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Similar Expression Patterns (similar + expression_pattern)
Selected AbstractsStructure of the Mouse Glutamate Decarboxylase 65 Gene and Its PromoterJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2000Preferential Expression of Its Promoter in the GABAergic Neurons of Transgenic Mice Abstract: GABA is synthesized by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which has two forms, GAD65 and GAD67. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of mouse GAD65 (mGAD65) gene expression, we isolated and characterized the mGAD65 gene. The mGAD65 gene was found to be divided into 16 exons and spread over 75 kb. The sequence of the first exon and the 5,-flanking region indicated the presence of potential neuron-specific cis -regulatory elements. We used transgenic mice to examine the expression pattern conferred by a 9.2-kb promoter-proximal DNA fragment of the mGAD65 gene fused to the bacterial lacZ reporter gene. Transgenic mice showed high ,-galactosidase activity specifically in brain and testis. They also showed characteristic patterns of transgene expression in olfactory bulb, cerebellar cortex, and spinal cord, a similar expression pattern to that of endogenous mGAD65. However, no transgene expression was observed in the ventral thalamus or hypothalamus, in which high mGAD65 gene expression levels have been observed. These results suggest that the 9.2-kb DNA fragment of the mGAD65 gene is associated with its tissue-specific expression and its targeted expression in GABAergic neurons of specific brain regions but that additional regulatory elements are necessary to obtain fully correct expression. [source] Immunomodulatory activity of a methionine aminopeptidase-2 inhibitor on B cell differentiationCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009R. C. Priest Summary Methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) inhibitors have potent anti-angiogenesis activity and are being developed for the treatment of solid tumours. The recently observed specific expression of MetAP-2 in germinal centre B cells suggests that it has a role in regulating B cell function. We have demonstrated a potent MetAP-2-dependent inhibitory effect on the antibody secretion from B cell receptor and CD40 co-stimulated primary human B cells in the presence of interleukin-21. The effect of MetAP-2 inhibition on antibody secretion was due to a block in differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of germinal centres from human, mouse and marmoset spleen showed a similar expression pattern of MetAP-2 in the marmoset and man, whereas mouse spleen showed no detectable expression. In a marmoset, T dependent immunization model, the MetAP-2 inhibitor suppressed an antigen-specific antibody response. Furthermore, histological analysis showed loss of B cells in the spleen and disrupted germinal centre formation. These results provide experimental evidence to support a novel role for MetAP-2 in immunomodulation. These effects of MetAP-2 are mediated by disruption of the germinal centre reaction and a block in the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. [source] Expression survey of genes critical for tooth development in the human embryonic tooth germDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 5 2007Dahe Lin Abstract In the developing murine tooth, the expression patterns of numerous regulatory genes have been examined and their roles have begun to be revealed. To unveil the molecular mechanisms that regulate human tooth morphogenesis, we examined the expression patterns of several regulatory genes, including BMP4, FGF8, MSX1, PAX9, PITX2, and SHOX2, and compared them with that found in mice. All of these genes are known to play critical roles in murine tooth development. Our results show that these genes exhibit basically similar expression patterns in the human tooth germ compared with that in the mouse. However, slightly different expression patterns were also observed for some of the genes at certain stages. For example, MSX1 expression was detected in the inner enamel epithelium in addition to the dental mesenchyme at the bell stage of the human tooth. Moreover, FGF8 expression remained in the dental epithelium at the cap stage, while PAX9 and SHOX2 expression was detected in both dental epithelium and mesenchyme of the human tooth germ. Our results indicate that, although slight differences exist in the gene expression patterns, the human and mouse teeth not only share considerable homology in odontogenesis but also use similar underlying molecular networks. Developmental Dynamics 236:1307,1312, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Macroarray-based analysis of tail regeneration in Xenopus laevis larvae,DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2005Akira Tazaki Abstract Xenopus larvae possess a remarkable ability to regenerate their tails after they have been severed. To gain an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tail regeneration, we performed a cDNA macroarray-based analysis of gene expression. A Xenopus cDNA macroarray representing 42,240 independent clones was differentially hybridized with probes synthesized from the total RNA of normal and regenerating tails. Temporal expression analysis revealed that the up-regulated genes could be grouped into early or late responding genes. A