Short Course (short + course)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Distribution within Medical Sciences


Selected Abstracts


International Short Course on Dermoscopy

EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2007
Article first published online: 21 MAY 200
No abstract is available for this article. [source]


International Short Course on Dermoscopy July 12,16, 2005

EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2005
Austria, Department of Dermatology Medical University of Graz Graz
No abstract is available for this article. [source]


International Short Course on Dermoscopy

EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2002
Article first published online: 2 MAY 200
No abstract is available for this article. [source]


Cancer Pain Education for Medical Students: The Development of a Short Course on CD-ROM

PAIN MEDICINE, Issue 1 2002
Paul A. Sloan MD
Objective., The purpose of this study was to assess the educational value and acceptability of a short CD-ROM course on cancer pain management given to third-year medical students at the University of Kentucky. Methods., Thirty-six medical students were given a short-course CD-ROM on cancer pain assessment and management. The Cancer Pain CD-ROM included textual instruction as well as video clips and a 15-item interactive self-assessment examination on cancer pain management. Students were asked to evaluate the computerized course with an 18-item survey using a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree). Results., Twenty-seven medical students completed the course, however, only 11 returned evaluations. In general, the medical students appreciated the CD-ROM material, with the exception of the video clips. Students agreed most strongly (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) that the educational material on the CD-ROM was presented clearly (3.9 ± 1.1), the CD-ROM format was easy to use (4.0 ± 0.8), the CD-ROM course improved knowledge of opioid use for cancer pain (4.0 ± 0.7), and the course improved understanding of opioid-related side effects (4.0 ± 0.7). The self-assessment examination on cancer pain was rated easy to use and felt to be helpful (4.0 ± 0.9) for students to identify cancer pain knowledge deficits. The authors estimate that 150 man-hours were needed to complete production of the CD-ROM without any specialized training in computer skills. Conclusions., A short-course computer format program was developed by the authors to teach the basics of cancer pain management to medical students. A minority of students evaluated the program and agreed the material was clearly presented, improved knowledge of opioid analgesia, and was easy to use. [source]


Anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy for wheezing in preschool children

PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 5 2007
Athanasios G. Kaditis MD
Abstract Accumulating evidence indicates that there are at least two phenotypes of wheezing in preschool years with distinct natural history. Frequent wheezing in the first 3 years of life with risk factors for asthma (e.g., eczema, maternal asthma) predicts symptoms in older age, while infrequent viral-associated wheezing without risk factors for asthma has a benign prognosis. This systematic review summarizes evidence on the use of anti-inflammatory medications in preschool children with wheezing. Literature search was performed using Medline and the Cochrane Library. Retrieved articles were critically appraised. Episodic use of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (>1,600 mcg/day of beclomethasone) may ameliorate severity of intermittent viral-associated wheezing. Maintenance inhaled corticosteroids can control symptoms in children with frequent wheezing associated with risk factors for asthma. Inhaled corticosteroids do not alter the natural history of wheezing even when started early in life and could have a negative impact on linear growth rate. Short courses of oral corticosteroids have been proposed as an effective measure to control exacerbations of symptoms although there is little evidence supporting their use. Some studies support the administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (leukotriene pathway modifiers, cromones, methylxanthines) for mild frequent wheezing. Maintenance inhaled corticosteroids is the most effective measure for controlling frequent wheezing in preschool children, especially when accompanied by risk factors for asthma. This treatment does not affect the natural history of wheezing, although deceleration of linear growth rate is the most commonly recognized systemic adverse effect. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:407,420. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Antibiotic treatment for five days is effective in children with acute cystitis

ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 1 2002
K Abrahamsson
Short courses of antibiotics are often recommended to treat children with acute cystitis despite lack of firm evidence to support such management. The aim of this study therefore was to analyse the short-term outcome of such treatment. The retrospective analysis included 300 children (252F, 48M) fulfilling the criteria of first-time acute cystitis and managed according to a protocol recommending 5 d treatment. In 214 (71%) the treatment was given according to the protocol and in the others for 7 or 10 d. Nitrofurantoin was used in 150 (50%) and trimethoprim without or with sulfonamide in 129 (43%). The short-term results were excellent with 96% of the children being free from symptoms at the first follow-up visit after a median of 6 d. Only 2 girls had persisting bacteriuria and thus the frequency of bacteriological treatment failure was 1%. Recurrence within 30 d occurred in 4 girls (2%). Conclusion: A 5 d treatment with antibiotics is adequate in children with acute cystitis. Routine follow-up visits after a first acute cystitis may not be necessary, providing that the bacteria causing the infection are sensitive to the prescribed antibiotic and that there is no history of defective bladder or bowel emptying. [source]


Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Importance of Early Treatment; Efficient Treatment with Electrosurgery

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2 2008
A. BURHAN AKSAKAL MD
BACKGROUND Hidradenitis suppurativa is a challenging condition, both for the physicians and for the patients. Many surgical and medical approaches with different success rates have been undertaken. Early and appropriate intervention is a factor that significantly increases the success rate of the treatment of the disease. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of electrosurgery treatment in early hidradenitis suppurativa. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study comprised 12 patients aged between 29 and 38 years (mean, 34 years) with a diagnosis of hidradenitis suppurativa Grade I (n=9) or Grade II (n=3). A surgical method consisted of excision of the areas with nodules and sinuses, up to the level of subcutaneous fat tissue, and leaving the surgical defect for secondary healing. RESULTS All patients completed the study. In 10 of 12 (83%) patients, 26 of 30 (86%) lesions, cure was observed in a mean of 16 days (range 15 to 21 days). Four lesions in 2 patients with Grade II became infected and required a short course of antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSION Electrosurgery will decrease the need for other systemic treatments, owing to its high cure rates. Our results showed that electrosurgery should be considered a top alternative in the treatment algorithm of hidradenitis suppurativa. [source]


An evaluation of a cancer counselling service

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER CARE, Issue 4 2000
M. Boudioni
The CancerBACUP London Counselling Service offered short-term face-to-face counselling to self-referred cancer patients and their relatives and friends, provided by experienced supervised counsellors working within a humanistic theoretical framework. This study aimed to identify its clients' characteristics, use of the service, extent of perceived benefits and satisfaction with the service. Socio-demographic data were collected in Data Sheets from all 384 clients who booked an appointment over 18 months; they were predominantly female, < 50 years old and from non-manual social classes. Significantly more people in those classes and in the 30,59 age group attended three or more sessions. Three hundred and nine clients who attended at least once were sent an Evaluation Form; 142 responded. The probability of the Evaluation Forms' return was greater for those who had completed more sessions; the great majority of respondents felt that they had benefited, and were satisfied with the service. This study, notwithstanding its limitations, shows that a short course of counselling may be perceived by clients to be helpful; it also raises other issues of value to those involved in cancer services and/or counselling provision. [source]


Clinical impact of FDG-PET/CT in the planning of radiotherapy for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2007
Martin Hutchings
Abstract Background:,Early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has excellent survival rates but carries a high risk of late treatment-related adverse effects. Modern, individualised therapeutic strategies require an accurate determination of the extent of the disease. This study investigated the potential impact of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose positron emission tomography/computerised tomogrpahy (FDG-PET/CT) in the planning of involved field radiotherapy (IFRT). Patients and methods:,Thirty patients received staging FDG-PET/CT before therapy, and IFRT after a short course of ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) chemotherapy. IFRT planning was performed using only the CT data from the FDG-PET/CT scan. Later, the IFRT planning was performed anew using the FDG-PET/CT data as basis for contouring. Results:,In 20 out of 30 patients, the radiotherapy (RT) course was unaffected by the addition of FDG-PET/CT. FDG-PET/CT would have increased the irradiated volume in seven patients where the volume receiving a minimum of 90% of the target dose was increased by 8,87%. FDG-PET/CT decreased the volume in two patients where the volume was reduced by 18% and 30%. Conclusions:,When used for RT planning, FDG-PET/CT results in larger IFRT treatment volumes. If FDG-PET/CT is introduced to RT planning, the method should be accompanied by a change in RT treatment strategy, aiming at more targeted therapy in order to best avoid radiation to normal tissues. [source]


