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Selected AbstractsDetection of Grapevine A vitivirus in Tunisian grapevinesEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 4 2001S. M'hirsi Grapevine A vitivirus (GVA), Grapevine B vitivirus (GVB), Grapevine leaf-roll associated closterovirus 3 (GLRaV3) and Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus (GFLV) were detected by DAS-ELISA in samples of grapevine showing symptoms of rugose wood from different viticultural areas of Tunisia. After optimization of experimental conditions, PCR and IC-RT,PCR were found to be more efficient and sensitive than DAS-ELISA for the detection of GVA. [source] Bacterial diseases of tomato in southern Spain: application of a detached tissue assay to evaluate bacterial pathogenicityEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 2 2000F. M. Cazorla Tomatoes are one of the most important crops in southern Spain, especially during the cold season. As a preliminary step in the design of an integrated disease management programme for tomato, a study on the occurrence of bacterial diseases in tomato houses of Almería (ES) was carried out during the 1993/1997 growing seasons. Sixty-four bacterial strains were isolated from tomato plants showing symptoms of bacterial diseases and 41 of them (64%) were characterized as pathogenic. The bacterial tomato pathogens most frequently isolated were Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, Pseudomonas corrugata, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas vesicatoria. The pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates on tomato was tested by the conventional seedling assay and by an in vitro assay using detached tissues developed in our laboratory. Close correspondence between the two assays was observed. An in vitro detached tissue assay is proposed for determining the pathogenicity of bacterial isolates on tomato. [source] The Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS) scale: a systematic reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 3 2006Karin Björkman Björkelund Abstract Background/Objective The Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS) Scale was developed to determine elderly patients' disturbances of awareness and orientation as to time, place and own identity, and assessment of various emotional and behavioural symptoms appearing in delirium, dementia and other organic mental diseases. The aim of the study was to examine the OBS Scale, using the eight criteria and guidelines formulated by the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Medical Outcomes Trust (SAC), and to investigate its relevance and suitability for use in various clinical settings. Method Systematic search and analysis of papers (30) on the OBS Scale were carried out using the criteria suggested by the SAC. Results The OBS Scale in many aspects satisfies the requirements suggested by the SAC: conceptual and measurement model, reliability, validity, responsiveness, interpretability, respondent and administrative burden, alternative forms of administration, and cultural and language adaptations, but there is a need for additional evaluation, especially with regard to different forms of reliability, and the translation and adaptation to other languages. Conclusions The OBS Scale is a sensitive scale which is clinically useful for the description and long-term follow-up of patients showing symptoms of acute confusional state and dementia. Although the OBS Scale has been used in several clinical studies there is need for further evaluation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Presence of Phytoplasma in Black Currant Infected with the Blackcurrant Reversion DiseaseJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 11-12 2004Abstract A plant of black currant cv. Karl,tejnský dlouhohrozen showing symptoms of the severe Russian (R) form of the blackcurrant reversion disease (BCRD) was shown to contain phytoplasma bodies measuring 530,750 nm. Phytoplasma infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the universal primer pair R16F1/R16R0, followed by PCR with the primer pair fU5/rU3. A comparison of the sequence of an amplification product of approximately 880 bp with sequences available in the GenBank confirmed the classification of the phytoplasma in the 16SrI (Aster yellows group). This is the first evidence of the natural occurrence of phytoplasma infection in black currant. Blackcurrant reversion virus (BRV), the cause of BCRD, was confirmed in the plant by RT-PCR. A 481 nt cDNA fragment of BRV was sequenced and compared with sequences in GenBank. Rhabdovirus-like particles were also observed in the plant by electron microscopy. [source] Surveys for Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (the Cause of Rhizomania), other Viruses, and Soil-borne Fungi Infecting Sugar Beet in SyriaJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 11-12 2002A. M. Mouhanna Abstract Production of sugar beet, the most important source of sugar in Syria, has suffered from many problems in the past, especially from diseases. No previous surveys have been made in Syria for viral diseases and soil-borne fungi of sugar beet. In 1998, samples were collected from plants showing symptoms of virus infection (yellowing, wilting, necrosis and mosaic). Root samples (341) were collected from crops of autumn-sown seed from 115 localities in seven provinces, 173 root samples from spring-sown crops and 39 leaf samples were collected during both seasons. The root samples were tested for the presence of viruses by double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and triple antibody sandwich-ELISA, and for soil-borne fungi by red plate (Rose Bengal) dishes. We have shown for the first time the presence of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, Beet soil-borne virus, Beet yellows virus and Beet mild yellowing virus in Syrian sugar beet fields in which Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp. were also widely distributed. [source] Stress and burnout in psychiatric professionals when starting to use dialectical behavioural therapy in the work with young self-harming women showing borderline personality symptomsJOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 7 2007K-I. PERSEIUS phd The aim of the study was to investigate how starting to use dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT) in the work with young self-harming women showing symptoms of borderline personality disorder affected the psychiatric professionals (n = 22) experience of occupational stress and levels of professional burnout. The study was carried out in relation to an 18-month clinical psychiatric development project, and used a mix of quantitative and qualitative research methods [a burnout inventory, the Maslach burnout inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), free format questionnaires and group interviews]. The