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Serious Risk Factor (serious + risk_factor)
Selected AbstractsPathological changes in the cerebral medullary arteries of five autopsy cases of malignant nephrosclerosis: Observation by morphometry and reconstruction of serial sectionsNEUROPATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2003Riki Okeda Hypertension (HT) is a serious risk factor of not only cerebral infarction and bleeding, but also Binswanger's encephalopathy (BE). In BE especially, severe stiffening of the cerebral medullary arteries because of hypertensive changes with loss of medial smooth muscle cells (SMC) occurs, which induces diffuse atrophy of the cerebral white matter. But, it is not yet ascertained whether HT is particularly severe in BE. Therefore, a spectrum of the pathological changes of the cerebral arteries were investigated by reconstruction of serial sections and morphometry of the medial thickness in five autopsied patients with malignant nephrosclerosis (MN) of exacerbated form. Each presented clinically acute progression of long-standing HT at the terminal stage and pathologically typical renal changes. The heartweight was 380,900 g. Morphometry of the medial thickness of the arachnoid arteries presented significant medial hypertrophy in four cases of MN, but in the medullary arteries it presented in only two cases with marked cardiomegaly of 700 g and 900 g. In four cases of MN, only a few medullary arteries showed slight pathological changes. However, in another case with cardiomegaly of 900 g, all 10 medullary arteries showed multiple segments of atheroma, medial SMC loss, and prominent dilatation; edematous concentric intimal fibrosis with luminal obstruction and atrophy of the white matter were absent. In conclusion, only one case of MN showing marked cardiomegaly of 900 g presented severe pathological changes of the cerebral medullary arteries comparable with those of BE, although other MN-cases showing severe cardiac hypertrophy presented only trivial arterial changes. Therefore, the cerebral medullary artery seems to be protected from HT, yet it is involved in a case of severe and long-standing HT inducing an extreme cardiomegaly. [source] Pseudoexfoliation as a risk factor for prevalent open-angle glaucomaACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 7 2008Curt Ekström Abstract. Purpose:, To estimate the risk of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) associated with exposure to pseudoexfoliation (PEX) and increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods:, In 1984,86, a cross-sectional, population-based survey was conducted in the municipality of Tierp, central Sweden. Its target population comprised 2429 residents aged 65,74 years. In addition to a sample of 760 people, patients previously diagnosed with glaucoma were examined. The prevalence of OAG in the target population was estimated from the prevalence in the sample and patients already diagnosed. A review of prevalent cases in 1984,86 was undertaken in 2006. Results:, Definite OAG was established in 77 cases, corresponding to a prevalence of 5.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4,6.2). Of these, 23 represented newly detected cases. The prevalence of PEX was 17.2% (95% CI 14.6,19.9), calculated from 134 cases in the population sample. When adjusting for gender, PEX was associated with a 4.7-fold (95% CI 2.2,9.4) increased risk of OAG. For clinical cases only, the risk was 16-fold (95% CI 4.8,56) greater in subjects with PEX, compared with those without PEX. In individuals without a previous diagnosis of glaucoma, an IOP , 20 mmHg was associated with a 9.7-fold (95% CI 3.7,27) increased risk, but PEX alone was not a risk factor for OAG (adjusted odds ratio = 0.96). Conclusions:, Pseudoexfoliation was associated with OAG only in people previously diagnosed with the disease. In cases detected in the population-based survey, increased IOP was a serious risk factor. [source] Self-reported violence amongst adolescents in Denmark: is alcohol a serious risk factor?ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 5 2008Marie Louise Frederiksen Abstract Aim: To describe the prevalence of adolescents' exposure to different types of violence (at home and outside the home) and associations between severe violence and alcohol consumption, taking account of gender and the influence of other factors. Methods: A multimedia computer-based survey amongst a nationally representative sample of 9th grade pupils included comprehensive data on exposure to physical violence, use of alcohol and additional socio-demographic and behavioural factors. Analyses included gender disaggregated cross tabulations and logistic regressions. Results: Around 9.3% of girls and 12.3% of boys reported being victims of physical violence within the last 12 months. Also, 2.7% of girls and 3.5% of boys reported severe violence. Gender differences existed in place of occurrence; girls were more frequently assaulted at home, boys outside the home. Alcohol was only associated with violence exposure outside the home for boys, not girls. Conclusions: About one-tenth of adolescents in Denmark reported exposure to any physical violence and 3% to severe violence during the last year. Alcohol consumption was not a risk factor for girls and only a risk factor for boys regarding violence occurring outside the home. [source] Association of self-reported alcohol use and hospitalization for an alcohol-related cause in Scotland: a record-linkage study of 23 183 individualsADDICTION, Issue 4 2009Scott A. McDonald ABSTRACT Aims To investigate the extent to which self-reported alcohol consumption level in the Scottish population is associated with first-time hospital admission for an alcohol-related cause. Design Observational record-linkage study. Setting Scotland, 1995,2005. Participants A total of 23 183 respondents aged 16 and over who participated in the 1995, 1998 and 2003 Scottish Health Surveys, followed-up via record-linkage from interview date until 30 September 2005. Measurements Rate of first-time hospital admission with at least one alcohol-related diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was applied to estimate the relative risk of first-time hospitalization with an alcohol-related condition associated with usual alcohol consumption level (1,7, 8,14, 15,21, 22,35, 36,49, 50+ units/week and ex-drinker, compared with <1 unit per week). Findings Of the SHS participants, 527 were hospitalized for an alcohol-related cause during 135 313 person-years of follow-up [39 first admissions per 10 000 person-years, 95% confidence interval (CI) 36,42]. Alcohol-related hospitalization rates were considerably higher for males (61/10 000 person-years, 95% CI 54,67) than for females (22/10 000 person-years, 95% CI 18,26). Compared with the lowest alcohol consumption category (<1 unit per week), the relative risk of first-time alcohol-related admission increased with reported consumption: age-adjusted hazard ratios ranged from 3 (1,5) for 1,7 units/week to 19 (10,37) for 50+ units/week (males); and from 2 (1,3) for 1,7 units/week to 28 (14,56) for 50+ units/week (females). After adjusting for age and usual alcohol consumption, the relative risk of first-time alcohol-related admission remained significantly higher for males reporting binge drinking and for both males and females residing in the most deprived localities. Conclusions Moderate and higher levels of usual alcohol consumption and binge drinking are serious risk factors for alcohol-related hospitalization in the Scottish population. These findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between alcohol intake and alcohol-related morbidity. [source] | ||||||||||