Wade's histoid leprosy: three clinical presentations

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2007
Susana B. Pereyra MD
Wade's histoid leprosy is a rare form of multibacillary leprosy with distinctive characteristics which were first described in patients treated with a short course of sulfones. Wade's histoid leprosy may occur as a relapse, in the setting of sulfone resistance, or may present de novo. We report the clinical, histologic, immunologic, and bacteriologic features of three adult male patients with this rare variant of lepromatous leprosy as the initial presentation of the disease, observed in the Dermatology Department of Hospital Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina between 1999 and 2003. Two of the three patients were from an endemic leprosy area. All patients presented with a number of erythematous to brownish gray, firm but elastic nodules involving mainly the extremities, which responded to treatment for multibacillary leprosy without reactional episodes. [source]


Lupus,like syndrome with submassive hepatic necrosis associated with hepatitis A

JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 1 2001
Amit Segev
Abstract Hepatitis A is a common self-limited liver disease. However, 15% of patients may have some complications. Autoimmune hepatitis that is triggered by viral hepatitis has been reported. We hereby describe an unrecognized association of hepatitis A with a full blown lupus-like syndrome manifested by the appearance of arthralgia, exudative pleural effusion with the presence of lupus erythematosus cells and autoantibodies. All these findings disappeared after a short course of steroid treatment. The case is presented and the literature is reviewed. [source]


Corticosteroid use and risk of hip fracture: a population-based case,control study in Denmark

JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 5 2003
P. Vestergaard
Abstract. Vestergaard P, Olsen ML, Paaske Johnsen S, Rejnmark L, Toft Sørensen H, Mosekilde L (Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Aarhus and Aalborg University Hospitals; Aarhus, Denmark). Corticosteroid use and risk of hip fracture: a population-based case,control study in Denmark. J Intern Med 2003; 254: 486,493. Background. Corticosteroids (CS) are used in a wide range of conditions but have several possible adverse effects including an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures. Objective. To examine the association between cumulative CS dose and risk of hip fracture. Design. Population-based case,control design. Subjects and methods. A total of 6660 subjects with hip fracture and 33 272 age-matched population controls were identified using the County Hospital Discharge Registry in North Jutland County, Denmark and the Danish Central Personal Registry, respectively. Data on redeemed prescriptions for CS within the last 5 years before the index date were retrieved from a population-based prescription database, and recalculated to prednisolone equivalents. Cases and controls were categorized according to cumulative CS dose: (i) no use; (ii) <130 mg (e.g. equivalent to 30 mg of prednisolone for 4 days given for an acute exacerbation of asthma); (iii) 130,499 mg (e.g. equivalent to a short course of prednisolone of 450 mg for acute asthma); (iv) 500,1499 mg (e.g. equivalent to 7.5 mg prednisolone daily for 6 months or 800 ,g day,1 of inhaled budesonide for 1 year); and (v) ,1500 mg (e.g. equivalent to >4.1 mg day,1 for 1 year, a long-term high dose). Data were analysed using conditional logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders including gender, redeemed prescriptions for hormone replacement therapy, antiosteoporotic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs. Results. Compared with never users, an increased risk of hip fracture was found for CS users, with increasing cumulative doses of any type of CS use during the preceding 5 years [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.89,1.04] for <130 mg prednisolone; OR = 1.17 (CI = 1.01,1.35) for 130,499 mg; OR = 1.36 (CI = 1.19,1.56) for 500,1499 mg; and OR = 1.65 (CI = 1.43,1.92) for ,1500 mg. An increased risk was also found when the study population was stratified according to gender, age and type of CS (systemic or topical). Conclusions. Even a limited daily dose of CS (more than an average dose of approximately 71 ,g prednisolone per day) was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture. [source]


Effect of a short skills training course on competence and performance in general practice

MEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 1 2000
Jansen
Objectives Evaluation of the efficacy of a short course of technical clinical skills to change performance in general practice. Design Subjects were self-selected general practitioners (n=59) who were unaware of the study design. They were assigned to the intervention group (n=31) or control group (n=28) according to their preference for course date. The course covered four different technical clinical skills (shoulder injection technique, PAP-smear, laboratory examination of vaginal discharge, ophthalmoscopic control in diabetes mellitus). Main outcome measures used were pre- and post-training scores on a knowledge test of skills (60 multiple choice items), and pre- and post-training performance of procedures in practice using a log-diary covering 20 days. Setting University of Maastricht, The Netherlands. Subjects Self-selected general practitioners. Results Competence, as measured by the knowledge test of skills, improved significantly as a result of the training and skills test scores were satisfactory after training. A significant effect on performance in practice was found for PAP-smear and shoulder injection technique, whereas no effect could be demonstrated for examination of vaginal discharge and ophthalmoscopic control in diabetes mellitus. Conclusions A good degree of competence is a necessary but not always sufficient condition for a physician to change his performance in practice. While some skills training seems adequate to bring about desired changes, for other skills more complex interventions are probably needed. [source]


Pigmented Hypertrichotic Dermatosis and Insulin Dependent Diabetes: Manifestations of a Unique Genetic Disorder?

PEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2007
F.A.C.D., Julie Prendiville M.B.
Three patients were the offspring of consanguineous parents. All four boys had pigmented hypertrichotic patches or induration on the upper inner thighs, with variable involvement of the genitalia, trunk, and limbs. Two boys had episcleritis and orbital proptosis with similar facies and musculoskeletal abnormalities including clinodactyly, flat feet, and short stature. One child had paraaortic and inguinal lymphadenopathy and three patients had an enlarged liver and spleen. A large, swollen pancreas was observed on ultrasound imaging in one patient with insulin dependent diabetes who also had echocardiographic evidence of pericardial inflammation. Three boys had elevated laboratory markers of inflammation. Biopsy specimens from the skin and orbit showed a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate composed of polyclonal lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells; fibrosis was observed in two patients, one of whom had previously received radiation therapy to the orbit. Two boys responded to treatment with subcutaneous interferon- ,, combined with a short course of oral prednisone in the child without diabetes. We believe these inflammatory pigmented skin lesions represent a unique dermatosis associated with diabetes mellitus and systemic disease. The pathogenesis is unknown. The presence of consanguinity in three of four families, and similar dysmorphic features in two boys, suggest a genetic disorder, possibly with autosomal recessive inheritance. [source]


Amphotericin B-induced hepatorenal failure in cystic fibrosis

PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 6 2002
MRCPCH, Uthara R. Mohan MB
Abstract Although nephrotoxicity is a common and well-recognized side effect of amphotericin B, hepatotoxicity is rare. We report on a 9-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis who developed fulminant renal and hepatic dysfunction following a short course of intravenous amphotericin B for a suspected aspergillus infection, although she did not have clinical evidence of invasive aspergillosis. The toxicity became apparent after changing to liposomal amphotericin. This association of renal and hepatotoxicity with liposomal amphotericin B has not previously been reported in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:497,500. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Cat-scratch disease relapse in a kidney transplant recipient

PEDIATRIC TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 1 2007
Michelle N. Rheault
Abstract:, Cat-scratch disease, an infectious illness infrequently reported in kidney transplant patients, is caused by the organism Bartonella henselae and is transmitted through contact with cats or kittens. It is a self-limited disorder in the general pediatric population. Here we present a case of unsuspected cat-scratch disease in a pediatric kidney transplant patient who presented with fever and lymphadenopathy. Eight months after treatment with a short course of azithromycin, the patient developed a recurrence of cat-scratch disease. We emphasize that the evaluation of a young immunocompromised kidney transplant patient presenting with fever and lymphadenopathy should include unusual infections such as cat-scratch disease. We review the diagnosis and treatment of this uncommon infection in the organ transplant population. [source]