result confirms previous reports that psychiatric health professionals experience treatment of self-harming patients as very stressful. DBT was seen as stressful in terms of learning demands, but decreased the experience of stress in the actual treatment of the patients. The teamwork and supervision were felt to be supportive, as was one particular facet of DBT, namely mindfulness training which some therapists felt also improved their handling of other work stressors not related to DBT. The inventory for professional burnout, the MBI-GS, showed no significant changes over the 18-month period, although there was a tendency for increased burnout levels at the 6-month assessment, which had returned to baseline levels at 18 months. [source] Genetic diversity in populations of the fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum on grapevine in FrancePLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2002B. Borie Isolates of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Phc) and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Pha), two haploid, deuteromycetous fungi, were obtained from vines showing symptoms of esca disease in different localities in two French regions, and within a single vineyard in one of these regions. The population genetic structure was determined in both fungi using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Populations of Phc showed similar levels of diversity at local and regional levels. The most frequent Phc haplotypes were found in every population, and the frequencies of positive alleles of markers were similar across populations. The hypothesis that recombination had occurred was rejected for the full set of samples, but not for the samples reduced to haplotypes, indicating that Phc may be a recombining species. Different features were identified in Pha populations. First, the southern population of Pha appeared more diverse than the south-western populations. Second, genetic differentiation was identified between Pha populations from southern and south-western regions for several RAPDs. Finally, in the southern population of Pha no evidence for recombination was obtained, even by reducing the sample to haplotypes. Within the single vineyard surveyed, several haplotypes of both fungi were recovered and randomly distributed. Thus different infection events appeared to have occurred on a low spatial scale. Data from this study showed that haplotypes of both fungi were distributed over long distances geographically, and that most of the vineyards surveyed were infested by more than one haplotype of Phc and Pha. [source] Hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein accumulation in tobacco leaves protected against Erysiphe cichoracearum by potato virus Y infectionPLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2000V. Raggi Tobacco cv. Havana 425 acquired resistance to a compatible isolate of Erysiphe cichoracearum after infection by a strain of potato virus Y (PVYN) that causes veinal necrosis; another common strain (PVYO) that does not cause necrosis gave less protection. Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), believed to be involved in resistance, were determined by analysing hydroxyproline (Hyp) in purified cell walls. Hyp content increased significantly in PVYN -protected leaves, compared with untreated controls, 2,4 days after necrotic lesion symptoms developed. No further increase in Hyp was noted in PVYN -protected leaves after E. cichoracearum challenge. Hyp increases were significantly higher in protected leaves of plants showing symptoms on day 7 than on day 10. Infection with the PVYO strain caused significant decrease in Hyp content, compared with uninoculated controls. Inoculation of virus-free plants with E. cichoracearum induced moderate and transitory Hyp increases on day 2 or 3, followed by a quick decrease associated with a weak response by the compatible host. It is suggested that HRGP accumulation induced by PVYN (but not by PVYO) causes changes in the host cell wall that result in resistance to E. cichoracearum. [source] An epidemiological survey on pigs showing symptoms of infectious enteric diseases and dyspepsia in JapanANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009Kazunari USHIDA ABSTRACT Diarrhea in pigs has the potential to have a serious economic impact on the swine industry. Previously, we suggested that the likely cause of the presence of non-infectious diarrhea in pigs characterized by lactate accumulation was dyspepsia. In this experiment, the prevalence of enteropathogens and hyper-lactate accumulation in feces of piglets in 4 distinct growth stages was examined. The feces were collected when veterinarian experts recognized abnormalities in sporadic outbreaks. Prevalence of enteropathogens in diarrheal feces was 100% in fattening pigs (FP), 75% in weaning pigs (WP), 50% in suckling pigs (SP), and 42% in growing pigs (GP). Prevalence of enteropathogens in loose feces was 53% in WP, 50% in SP, 40% in FP, and 28% in GP. Prevalence of hyper-lactate accumulation in diarrheal feces was 33% in GP, 33% in SP, 25% in WP, and 25% in FP. Prevalence of hyper-lactate accumulation in loose feces was 40% in GP, 0% in SP, 7% in WP, and 5% in FP. Accordingly, non-infectious dyspepsia is frequent in growing pigs. In this period, pigs are potentially exposed to needless antimicrobial therapeutic treatments in sporadic cases. [source] Surveys reveal the occurrence of phytoplasmas in plants at different geographical locations in PeruANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009J. Hodgetts Abstract Two independent surveys were performed in Peru during February and November 2007 to detect the presence of phytoplasmas within any crops showing symptoms resembling those caused by phytoplasmas. Molecular identifications and characterisations were based on phytoplasma 16S and 23S rRNA genes using nested PCR and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The surveys indicated that phytoplasmas were present in most of the locations sampled in Peru in both cultivated crops, including carrots, maize, native potatoes, improved potato, tomato, oats, papaya and coconut, and in other plants such as dandelion and the ornamental Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences confirmed that while most of the isolates belong to the 16SrI aster yellows group, which is ubiquitous throughout other parts of South America, one isolate from potato belongs to the 16SrII peanut witches' broom group, and one isolate from tomato and one from dandelion belong to the 16SrIII X-disease group. The use of T-RFLP was validated for the evaluation of phytoplasma-affected field samples and provided no evidence for mixed infection of individual plants with more than one phytoplasma isolate. These data represent the first molecular confirmation of the presence of phytoplasmas in a broad range of crops in Peru. [source] | |||||||||||||