which appears to be lower than in studies with sd NVP alone (37.5%, 95% confidence interval: 23.0,50.6%). J. Med. Virol. 80:942,946, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Repetitive administration of Shaoyao-Gancao-tang to rats restores the bioavailability of glycyrrhizin reduced by antibiotic treatmentJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 11 2003Ju-Xiu He ABSTRACT Shaoyao-Gancao-tang (SGT), a traditional Chinese formulation, is often used together with antibiotics such as amoxicillin and metronidazole (AMPC-MET) for the treatment of peptic ulcers in Japan. However, the bioavailability of glycyrrhizin (GL) in SGT is severely reduced by a single administration of AMPC-MET, and the reducing effect continues for 12 days. GL is one of the major pharmacologically important glycosides in SGT and is transformed into the active metabolite 18,-glycyrrhetic acid (GA) by intestinal bacteria in the gut, followed by absorption of the latter into the blood. In order to reduce the negative effect of AMPC-MET on the bioavailability of GL, the optimum scheduling of the medications was examined. We found that the reduction in the plasma GA concentration and the GL-metabolizing activity in faeces caused by a single dose of AMPC-MET could be sharply attenuated by the repetitive administration of SGT for 4 days. The GA concentration and the GL-metabolizing activity were strongly enhanced by further continuous administration of SGT. These findings suggest that repetitive administration of SGT starting 1 or 2 days after the administration of AMPC-MET speeds the recovery of the bioavailability of GL in SGT. Similar strategies for administering medications may also be useful for combination therapy of antibiotics with other traditional Chinese formulations containing bioactive glycosides. [source] Lecturer practitioners in six professions: combining culturesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 5 2004Pat Fairbrother BA Background., Whilst research has been undertaken in relation to the lecturer practitioner role in nursing, there have been no cross-professional studies. There is an explicit political agenda in the United Kingdom on interprofessional education and enhancing the status of those who provide practice-based teaching. Aim., This paper reports a study to investigate the commonalities and differences between lecturer practitioners across professions and to generate hypotheses about the role, which follows different models of practice in the different professions. Methods., An exploratory research design was adopted, using semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of lecturer practitioners from six professions (architecture, clinical psychology, law, medicine, nursing and social work). A grounded theory approach was used. Findings., All lecturer practitioners perceived a clear dichotomy between their professional practice role and their university role. All used similar strategies to adapt to and deal with combining two very differently perceived cultures. There were striking similarities in response to the consequences of serving ,two masters' in the areas of time management and role identity/definition. Conclusions., The role not only bridges theory and practice, but has to operate within very different organizational cultures. Further research is needed to test the generalizability of the findings. Relevance to clinical practice., This investigation aims to inform higher education and health service policy on lecturer practitioners, and also provide support for those undertaking this challenging role. The study poses challenging questions for policymakers in the current climate of interprofessional learning, which need to be addressed if future initiatives in this area are to be successful. [source] Mental tests and fossilsJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2004Richard A. Littman This article investigates the origins of the intelligence test item known as the Ball and Field in Lewis M. Terman's Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale. The question was initially raised by the resemblance of paleontological ocean bed floor tracings left by ancient creatures to the responses produced by children given the Ball and Field Test. A version of the Ball and Field Test was invented by Clifton F. Hodge, one of Terman's graduate school instructors who devised it as a result of his observations about how birds and other animals navigated and found their way. He then tested how humans and children located hidden objects and found that, in many ways, animals and humans used similar strategies for getting home or finding objects. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Teacher Talk During Whole-Class Lessons: Engagement Strategies to Support the Verbal Participation of Students with Learning DisabilitiesLEARNING DISABILITIES RESEARCH & PRACTICE, Issue 4 2006Ruth A. W. BerryArticle first published online: 14 MAR 200 The analysis identified discursive strategies used by general education teachers in inclusion classrooms to orchestrate and scaffold the verbal participation of all students, including students with learning disabilities (LD). The context was writing instruction. A whole-class lesson involving teacher,student collaboration to write a text was analyzed for each of two teachers in two urban elementary inclusion classrooms totaling 67 students; 23 students had LD. Analysis of teacher talk focused on procedural strategies (help the lesson run smoothly and make it easier to follow) and involvement strategies (elicit students' attention to and participation in the lesson). Results indicated that both teachers used a variety of similar strategies to provide spaces for student contributions and, at the same time, move the lessons along. However, they also used contrasting strategies unique to their contrasting pedagogical frames of reference (structural vs. interactional). [source] A Native-Like Ability to CircumlocuteMODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2000Sarah Jourdain The ability to circumlocute successfully is of utmost importance in compensating for gaps in lexical knowledge. Although all studies indicate that one's ability to circumlocute increases with increasing proficiency, it is interesting that little attention has been paid to those learners who have the greatest ability to circumlocute, native-like speakers. This study addresses the norms of native and native-like circumlocution. It expands the discussion of strategies involved in this skill to include the means by which speakers frame their message and thereby set the linguistic context for their listeners. Participants in this study, both native and native-like speakers, were found to employ similar strategies while circumlocuting, including the use of synonyms, analogies, and descriptions. These participants also consistently framed their speech to facilitate listener comprehension, and they frequently included in their discourse some reference to their status as a nonexpert in the field. Similarities in native and native-like circumlocution found in this study help to provide some empirical validation to the notion of "native-like." [source] Cognitive strategy use by children with Asperger's syndrome during intervention for motor-based goalsAUSTRALIAN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Sylvia Rodger Background:,Cognitive Orientation for (daily) Occupational Performance (CO-OP) is a cognitive approach utilised by occupational therapists to help guide children in the discovery of appropriate strategies for effective task performance through a structured problem-solving process. There has been limited research into its utility for children with Asperger's syndrome (AS). These children often present with motor difficulties, although these are not required for diagnosis of the syndrome. A recent study found that children with AS were able to use the CO-OP framework to enhance their performance of motor-based goals. Methods:,This paper presents two case studies demonstrating the use of CO-OP with children with AS, and explores the global and domain-specific strategies and types of guidance utilised to improve their task performance. Two children with AS, aged 9 and 11, with above average intellectual ability, engaged in 10 sessions of CO-OP. All sessions were videotaped. One hundred minutes of randomly selected footage were coded per child using the Observer Software Package version 5.0. Results:,The mean interrater agreement for the two children was 94.06% and 89.30%. Both children (i) utilised the global strategies ,do', followed by ,plan' and ,check', (ii) used at least three domain-specific strategies in each session with ,task specification/modification' and ,body position' utilised most, and (iii) used limited verbal self-guidance. Conclusion:,These two children with AS were able to utilise cognitive strategies to effectively solve their motor performance problems. Children with AS and those with DCD used similar strategies to achieve motor goals. CO-OP appears to have potential as an effective intervention for children with AS. Study limitations, clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed. [source] Block to DNA replication in meiotic maturation: a unified view for a robust arrest of cell cycle in oocytes and somatic cellsBIOESSAYS, Issue 4 2003Yumiko Kubota Under certain conditions, the cell cycle can be arrested for a long period of time. Vertebrate oocytes are arrested at G2 phase, while somatic cells arrest at G0 phase. In both cells, nuclei have lost the ability to initiate DNA synthesis. In a pair of recently published papers,1,2 Méchali and colleagues and Coué and colleagues have clarified how frog oocytes prevent untimely DNA synthesis during the long G2 arrest. Intriguingly, they found only Cdc6 is responsible for the inability of immature oocytes to replicate DNA. Cdc6 is a key component for replication licensing, and for G0 cells to re-enter the proliferative stage. Strikingly similar strategies for preventing the untimely replication in both cells suggest that the suppression of replication licensing is a universal mechanism for securing the prolonged arrest of the cell cycle. BioEssays 25:313,316, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Collection, use, and protection of population-based birth defects surveillance data in the united states,BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH, Issue 12 