Using reflective learning to improve the impact of short courses and workshops

THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS, Issue 1 2004
Dr. Jennifer Moon BSc, MPhil
Abstract For a variety of reasons, short courses and workshops often have no impact on workplace practice and are, therefore, a waste of money. The notion of "impact" on work practice is introduced, and it provides a focus toward which all elements on a short course should contribute (including the administrative processes). This article discusses the distinction between teaching and learning and some variables about the quality of the learning process that should be taken into account: the approach the learner takes and the learner's stage of conception of the structure of knowledge. The support of good-quality learning is a principal attribute of good teaching, and the nature of good teaching is discussed on this basis. Teaching and learning in a short course can usefully be structured by a framework to improve the impact of short courses and workshops. This also provides a structure for reflective activities. This article briefly discusses the definition of refiection and considers how it might be implemented. Finally, as another tactic in the focusing on impact, the components of short courses are analyzed on the basis that every component needs to work toward the improvement of the impact of the course. [source]


The Use of Antibody to Complement Protein C5 for Salvage Treatment of Severe Antibody-Mediated Rejection

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 1 2009
J. E. Locke
Desensitized patients are at high risk of developing acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). In most cases, the rejection episodes are mild and respond to a short course of plasmapheresis (PP) / low-dose IVIg treatment. However, a subset of patients experience severe AMR associated with sudden onset oliguria. We previously described the utility of emergent splenectomy in rescuing allografts in patients with this type of severe AMR. However, not all patients are good candidates for splenectomy. Here we present a single case in which eculizumab, a complement protein C5 antibody that inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), was used combined with PP/IVIg to salvage a kidney undergoing severe AMR. We show a marked decrease in C5b-C9 (MAC) complex deposition in the kidney after the administration of eculizumab. [source]


Basal serum testosterone as an indicator of response to clomiphene treatment in human epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate

ANDROLOGIA, Issue 5 2002
Dr. G. F. GonzalesArticle first published online: 13 AUG 200
Summary. The present study was designed to determine the response of human epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate function after a 5-day course of clomiphene citrate in men attending an infertility service. In 45 men, the secretions of the epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate were assessed by measurements of seminal ,-glucosidase, fructose and acid phosphatase, respectively. Subjects were classified as normal or abnormal: abnormal men were defined as those who either had history of a sexually transmitted disease (STD), leukocytosper-mia, hypoandrogenism, or a low response of Leydig cells to clomiphene stimulation; and normal subjects were those who did not have these conditions. Mean serum testosterone luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were significantly increased after the short course with clomiphene citrate. After clomiphene citrate stimulation, the men in the normal group showed significantly increased marker levels of the seminal vesicles (P <0.02) and prostate (P <0.05), but not of the epididymis (P: NS). Men classified as abnormal showed no response according to the markers of the seminal vesicles and epididymis. Men with history of STD and abnormal basal values of acid phosphatase did not respond to the treatment. Men with history of STD but normal basal values of seminal acid phosphatase increased significantly in their levels of seminal acid phosphatase after clomiphene stimulation (P <0.02). Multivariate analysis showed that the basal serum testosterone level was the only variable in predicting the probability of response to the clomiphene in terms of true-corrected seminal fructose, seminal acid phosphatase and seminal ,-glucosidase levels. In fact, a high response of the seminal vesicles was observed in men with the highest basal serum testosterone levels (0.45 *** 0.17; coefficient of regression *** standard error; P <0.018). However, a high response in terms of seminal acid phosphatase (P <0.004) or ,-glucosidase (P <0.037) was observed in men with low basal serum testosterone levels. In conclusion, in the normal men, true-corrected fructose and acid phosphatase but not ,-glucosidase in semen increased after duplicate androgen stimulation. An absence of response was observed in cases with history of STD/leukocytospermia or hypoandrogenism. [source]


Adalimumab in severe and acute sciatica: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,

ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 8 2010
Stéphane Genevay
Objective Based on several experimental results and on a preliminary study, a trial was undertaken to assess the efficacy of adalimumab, a tumor necrosis factor , inhibitor, in patients with radicular pain due to lumbar disc herniation. Methods A multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted between May 2005 and December 2007 in Switzerland. Patients with acute (duration of <12 weeks) and severe (Oswestry Disability Index score of >50) radicular leg pain and imaging-confirmed lumbar disc herniation were randomized to receive as adjuvant therapy either 2 subcutaneous injections of adalimumab (40 mg) at 7-day intervals or matching placebo. The primary outcome was the score for leg pain, based on a visual analog scale (0,100 mm), which was recorded every day for 10 days and at 6 weeks and 6 months. Results Of the 265 patients screened, 61 were enrolled; 31 patients were assigned to receive adalimumab, and 4 patients in the placebo group were lost to followup. Over time, the course of leg pain was more favorable in the adalimumab group than in the placebo group (P = 0.002). However, the effect size was relatively small, and at the last followup visit the difference was 13.8 (95% confidence interval ,11.5, 39.0). Compared with patients in the placebo group, approximately twice as many patients in the adalimumab group fulfilled the criteria for "responders" and for "low residual disease impact" (P < 0.05), and fewer surgical discectomies were performed (6 versus 13 in the placebo group; P = 0.04). Conclusion The addition of a short course of adalimumab to the treatment regimen of patients experiencing acute and severe sciatica resulted in a small decrease in leg pain and in significantly fewer surgical procedures. [source]


Prolonged effects of short-term anti-CD20 B cell depletion therapy in murine systemic lupus erythematosus

ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 8 2010
Kai W. Bekar
Objective Although B cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, the role of B cell depletion (BCD) as a treatment is controversial, given the variable benefit in human disease. This study was undertaken to test the effects of BCD therapy in a murine lupus model to better understand the mechanisms, heterogeneity, and effects on disease outcomes. Methods (NZB × NZW)F1 female mice with varying degrees of disease severity were treated with an anti-mouse CD20 (anti-mCD20) antibody (IgG2a), BR3-Fc fusion protein (for BAFF blockade), or control anti-human CD20 monoclonal antibody (,10 mg/kg each). Tissue samples were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry. The development and extent of nephritis were assessed by monitoring proteinuria (using a urine dipstick) and by immunohistochemical analysis of the kidneys. Serum immunoglobulin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results After a single injection of anti-mCD20, BCD was more efficient in the peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and spleen compared with the bone marrow and peritoneum of normal mice as well as younger mice with lupus. Since depletion of the marginal zone and peritoneal B cells was incomplete and variable, particularly in older mice with established nephritis, a strategy of sequential weekly dosing was subsequently used, which improved the extent of depletion. BAFF blockade further enhanced depletion in the spleen and lymph nodes. Early BCD therapy delayed disease onset, whereas BCD therapy in mice with advanced disease reduced the progression of nephritis. These effects were long-lasting, even after B cell reconstitution occurred, and were associated with a reduction in T cell activation but no significant change in autoantibody production. Conclusion The lasting benefit of a short course of BCD therapy in lupus-prone mice with an intact immune system and established disease highlights the validity of this treatment approach. [source]


Selective blockade of BAFF for the prevention and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis in NZM2410 mice

ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 5 2010
Meera Ramanujam
Objective To determine whether BAFF or combined BAFF/APRIL blockade is effective in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) nephritis characterized by rapidly progressive glomerulosclerosis. Methods NZM2410 mice at early and late stages of SLE nephritis were treated with a short course of BAFF-R-Ig or TACI-Ig fusion protein. Proteinuria and serologic profile were evaluated every 2 weeks. Immunohistochemical, flow cytometric, and enzyme-linked immunospot analyses of the spleen, kidney, and bone marrow were performed after 8 weeks and after 33 weeks. Results A short course of selective blockade of BAFF alone was sufficient to prevent and treat SLE nephritis in NZM2410 mice, despite the formation of pathogenic autoantibodies. Decreases in spleen size and B cell depletion persisted for more than 33 weeks after treatment and resulted in secondary decreases in CD4 memory T cell formation and activation of splenic and peripheral monocytes. Immune complex deposition in the kidneys was dissociated from renal damage and from activation of renal endothelial and resident dendritic cells. Conclusion Selective blockade of BAFF alone, which resulted in B cell depletion and splenic collapse, was sufficient to prevent and treat the disease in this model of noninflammatory SLE nephritis. This shows that the inflammatory microenvironment may be a determinant of the outcome of B cell modulation strategies. [source]


A short course of BG9588 (anti,CD40 ligand antibody) improves serologic activity and decreases hematuria in patients with proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis

ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 3 2003
Dimitrios T. Boumpas
Objective CD40,CD40 ligand (CD40L) interactions play a significant role in the production of autoantibodies and tissue injury in lupus nephritis. We performed an open-label, multiple-dose study to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of BG9588, a humanized anti-CD40L antibody, in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. The primary outcome measure was 50% reduction in proteinuria without worsening of renal function. Methods Twenty-eight patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis were scheduled to receive 20 mg/kg of BG9588 at biweekly intervals for the first 3 doses and at monthly intervals for 4 additional doses. Safety evaluations were performed on all patients. Eighteen patients receiving at least 3 doses were evaluated for efficacy. Results The study was terminated prematurely because of thromboembolic events occurring in patients in this and other BG9588 protocols (2 myocardial infarctions in this study). Of the 18 patients for whom efficacy could be evaluated, 2 had a 50% reduction in proteinuria without worsening of renal function. Mean reductions of 38.9% (P < 0.005), 50.1% (P < 0.005), and 25.3% (P < 0.05) in anti,double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody titers were observed at 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively, after the last treatment. There was a significant increase in serum C3 concentrations at 1 month after the last dose (P < 0.005), and hematuria disappeared in all 5 patients with significant hematuria at baseline. There were no statistically significant reductions in lymphocyte count or serum immunoglobulin, anticardiolipin antibody, or rubella IgG antibody concentrations after therapy. Conclusion A short course of BG9588 treatment in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis reduces anti-dsDNA antibodies, increases C3 concentrations, and decreases hematuria, suggesting that the drug has immunomodulatory action. Additional studies will be needed to evaluate its long-term effects. [source]


Kinetics of bone protection by recombinant osteoprotegerin therapy in Lewis rats with adjuvant arthritis

ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 7 2002
Giuseppe Campagnuolo
Objective To assess the effect of different dosages and treatment schedules of osteoprotegerin (OPG) on joint preservation in an experimental model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Methods Male Lewis rats with AIA (6,8 per group) were treated with a subcutaneous bolus of recombinant human OPG according to one of the following schedules: daily OPG (an efficacious regimen) starting at disease onset (days 9,15), early intervention (days 9,11), delayed intervention (days 13,15), and extended therapy (days 9,22). Inflammation (hind paw swelling) was quantified throughout the clinical course; osteoporosis (bone mineral density [BMD], by quantitative dual x-ray absorptiometry) and morphologic appraisals of inflammation, bone damage, intralesional osteoclasts (by semiquantitative histopathologic scoring), and integrity of the articular cartilage matrix (by retention of toluidine blue stain) were determined in histology sections of arthritic hind paws. Results OPG provided dose- and schedule-dependent preservation of BMD and periarticular bone while essentially eliminating intralesional osteoclasts. Dosages ,2.5 mg/kg/day preserved or enhanced BMD and prevented essentially all erosions. A dosage of 4 mg/kg/day protected joint integrity to a comparable degree when given for 7 (days 9,15) or 14 (days 9,22) consecutive days. At this dosage, early intervention (days 9,11) was twice as effective as delayed intervention (days 13,15) at preventing joint dissolution. Erosions and osteoclast scores were greatly decreased for 26 days (measured from the first treatment) after 7 or 14 daily doses of OPG (4 mg/kg/day). OPG treatment also prevented loss of cartilage matrix proteoglycans, an indirect consequence of protecting the subchondral bone. No OPG dosage or regimen alleviated weight loss, inflammation, or periosteal osteophyte production. Conclusion These data indicate that OPG preserves articular bone and (indirectly) articular cartilage in arthritic joints in a dose- and schedule-dependent manner, halts bone erosion when given at any point during the course of arthritis, produces sustained antierosive activity after a short course, and is most effective when initiated early in the disease. [source]


