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Silver Carp (silver + carp)
Selected AbstractsIDENTIFICATION OF A MYOFIBRIL-BOUND SERINE PROTEINASE IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE OF SILVER CARPJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2004MIN-JIE CAO ABSTRACT Myofibril-bound serine proteinase (MBSP) in the skeletal muscle of silver carp was characterized. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) degraded markedly when silver carp myofibril was incubated at 55,60C as shown by SDS-PAGE. Prolonged incubation of myofibrils also caused the degradation of other myofibrillar proteins such as ,-actinin, actin and tropomyosin to some degree. The results suggest the existence of an endogenous myofibril associated proteinase. Serine proteinase inhibitors (Pefabloc SC and Lima bean trypsin inhibitor) greatly suppressed the degradation of myosin heavy chain, while inhibitors for cysteine, metallo, and aspartic proteinases did not show any effect, indicating that the endogeneous proteinase is a myofibril-bound serine proteinase. [source] Comparison of Gel-forming Properties of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Surimi Prepared in Different SeasonsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 5 2005C. Yuan ABSTRACT: The gel-forming properties of silver carp surimi made in different seasons were compared. Surimi prepared in winter and spring formed gel at 30°C, while autumn and summer surimi required a higher temperature of 40°C for gel formation. All surimi showed marked disintegration when incubated at 60°C. Ca2+ -ATPase inactivation rate of myofibrils prepared from 4 surimi samples showed that myofibrils in autumn and summer surimi were much more stable than those in winter and spring surimi by about 10°C. These results demonstrated a close relationship between the gel-forming temperature of surimi and the thermal stability of myofibrils in surimi, namely that autumn and summer surimi containing stable myofibrils required higher temperature than winter and spring surimi for the gel formation. [source] Effect of different precooking methods on chemical composition and lipid damage of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) muscleINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 10 2010Mahmood Naseri Summary The influence of three precooking methods (steaming, oven-baking and microwave-cooking) on the chemical composition and lipid quality of silver carp fillets was evaluated. The changes in protein, fat and moisture were found to be significant for all the treatments (P , 0.05). The iron content in the samples subjected to steam-cooking increased; however, the other precooking methods did not change the mineral contents (P , 0.05). The free fatty acid content of the fillets did not change by the different precooking methods, while thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values increased for oven- and microwave-cooked fillets and remained constant in the steam-cooked samples. Conjugated diene and browning colour formation levels significantly increased in the oven-baked fillets. Oven-baking and microwave-cooking marginally affected the fatty acid composition of the silver carp. On comparing the raw and precooked fillets, steam-cooking was found to be the best precooking method on retaining nutritional constituents. [source] Molecular cloning and characterization of alpha-class glutathione S -transferase gene from the liver of silver carp, bighead carp, and other major chinese freshwater fishesJOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Wan-Qin Liao Abstract Two full-length cDNAs encoding glutathione S -transferase (GST) were cloned and sequenced from the hepatopancreas of planktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The silver carp and bighead carp GST cDNA were 920 and 978 bp in length, respectively, and both contained an open reading frame that encoding 223 amino acids. Partial GST cDNA sequences were also obtained from the liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), crucian carp (Carassius auratu), mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), and tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). All these GSTs could be classified as alpha-class GSTs on the basis of their amino acid sequence identity with other species. The three-dimensional structure of the silver carp GST was predicted using a computer program, and was found to fit the classical two-domain GST structure. Using the genome walker method, a 875-bp 5,-flanking region of the silver carp GST gene was obtained, and several lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response elements were identified in the promoter region of the phytoplanktivorous fish GST gene, indicating that the GST gene expression of this fish might be regulated by LPS, released from the toxic blue-green algae producing microcystins. To compare the constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene among the six freshwater fishes with completely different tolerance to microcystins, beta-actin was used as control and the ratio GST/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined as 130.7 ± 6.6 (grass carp), 103.1 ± 8.9 (bighead carp), 92.6 ± 15.0 (crucian carp), 72.3 ± 7.8 (mud carp), 58.8 ± 11.5 (silver carp), and 33.6 ± 13.7 (tilapia). The constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene clearly shows that all the six freshwater fishes had a negative relationship with their tolerance to microcystins: high-resistant fishes (phytoplanktivorous silver carp and tilapia) had the lowest tolerance to microcystins and the high-sensitive fish (herbivorous grass carp) had the highest tolerance to microcystins. Taken together with the reciprocal relationship of constitutive and inducible liver GST expression level in some of the tested fish species to microcystin exposure, a molecular mechanism for different microcystin detoxification abilities of the warm freshwater fishes was discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 20:114,126, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20125 [source] IDENTIFICATION OF A MYOFIBRIL-BOUND SERINE PROTEINASE IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE OF SILVER CARPJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2004MIN-JIE CAO ABSTRACT Myofibril-bound serine proteinase (MBSP) in the skeletal muscle of silver carp was characterized. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) degraded markedly when silver carp myofibril was incubated at 55,60C as shown by SDS-PAGE. Prolonged incubation of myofibrils also caused the degradation of other myofibrillar proteins such as ,-actinin, actin and tropomyosin to some degree. The results suggest the existence of an endogenous myofibril associated proteinase. Serine proteinase inhibitors (Pefabloc SC and Lima bean trypsin inhibitor) greatly suppressed the degradation of myosin heavy chain, while inhibitors for cysteine, metallo, and aspartic proteinases did not show any effect, indicating that the endogeneous proteinase is a myofibril-bound serine proteinase. [source] Texture and colour properties of proteins recovered from whole gutted silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) using isoelectric solubilisation/precipitationJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 2 2009Latif Taskaya Abstract BACKGROUND: According to an FAO report, carp are the cheapest and by far the most commonly consumed fish in the world. Carp have minimal growth requirements, yet rapid growth rates. Although carp are generally considered unsuitable for human consumption in the USA, they have rapidly started populating major bodies of fresh water in the USA to the extent that commercial processing becomes of interest. However, typical mechanical means of meat recovery from carp are impractical owing to the bony nature of the carp carcass. Therefore the aim of the present study was to devise processing strategies to recover fish meat from carp that could be used in the development of human food products. RESULTS: Isoelectric solubilisation/precipitation at acidic and basic pH values was applied to whole gutted silver carp. Depending on the solubilisation pH, protein and fat recovery yields were approximately 420,660 and 800,950 g kg,1 respectively. The process effectively removed impurities such as bones, scales, skin, fins, etc. from whole gutted carp. The proteins were concentrated to approximately 900 g kg,1, while the fat was reduced by 970,990 g kg,1. Functional additives (potato starch, beef plasma protein, transglutaminase and polyphosphate) improved (P < 0.05) the texture of carp protein-based gels such that it was generally comparable to the texture of Alaska pollock surimi gels. Although titanium dioxide improved (P < 0.05) the whiteness of carp gels, it was lower (P < 0.05) than the whiteness of Alaska pollock surimi gels. CONCLUSION: Isoelectric solublisation/precipitation allows protein and lipid recovery from whole gutted carp. However, if the proteins are used as a gelling ingredient in fish food products, functional additives are recommended. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Low-salt restructured fish products using microbial transglutaminase as binding agentJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 9 2002Simón J Téllez-Luis Abstract Low-salt restructured silver carp products were obtained using mechanically deboned fish meat from filleting wastes of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). The additives used were NaCl at three levels (0 (control), 10 and 20,g,kg,1) and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) also at three levels (0 (control), 3 and 6,g,kg,1). The fish meat was massaged with the additives at <15,°C for 1,h. The massaged fish paste was then packed into steel stainless tubes and cooked at 40,°C for 30,min followed by 90,°C for 15,min. Changes in mechanical properties (texture profile analysis and punch test), solubility, electrophoretic profile and expressible water were evaluated. Hardness was in the range from 26.3 to 52.4,N, cohesiveness varied from 0.185 to 0.318 and springiness varied from 0.418 to 0.768. Increasing the amount of both additives improved the mechanical and functional properties of the restructured silver carp products. MTGase activity was associated with a decrease in protein solubility and a decrease in the myosin band (SDS-PAGE). Increasing NaCl decreased the amount of expressible water. The results indicated that it is feasible to obtain low-salt restructured silver carp products with improved mechanical and good functional properties using 3,g,kg,1 MTGase and 10,g,kg,1 NaCl. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Characterization of microsatellite loci in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), and cross-amplification in other cyprinid speciesMOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES, Issue 3 2006A. A. GHEYAS Abstract Captive populations of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), a major aquaculture species in Asia, would undoubtedly benefit from genetic monitoring and improvement programs. We report the isolation and preliminary characterization of 16 microsatellite loci derived from both conventional and microsatellite-enriched libraries. Inheritance studies confirmed the allelic nature of observed polymorphisms at all loci, while identifying null alleles at two loci. These loci, having varying degrees of polymorphism, should provide useful markers for applied genetic studies. A high degree of cross-amplification among 10 other cyprinid species suggests that these loci may have more widespread utility. [source] Construction of a genetic linkage map for silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 5 2010L. Zhang Summary For silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), a combined microsatellite (or simple sequence repeat) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) sex