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Selected AbstractsRegulation of gene expression in inflammatory bowel disease and correlation with IBD drugs.INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 1 2004Screening by DNA microarrays Abstract Potential biomarkers for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) were identified from two sets of full thickness pathologic samples utilizing DermArray® and PharmArray® DNA microarrays relative to uninvolved (Un) colon or normal colon. Seven of the over-expressed genes were verified using quantitative RT-PCR (i.e., TMPT, FABP1, IFI27, LCN2, COL11A2, HXB, and metallothionein). By correlating gene expression profiles between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) tissue samples and IBD drug-treated cell cultures it might be possible to identify new candidate molecular target genes for IBD therapy and drug discovery. Potential biomarkers for CaCo2 cell cultures, which are routinely used as a GI tract surrogate model for in vitro pharmacokinetic studies, treated with azathioprine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, metronidazole, and prednisone were also identified from another experiment. Metallothionein mRNA expression was found to be down-regulated in azathioprine-treated CaCo2 cells, and was coincidentally up-regulated in the CD sample, thus resulting in an anti-correlation. These results suggest that this new screening methodology is feasible, that metallothioneins might be biomarkers for azathioprine therapy in vivo in CD, and that azathioprine might mechanistically down-regulate metallothionein gene expression. Correlations were also observed between IBD samples and either metronidazole- or 5-aminosalicylic acid-treated CaCo2 cells. Similar comparisons of disease tissue samples in vivo vs drug-treated cell cultures in vitro might reveal new mechanistic insights concerning established or experimental drug therapies. This affordable in vitro methodology is promising for expanded studies of IBD and other diseases. [source] How precise are measurements of unit-cell dimensions from single crystals?ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 4 2000Frank H. Herbstein The results of single-site and many-site measurements of cell dimensions from single crystals are compared for Bond and four-circle diffractometers using samples of corundum (essentially pure rhombohedral ,-Al2O3, aluminum oxide) of high diffraction quality, where the effects of small changes in temperature and composition (Cr2O3, chromium oxide, in solid solution) can be taken into account. Similar comparisons are made for four-circle diffractometer measurements on ruby (,-Al2O3, with 0.46 wt % Cr in solid solution). The precisions are some parts in 105. There is partial support for the Taylor,Kennard [Acta Cryst. (1986), B42, 112,120] dictum that standard uncertainties (s.u.s) of cell parameters from routine four-circle diffractometer measurements are less than those for many-site measurements by factors of 5 for cell lengths and 2.5 for cell angles. For organic crystals, independent repetitions of adequate quality for comparison and analysis of routine four-circle diffractometer measurements are available only for ,-oxalic acid dihydrate and anthracene. The experimental standard uncertainties given for these two crystals agree reasonably well with the sample s.u.s at room temperature, but appreciably less well at ,100,K, again giving partial support to the Taylor,Kennard dictum. The relation between specimen characteristics and attainable precision is emphasized; the precisions for routine measurements on good quality organic crystals are some parts in 104. Area-detector measurements of cell dimensions have also been appraised; currently published s.u.s from such measurements appear to be highly unreliable, and this is supported by a recent analysis of the operation of such diffractometers [Paciorek et al. (1999). Acta Cryst. A55, 543,557]. Formulation of a standard protocol for such measurements is badly needed. The dangers inherent in high degrees of replication are illustrated by recounting Kapteyn's Parable of the Chinese Emperor. Attention is drawn to the fact that there has been little improvement in claimed precisions over the past 40,60 years. [source] An invariant-based approach for high-cycle fatigue calculationFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 4 2009A. CRISTOFORI ABSTRACT Fatigue failures of in-service components are frequently due to multiaxial loadings; therefore, damage quantification in such conditions is important to many industrial applications. In this work a multiaxial criterion suitable for high-cycle fatigue assessment is formalized. It makes use of hydrostatic stress component and deviatoric stress component to estimate fatigue damage. A new formulation for the equivalent amplitude of the deviatoric component is formalized and compared with definitions proposed by Deperrois and Li and De Freitas. Damage evaluation procedure is discussed for deterministic loads and explicit analytical formulation is presented for sinusoidal loadings. Fatigue criterion is applied to experimental data taken from literature, related to several materials subjected to either in-phase or out-of-phase loads. It