True blue football fan: Tattoo reaction confined to blue pigment

AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2010
Corinne Yoong
ABSTRACT A tattoo reaction which appeared solely on the blue pigment of a 6-month old red and blue football club tattoo of an ardent fan was investigated. The patient was otherwise asymptomatic and no other abnormality was detected on full physical examination. Histology revealed a florid sarcoidal granuloma reaction to blue pigment. Preliminary investigations for systemic sarcoidosis did not reveal any abnormality. The tattoo reaction flattened clinically with the institution of a short course of topical mometasone furoate 0.1% ointment and as the subject remained asymptomatic, close surveillance for the development of systemic sarcoidosis is to continue. The possibility of delayed type hypersensitivity is discussed. [source]


Biochemistry: A short course

BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION, Issue 6 2009
James Zimmerman
No abstract is available for this article. [source]


Recombinant DNA: Genes and genomes,A short course (3rd ed.)

BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION, Issue 6 2007
Brian White
No abstract is available for this article. [source]


Modeling Maternal,Infant HIV Transmission in the Presence of Breastfeeding with an Imperfect Test

BIOMETRICS, Issue 4 2007
N. Gupte
Summary An important public health question is to determine the probabilities of perinatal HIV transmission and when it occurs, whether antepartum, intrapartum, or postpartum through breastfeeding. However, this is a difficult problem because the presence of HIV infection in an infant can only be ascertained through viral assays in the postpartum period. We propose a model that simultaneously estimates the risks of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum transmissions together with the sensitivity of the screening tests for HIV infection. The model allows estimating of infectivity through breast milk during postpartum periods. The methods are illustrated on a South African randomized clinical trial of extended AZT versus a short course of nevirapine in infants whose mothers had no access to antenatal antiretroviral therapy. [source]


A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate the role of a short reducing course of oral corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2007
Sylvia M. Bates
OBJECTIVES To assess the validity of our observational experience that a short course of oral prednisolone therapy might be of value in the management of symptoms of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) in men. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-one men with CPPS (inflammatory or non-inflammatory) for ,6 months, and who had failed to improve with standard antibiotic therapy, were randomized to receive either a 1-month reducing course of oral prednisolone (nine) or an equivalent placebo regimen (12 men). The outcome measures used were the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), General Health Questionnaire-30 (GHQ-30) and the National Institute of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), which were completed at baseline and 3 months. RESULTS Outcomes were analysed for the 18 patients (six treated, 12 placebo) who completed the 3 months of follow-up. At both baseline and 3 months, respectively, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the NIH-CPSI total score (P = 0.48 and 0.62; Mann,Whitney U -test), or in the HADS (anxiety, P = 0.85 and 0.67; depression P = 0.96 and 0.74), and there was no significant improvement or deterioration over time. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend to improvement in the depression score for the active group (P = 0.13). However, the clinical significance is doubtful, as both baseline and follow-up depression scores were within the normal range. No patient had clinically negative changes in depression. A 3-month follow-up analysis was not possible for the McGill Pain Questionnaire or GHQ-30 as not all patients completed the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS Whilst the study showed no clinical benefit of using corticosteroids in the management of CPPS, the few patients recruited limited the validity of firm conclusions from the data. There was a trend towards an improvement of depression levels amongst subjects. The study highlights the difficulties of recruitment and illustrates the complex psychological profiles of patients with CPPS. [source]


Calcitriol treatment improves methyl aminolaevulinate-based photodynamic therapy in human squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells

BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2009
E. Cicarma
Summary Background, Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using methyl aminolaevulinate (MAL) provides a new, approved method for treatment of skin cancer and its precursors. However, MAL-based PDT is not very efficient for poorly differentiated skin carcinoma. Thus, novel strategies to enhance the PDT effect are needed. Objectives, In order to improve the efficacy of MAL-based PDT, we investigated the effect of adding calcitriol, a prodifferentiation hormone, to human squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells in vitro. Methods, A short course (24 h) of calcitriol pretreatment was applied in A431 cells, and, subsequently, MAL-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was measured. Results, Calcitriol pretreatment of the cells elevated their PpIX levels. Furthermore, the cell damage after exposure to blue light was significantly higher in calcitriol-treated cells. Increased photoinactivation correlated with higher levels of PpIX in the calcitriol-pretreated cells. Conclusions, Calcitriol enhances MAL-based PDT in A431 cells. [source]