comparative expression analysis revealed that most genes showed similar expression patterns between tail development and regeneration. However, some genes showed regeneration-specific expression. Finally, we identified 48 up-regulated genes that fell into several categories based on their putative functions. These categories reflect the various processes that take place during regeneration, such as inflammation response, wound healing, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and control of cell structure. Thus, we have identified a panel of genes that appear to be involved in the process of regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 233:1394,1404, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Ptc, Smo, Sufu, and the Hedgehog signaling pathway in amphioxusEVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2009Yushuang Lin SUMMARY The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway regulates many developmental processes both in vertebrates and in invertebrates. However, little is known about this pathway in the cephalochordate amphioxus. In this paper, we focus on the Ptc, Smo, and Sufu homologs in amphioxus, which are the key members of the Hh signaling pathway. Their genomic structures show their comparability with homologs in vertebrates. In situ hybridization reveals that amphioxus Ptc, Smo, and Sufu have similar expression patterns in embryogenesis. They are expressed in the neural plate at early neurula stage, and then down-regulated in dorsal neural ectoderm. During development, their transcripts appear and persist in the notochord, the wall of the head cavity, the epithelium of the pharynx, and the gut. The data show that the expression patterns of these three genes are overlapping with Hh and Gli during the embryonic development in amphioxus. Moreover, injection of amphioxus Hh RNA into zebrafish-fertilized eggs can expand the expression domains of Ptc1 and Nk2.2a, the target genes of the Hh signaling pathway, which is similar to the injection of zebrafish Sonic hh a (zShha) and Sonic hh b (zShhb). Our results suggest that amphioxus may possess a conserved and functional Hh signaling pathway similar to that of vertebrates. [source] Transcriptional profiling of Francisella tularensis infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a predictive tool for tularemiaFEMS IMMUNOLOGY & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Chrysanthi Paranavitana Abstract In this study, we analyzed temporal gene expression patterns in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with the Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain from 1 to 24 h utilizing a whole human Affymetrix® gene chip. We found that a considerable number of induced genes had similar expression patterns and functions as reported previously for gene expression profiling in patients with ulceroglandular tularemia. Among the six uniquely regulated genes reported for tularemia patients as being part of the alarm signal gene cluster, five, namely caspase 1, PSME2, TAP-1, GBP1, and GCH1, were induced in vitro. We also detected four out of the seven potential biomarkers reported in tularemia patients, namely TNFAIP6 at 4 h and STAT1, TNFSF10, and SECTM1 at 16 and 24 h. These observations underscore the value of using microarray expression profiling as an in vitro tool to identify potential biomarkers for human infection and disease. Our results indicate the potential involvement of several host pathways/processes in Francisella infection, notably those involved in calcium, zinc ion binding, PPAR signaling, and lipid metabolism, which further refines the current knowledge of F. tularensis infection and its effects on the human host. Ultimately, this study provides support for utilizing in vitro microarray gene expression profiling in human PBMCs to identify biomarkers of infection and predict in vivo immune responses to infectious agents. [source] Genome-wide expression analysis of intra- and extraarticular connective tissueJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 4 2009Richard V. Pearse II Abstract In comparison to extraarticular ligaments and tendons, the intraarticular ligaments such as the anterior and posterior cruciates exhibit different biochemical, biomechanical, and viscoelastic properties and most importantly, differential abilities to heal after surgical repair. Little is known about the underlying basis for these differences, in large measure due to the paucity of molecular markers distinguishing different classes of tendons and ligaments. To date, there has been no systematic analysis of gene expression differences between different types of connective tissues. We used Affymetrix expression arrays to analyze the differences in gene expression levels between the anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, and medial collateral ligaments, the patellar and Achilles tendons and the synovium. We have identified five clusters of gene cohorts displaying similar expression patterns. These clusters group into three categories including: (1) genes that are strongly expressed in all connective tissues compared to the synovium control tissue; (2) genes that distinguish intraarticular connective tissues from extraarticular connective tissues; and (3) a group of genes expressed in common by the patellar tendon and the synovium. Our analysis identifies a new marker of tendons and ligaments (fibin2), demonstrates molecular diversity between subtypes of tendons and ligaments, and indicates that the primary molecular subdivision among dense regular connective tissues is intra- versus extraarticular rather than ligament versus tendon. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 427,434, 2009 [source] Expression and chromosomal organization of mouse meiotic genesMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2010Hiba Waldman Ben-Asher Microarray technology which enables large scale analysis of gene expression and thus comparison between transcriptomes of different cell types, cells undergoing different treatments or cells at different developmental stages has also been used to study the transcriptome involved with spermatogenesis. Many new germ cell-specific genes were determined, and the resulting genes were classified according to different criteria. However, the biological significance of these classifications and their clustering according to developmental transcriptional patterns during spermatogenesis have not yet been addressed. In this study we utilized mouse testicular transcriptome analysis at five distinct post-natal ages (Days 7, 10, 12, 14, and 17), representing distinct meiotic stages, in an attempt to better understand the biological significance of genes clustered into similar expression patterns during this process. Among 790 sequences that showed an expression level change of twofold or more in any of the five key stages that were monitored, relative to the geometric average of all stages, about 40% peaked and about 30% were specifically suppressed at post-natal day 14 (representing the early pachytene stage of spermatocytes), reflecting tight transcriptional regulation at this stage. We also found that each of the six main transcription clusters that were determined was characterized by statistically significant representation of genes related to specific biological processes. Finally, our results indicated that genes important for meiosis are not randomly distributed along the mouse genome but rather preferentially located on specific chromosomes, suggesting for the first time that chromosomal location might be a regulating factor of meiotic gene expression. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 241,248, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Identification and characterization of TSAP, a novel gene specifically expressed in testis during spermatogenesisMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 9 2007Li Bin Abstract Through in silico screens, we have identified many previously uncharacterized genes that display similar expression patterns as the mouse Dazl gene, a germ line-specific marker. Here, we report the identification and characterization of one of these novel genes. TSAP gene encodes a protein with 350 amino acids and contains five ankyrin repeats and a PEST sequence motif. Furthermore, we have generated an anti-TSAP antibody and have used three different approaches (RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry) to investigate the expression profiles of TSAP mRNAs and proteins. TSAP is specifically expressed in testis, but not in other tissues such as ovary. Within the testis, TSAP is detected 10 days after birth and is mainly expressed in spermatocytes (ST) and later stage of germ cells, but not in spermatogonia (SG) or sertoli cells. Therefore, TSAP protein likely plays a role in spermatogenesis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 1141,1148, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Uterine Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Family During the Course of Pregnancy in PigsREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 5 2009Y-J Kim Contents To stably maintain pregnancy, several genes are expressed in the uterus. In particular, the endometrial expression of genes encoding growth factors appears to play a key role in maternal,foetal communication. The previous studies characterized the endometrial expression kinetics of the genes encoding epidermal growth factor (EGF), its receptor (EGFR), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-,), amphiregulin (Areg), heparin-binding (Hb) EGF and calbindin-D9k (CaBP-9k) in pigs during implantation. Here, we further characterized the expression patterns of these molecules during the entire porcine pregnancy. Porcine uteri were collected at pregnancy days (PD) 12, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 110 and subjected to RT-PCR. EGF and EGFR showed similar expression patterns, being highly expressed around implantation and then disappearing. TGF-, and Areg expression levels rose steadily until they peaked at PD30, after which they gradually decreased to PD12 levels. This Areg mRNA expression pattern was confirmed by real-time PCR and similar Areg protein expression patterns were observed. Immunohistochemical analysis of PD60 uteri revealed Areg in the glandular and luminal epithelial cells. Hb EGF was steadily expressed throughout the entire pregnancy, while CaBP-9k was expressed strongly on PD12, and then declined sharply on PD15 before recovering slightly for the remainder of the pregnancy. Thus, the EGF family may play a key role during implantation in pigs. In addition, CaBP-9k may help to maintain uterine quiescence during pregnancy by sequestering cytoplasmic Ca2+. [source] | |||||||||||||