is shown that the new approach gives good predictions for both smooth and notched specimens. A similar comparison between experimental and theoretical results is also presented for other common criteria. It appears that the quality of the fatigue assessments obtained with the present criterion is better or, at most, similar to that of the other criteria analysed. [source] Comparison of PDQuest and Progenesis software packages in the analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis gelsPROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 10 2003Arsi T. Rosengren Abstract Efficient analysis of protein expression by using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) data relies on the use of automated image processing techniques. The overall success of this research depends critically on the accuracy and the reliability of the analysis software. In addition, the software has a profound effect on the interpretation of the results obtained, and the amount of user intervention demanded during the analysis. The choice of analysis software that best meets specific needs is therefore of interest to the research laboratory. In this paper we compare two advanced analysis software packages, PDQuest and Progenesis. Their evaluation is based on quantitative tests at three different levels of standard 2-DE analysis: spot detection, gel matching and spot quantitation. As test materials we use three gel sets previously used in a similar comparison of Z3 and Melanie, and three sets of gels from our own research. It was observed that the quality of the test gels critically influences the spot detection and gel matching results. Both packages were sensitive to the parameter or filter settings with respect to the tendency of finding true positive and false positive spots. Quantitation results were very accurate for both analysis software packages. [source] Bone Remodeling in Maxilla, Mandible, and Femur of Young DogsTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Sarandeep S. Huja Abstract Bone remodeling in the jaw is essential for metabolic needs, mechanical demands and for growth of the skeleton. Currently, there is no information on remodeling in the jaw of young dogs. Four ,5-month-old male dogs were given a pair of calcein bone labels. After killing, bone sections were obtained from the maxilla, mandible, and femur. The jaw specimens were obtained from regions associated with erupting permanent teeth. Undecalcified specimens were prepared for examination by histomorphometric methods to evaluate mineral apposition rate (,m/d), mineralizing surface/bone surface (%), and bone formation rate (BFR, %/yr) in the bone supporting erupting teeth and in the femurs. Only intracortical secondary osteonal remodeling units were measured. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in the BFR for the three sites examined, with the highest BFR (72%/yr) being in the femur. The mandible had a BFR twofold greater than the maxilla (51%/yr vs. 25.5%/yr). The rate of turnover in the jaw and femur of young dogs is distinct from a similar comparison between the jaw and appendicular skeleton of adult (,1 yr old) dogs. Although BFR decreases with age in the femur, it remains elevated in the jaws. Anat Rec, 291:1,5, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Association of BoLA-DRB3 alleles identified by a sequence-based typing method with mastitis pathogens in Japanese Holstein cowsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009Tatsuyuki YOSHIDA ABSTRACT The association of the polymorphism of bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA-DRB3) genes identified by the polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing (PCR-SBT) method with resistance and susceptibility to mastitis caused by pathogenic bacteria was investigated. Blood samples for DNA extraction were collected from 194 Holstein cows (41 healthy cows and 153 mastitis cows including 24 mixed-infection cows infected with 2 or 3 species of pathogens) from 5 districts of Chiba prefecture, Japan. Sixteen BoLA-DRB3 alleles were detected. The 4 main alleles of DRB3*0101, *1501, *1201, and *1101 constituted 56.8% of the total number of alleles detected. Mastitis cows were divided into 2 groups: group 1 with single-infection cows and group 2 with all mastitis cows including 24 mixed-infection cows. The differences in the frequencies of BoLA-DRB3 alleles and the number of cows homozygous or heterozygous for each BoLA-DRB3 allele between healthy cows and the 2 groups of mastitis cows were evaluated. Furthermore, similar comparisons were performed between healthy cows and the 2 groups of mastitis cows for each mastitis pathogen. It was considered that the 4 alleles, namely, DRB3*0101, *1501, *1201, and *1101 had specific resistance and susceptibility to 4 different mastitis pathogens. Thus, DRB3*0101 might be associated with susceptibility to coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Escherichia coli, and DRB3*1501 might be associated with susceptibility to Escherichia coli. However, DRB3*1101 might be associated with resistance to Streptococci and coagulase-negative Staphylococci, and DRB3*1201, with resistance to Streptococci, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. [source] | |||||||||||||