average linkage map was constructed. A total of 483 markers (245 microsatellites and 238 AFLPs) were assigned to 33 linkage groups. The map spanned 1352.2 cM, covering 86.4% of the estimated genome size of silver carp. The maximum and average spaces between 420 loci were 21.5 cM and 3.2 cM, respectively. The length of linkage groups ranged from 3.6 cM to 98.5 cM with an average of 41.0 cM. The number of markers per group varied from 2 to 44 with an average of 14.6. The AFLP markers significantly improved the integrity of microsatellite-based linkage groups and increased the genome coverage and marker evenness. A genome-wide recombination suppression was observed in male. In an extreme case, six microsatellites co-segregated in male, but spanned a 45.1 cM region in female. [source] Density effects of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and catla Catla catla on the production system in all-male freshwater prawn,finfish polyculture pondsAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 10 2010Sheikh Md. Abstract The effects of three different combinations of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and catla Catla catla density on the production system in all-male freshwater prawn,finfish polyculture ponds were evaluated in triplicate. The stocking density of silver carp and catla, respectively, were maintained at 2000 and 500 ha,1 in treatment SC2000C500, 1500 and 1000 ha,1 in treatment SC1500C1000 and 1000 and 1500 ha,1 in treatment SC1000C1500. Male freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and small fish mola Amblypharyngodon mola densities were fixed in all treatments at 12 000 and 20 000 ha,1 respectively. Management practices were same for all treatments. Blue-clawed male prawns were harvested twice during the 122-day culture at 15-day intervals before the final harvest. Plankton and macro-benthos abundance and water quality parameters (except transparency and chlorophyll a) did not vary significantly (P>0.05) among treatments. Mean final weights of both silver carp and catla were decreased with the increasing of their own stocking density. The treatment SC1500C1000 resulted in 25,32% increased net production of silver carp plus catla (461 kg ha,1) and 20,21% increased net production of all species combined (874 kg ha,1) as compared with the other treatments, although the differences in production of prawn and mola among treatments were not significant. [source] Growth and food availability of silver and bighead carps: evidence from stable isotope and gut content analysisAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 14 2009Qiong Zhou Abstract A 2-year investigation of growth and food availability of silver carp and bighead was carried out using stable isotope and gut content analysis in a large pen in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu, China. Both silver carp and bighead exhibited significantly higher ,13C in 2005 than in 2004, which can probably be attributed to two factors: (i) the difference between isotopic compositions at the base of the pelagic food web and (ii) the difference between the compositions of prey items and stable isotopes. The significantly positive correlations between body length, body weight and stable isotope ratios indicated that isotopic changes in silver carp and bighead resulted from the accumulation of biomass concomitant with rapid growth. Because of the drastic decrease in zooplankton in the diet in 2005, silver carp and bighead grew faster in 2004 than in 2005. Bighead carp showed a lower trophic level than silver carp in 2005 as indicated by stable nitrogen isotope ratios, which was possibly explained by the interspecific difference between the prey species and the food quality of silver carp and bighead. [source] Phytase-producing bacteria in the digestive tracts of some freshwater fishAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 3 2009Tanami Roy Abstract Isolation and enumeration of phytase-producing bacterial flora in the foregut and hindgut regions of the gastrointestinal tracts of 10 culturable freshwater teleosts of different feeding habits, namely rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), bata (Labeo bata), kalbasu (Labeo calbasu), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), climbing perch (Anabas testudineus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), have been carried out. Microbial culture of the gut mucosa on selected nutrient media following the enrichment culture technique was performed for bacterial isolation. The bacterial isolates were screened on the basis of their enzyme-producing ability. The bacterial population on the tryptone soya agar (TSA) plate was maximum in the hindgut region of bata, followed by mrigal and minimum in the foregut region of Nile tilapia. In modified phytase screening medium (MPSM), phytase-producing strains were recorded at higher densities in the foregut region of mrigal and grass carp and minimum in the foregut region of bata. In case of the hindgut, maximum phytase-producing strains were present in grass carp and mrigal and minimum in rohu. In general, in MPSM, the bacterial population was lower in the hindgut region of all the 10 species of fish examined. The phytase-producing ability of the selected 31 strains (16 from the foregut and 15 from the hindgut region) was determined by clearing zones on phytate-containing plates. Among these isolates, 22 strains (12 from the foregut and 10 from the hindgut region) were selected as potent phytase producers according to a quantitative enzyme assay. The highest phytase activity was observed in the bacterial strains LF1 and LH1 isolated from the fore and the hindgut regions of rohu respectively. Both the strains were identified as Bacillus licheniformis on the basis of phenotypic characteristics as well as 16S rDNA sequence analysis. [source] Changes in the nutritional parameters of muscles of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) following