2007Cara T. Mai Abstract Birth defects surveillance systems collect population-based birth defects data from multiple sources to track trends in prevalence, identify risk factors, refer affected families to services, and evaluate prevention efforts. Strong state and federal public health and legal mandates are in place to govern the collection and use of these data. Despite the prima facie appeal of "opt-in" and similar strategies to those who view data collection as a threat to privacy, the use of these strategies in lieu of population-based surveillance can severely limit the ability of public health agencies to accurately access the health status of a group within a defined geographical area. With the need for population-based data central to their mission, birth defects programs around the country take their data stewardship role seriously, recognizing both moral and legal obligations to protect the data by employing numerous safeguards. Birth defects surveillance systems are shaped by the needs of the community they are designed to serve, with the goal of preventing birth defects or alleviating the burdens associated with them. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 79:811,814, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Synthesis of Novel Chiral Ionic Liquids and Their Phase Behavior in Mixtures with Smectic and Nematic Liquid CrystalsHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 11 2004Martin Tosoni Alkylation of 1-alkyl-1H -imidazoles 2a,f with citronellyl bromide 1b opens access to chiral 1H -imidazolium bromides 3a,f (Scheme,1). A similar strategy yielded the chiral pyridinium ionic liquid 6 (Scheme,2). Dialkylation of 1H -imidazole (7) gave the C2 -symmetric 1,3-dicitronellyl-1H -imidazolium bromide (8) (Scheme,3). Differential scanning calorimetry and optical polarizing microscopy revealed smectic mesophases for 1-citronellyl-3-tetradecy-1H -limidazolium bromide (3e) and 1-citronellylpyridinium bromide (6) (Table). In binary mixtures with smectic and nematic liquid crystals 9 and 10, 1-citronellyl-3-methyl-1H -imidazolium bromide (3a) behaved differently. Increasing quantities of 3a cause a decrease of the smectic-phase width for the mixture 3a/9 (Fig.,3), whereas the phase width of the nematic phase for 3a/10 remained nearly constant (Fig.,4). [source] Critical Realism and Causality: Tracing the Aristotelian LegacyJOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR, Issue 2 2009STEPHEN PRATTEN Rom Harré's generative account of causality has been drawn on heavily by advocates of critical realism. Yet Harré argues that critical realists often exaggerate the extent to which powerful causal explanations of social phenomena can be developed. Certain proponents of critical realism have responded to Harré's criticisms by suggesting that it is useful to consider the relevant issues in relation to the familiar Aristotelian classification of four causes. In this paper I contribute to this debate and pursue a similar strategy. The paper adds to existing contributions in two ways. Firstly, I outline how Harré sees his generative account of causality as linking up with Aristotelian themes. It emerges that Harré at times conceives of his generative theory as part of an alternative to the Aristotelian system while at other times he draws connections between it and a reformulated account of formal causality. Secondly, I argue that when we consider the positions of Harré and proponents of critical realism on the scope of causal explanation in the social realm in relation to the interpretation of final causes offered by another philosopher profoundly influenced by the Aristotelian tradition, namely Charles Peirce, we can see both as limited in certain respects. [source] Feeding strategy of François' langur and white-headed langur at Fusui, ChinaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2008Chengming Huang Abstract We investigated the diet of a group of François' langur inhabiting a forest fragment between August 2002 and July 2003 to add to our knowledge of behavior and ecology of this langur. Our objective was to study whether the François' langur would adopt a feeding strategy similar to the white-headed langur in the same nature reserve. Data indicated that a total of 37 plant species were eaten by François' langur; however, only ten species accounted for 90% of the total feeding time. Four species belong to the ten most dominant tree species within the vegetation quadrats. Ninety-four percent of feeding time of François' langur was spent on leaves, whereas the remaining 6% of time was spent on fruits, flowers and twigs. Results also demonstrated that François' langur are similar to white-headed langur in being predominantly folivorous and that Francois' langur adopted a similar strategy to white-headed langur in diet, dietary variation and time spent on feeding. François' langur exhibited a habitat use preference for the middle zone of the forest, whereas the white-headed langur utilized the bottom zone of the forest. Further analysis indicates that human interference and habitat fragmentation caused by agriculture also impact habitat use. Am. J. Primatol. 70:320,326, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||||||||