environmental exposure to cyanobacterial water bloomAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 2 2009Jan Mares Abstract The present study evaluated the effect of naturally developing cyanobacteria on the composition of muscles of two commercially important freshwater fish species. Fish were exposed to cyanobacterial biomass including Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis ichthyoblabe for 4 weeks. Then, they were transferred to dechlorinated potable water without any cyanobacteria for another 4-week period, thus modelling their preparation for consumers. Samples of muscles were collected every week during exposure and subsequent stay in dechlorinated potable water. The cyanobacterial water bloom of 3.9,6 × 105 cells mL,1 (133,383 ,g g,1 of total MC DW) induced statistically significant effects only in the content of fatty acids (P<0.05; P<0.01) in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), while all studied parameters including the content of dry matter and fat (P<0.01), proteins (P<0.05), fatty acid composition (P<0.05; P<0.01) and some amino acids (P<0.05) were affected in the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). This study has shown that cyanobacteria in the environment of commercially produced fish may decrease the dietetic value of fish muscles. [source] Introduction of jundia Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) increases the productivity of carp polyculture in southern BrazilAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 5 2008Leonardo Bolognesi Da Silva Abstract Fish polyculture is based on the assumption that each species has its own feeding niche and may increase the maximum standing crop of a pond by exploring a wider range of available food and ecological niches. In order to identify the better species ratio and to introduce jundia (JN) (Rhamdia quelen Quoy & Gaimard) and Nile tilapia (NT) (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) in to the carp polyculture practiced in South Brazil, a 162-day experiment was conducted, in 12 250-m2 earthen ponds (1.2 m deep). Treatment I (T-I) contained 35% common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) (CC); 35% grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes (GC); 15% silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes (SC); and 15% bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis Richardson (BC). Treatment II (T-II) consisted of three ponds stocked at the following ratio: 17.5% CC, 35% GC, 15% SC, 15% BC and 17.5% JN. Treatment III (T-III) consisted of three ponds with 35% CC, 35% GC, 7.5% SC, 7.5% BC and 15% NT. Treatment IV (T-IV) consisted of three ponds with 17.5% CC, 35% GC, 7.5% SC, 7.5% BC%, 17.5% JN and 15% NT. No significant correlation was found between the treatments with different species ratio and water quality parameters. The final weight of different species, in different treatments, was statistically different. The major result was the clear positive effect on growth parameters observed by the introduction of JN and/or NT in to the carp polyculture. The yield per hectare was 2083.33±183 kg ha,1 for polyculture with carp species; 2476.67±139.88 kg ha,1 following the introduction of JN only; 2801.67±111.42 kg ha,1 for isolated introduction of NT; and 2506.67±422.31 kg ha,1 for simultaneous introduction of JN and NT. The introduction of JN and/or NT had a positive effect on growth parameters when compared with carp-only polyculture. The reduction in CC ratio also had a positive effect on growth parameters. [source] Effect of mixed feeding schedules with varying dietary protein levels on the growth of sutchi catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage) with silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) in pondsAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 7 2005Md Zulfikar Ali Abstract A 6-month feeding trial was conducted in field condition using 10 farm ponds (400,600 m2) to investigate the effect of mixed feeding schedules on the growth of sutchi catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus with silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Fish were stocked at a ratio of 80:20 (sutchi catfish, 4.9±0.5 g: silver carp, 12.0±0.8 g) at the total rate of 25 000 ha,1. Two diets of high protein (30%, HP) and low protein (16%, LP) were prepared using locally available feed ingredients. Five different feeding schedules of high-protein diet continuously (HP), low-protein diet continuously (LP), 1-day low,protein/1-day high-protein diet (1LP/1HP), 7 days low,protein/7 days high-protein diet (7LP/7HP) and 14 days low,protein/14 days high-protein diet (14LP/14HP) were tested. The fish were fed twice daily at the rate of 15%, 10%, 8% and 5% of their body weight for first, second, third month and rest of experimental period respectively. Feeding rate was calculated only on the basis of sutchi catfish weight only and was adjusted every 2 weeks according to weight gain. Fish fed LP and HP on alternate day (1LP/1HP) resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher growth rate, feed utilization and production among the treatments. However, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the growth rates and production of fish fed HP regularly and fish fed 7 days LP followed by 7 days HP (7LP/7HP). Fish maintained on LP grew the least. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) values for sutchi catfish ranged between 2.04 and 2.79 with feeding schedule 1LP/1HP showing the best FCR. The total production of fish (including silver carp) ranged between 8310 and 12 422 kg ha,1 6 months,1 with 1LP/1HP feeding schedule resulting in the highest production and net profit. The study demonstrated that feeding fish continuously with HP is less economical. Thus, for profitable sutchi catfish culture with silver carp, farmers can use the mixed feeding schedule of alternate day feeding of LP and HP as a means of reducing feed costs. [source] | |||||||||||||