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Serosal Layers (serosal + layer)
Selected AbstractsPredominant T helper type 2-inflammatory responses promote murine colon cancersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 9 2006Emi Osawa Abstract Colon cancer is one of the most serious complications of inflammatory bowel diseases, especially ulcerative colitis (UC). Previous studies have shown that characteristic immunological event during inflammation in UC is the expression of T helper-type 2 (Th2) cell-derived cytokines. In this study, we investigated the influence of a predominant Th2-type cytokine response in colitis on carcinogen-induced colon tumors. Wild type (WT), interferon gamma (IFN-,) gene deficient (,/,) [Th2 dominant] or interleukin (IL)-4,/, [Th1-dominant] mice of BALB/c background were used in this study. To compare tumor formation, mice were given the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) and intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), to induce colitis. Thirty-three weeks after initial treatment, the total colon was examined. When IFN-,,/, mice were treated with AOM and TNBS, significantly higher number of tumors were seen (8.4 ± 1.7) than in WT (3.3 ± 2.9) or IL-4,/, (3.1 ± 3.4) mice, which received identical treatments. A separate set of experiment, using less doses of AOM and TNBS also showed the higher frequency of tumor formation in IFN-,,/, mice than in IL-4,/, mice. Histologically, the tumors were well- or moderately-differentiated adenocarcinomas. No invasion into the submucosal or serosal layers of the intestine was seen. In immunohistological staining, some tumors in IFN-,,/, mice showed distinct nuclear expression of ,-catenin, in contrast to the strong membrane staining seen in tumors of IL-4,/, mice. In conclusion, colonic inflammation associated with Th2-donimant cytokine responses enhanced the formation of malignant neoplasms. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Endoscopic sonographic evaluation of the thickened gallbladder wall in patients with acute hepatitisJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 5 2003Moon Young Kim MD Abstract Purpose. Thickening of the gallbladder wall is often observed during abdominal sonographic examination in patients with acute hepatitis. However, there is rarely an opportunity for a histopathologic analysis of these structural changes. Endoscopic sonography (EUS) can accurately delineate the structure of the gallbladder wall and therefore may be useful for visualizing changes in the gallbladder wall in patients with acute hepatitis. Hence, we prospectively studied the ability of EUS to detect specific structural changes in the gallbladder wall in patients with acute hepatitis and examined the effect of high elevation of serum liver enzyme levels on the gallbladder wall. Methods. A study group of patients diagnosed with acute hepatitis who had gallbladder wall thickening and a control group of patients without acute hepatitis or gallbladder disease underwent EUS between May 1, 1999, and June 1, 2002. EUS was used to measure the thickness of the gallbladder wall and to visualize each of its layers. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels of the patients with acute hepatitis were measured at the time of the EUS examination. Statistically significant differences were determined using an independent t test and the chi-squared test. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The acute hepatitis group comprised 28 men and 24 women with a mean age of 40.8 years. The control group comprised 25 men and 25 women with a mean age of 45.1 years. The mean gallbladder wall thickness ± standard deviation in the acute hepatitis group (6.3 ± 2.6 mm) was significantly greater than that in the control group (1.6 ± 0.4 mm; p < 0.01). The mean thickness of the gallbladder wall for patients in whom both the AST and the ALT levels were 500 U/l or higher (7.0 ± 2.6 mm) was significantly greater than that for patients with levels below 500 U/l (5.4 ± 2.3 mm; p < 0.05). In the acute hepatitis group, EUS showed thickened, well-defined muscular and serosal layers of the gallbladder wall in 24 of the patients and a diffusely thickened gallbladder wall, in which each layer was ill defined, in the other 28 patients. The mean thickness of the gallbladder wall for patients with the pattern of ill-defined layers was significantly greater than that for the patients with the pattern of well-defined layers (p < 0.05). The pattern of ill-defined layers was more common among patients in whom the serum AST and ALT levels were at least 500 U/l than among patients with levels below 500 U/l (p < 0.05). Conclusions. We propose that gallbladder wall thickening in patients with acute hepatitis is associated with prominent changes in the muscular and serosal layers. Patients with highly elevated serum liver enzyme levels are more likely to have gallbladder wall thickening and disruption of planes between the muscular and serosal layers than are patients with normal liver enzyme levels. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:245,249, 2003 [source] Formed and preformed metabolites: facts and comparisonsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 10 2008Professor K. Sandy Pang The administration of metabolites arising from new drug entities is often employed in drug discovery to investigate their associated toxicity. It is expected that administration of metabolites can predict the exposure of metabolites originating from the administration of precursor drug. Whether exact and meaningful information can be obtained from this has been a topic of debate. This communication summarizes observations and theoretical relationships based on physiological modelling for the liver, kidney and intestine, three major eliminating organs/tissues. Theoretical solutions based on physiological modelling of organs were solved, and the results suggest that deviations are expected. Here, examples of metabolite kinetics observed mostly in perfused organs that did not match predictions are provided. For the liver, discrepancies in fate between formed and preformed metabolites may be explained by the heterogeneity of enzymes, the presence of membrane barriers and whether transporters are involved. For the kidney, differences have been attributed to glomerular filtration of the preformed but not the formed metabolite. For the intestine, the complexity of segregated flows to the enterocyte and serosal layers and differences in metabolism due to the route of administration are addressed. Administration of the metabolite may or may not directly reflect the toxicity associated with drug use. However, kinetic data on the preformed metabolite will be extremely useful to develop a sound model for modelling and simulations; in-vitro evidence on metabolite handling at the target organ is also paramount. Subsequent modelling and simulation of metabolite data arising from a combined model based on both drug and preformed metabolite data are needed to improve predictions on the behaviours of formed metabolites. [source] Histomorphology of the Proventriculus of three Species of Australian Passerines: Lichmera indistincta, Zosterops lateralis and Poephila guttataANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 4 2009Y. O. Ogunkoya Summary Histomorphology of the proventriculi of nectarivorous, granivorous and omnivorous passerines was studied. The proventriculus consisted of mucosal, submucosal, muscularis and serosal layers. Proventricular wall was thickest in omnivore, thinnest in granivore and intermediate in nectarivore. The openings of mucosal glands had a single spiral-like fold of mucosa in the omnivorous Silvereye, 2,3 spirals in the granivorous Zebra finch and 4,5 spirals in the nectarivorous Brown honeyeater. The mucosal glands were arranged in a uniform row in the wall of the organ and opened individually via a primary duct to the lumen of the proventriculus. The surface epithelial cells of the tunica mucosa contained secretory cells and the proventricular glands contained endocrine, neck and oxynticopeptic cells. The ultrastructural features of the oxynticopeptic cells changed from the oral to the aboral portion of the gland. In the oral region, the cytoplasm presented numerous, smaller (600,900 nm) homogenously dense zymogen secretory vesicles and larger (0.8,2.3 ,m) pale floccular, tubular, mucin-like secretory granules, few small mitochondria and RER while in the aboral portion of the gland, the cytoplasm presented numerous, large mitochondria with closely packed cristae, secondary lysosome and infolding of the basal and apical cell membrane. The tunica sub mucosa was thin with occasional large blood vessels. The tunica muscularis consisted of inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal layers. The external tunica serosa contained large bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons that were possibly branches of the intestinal nerve. The structural adaptations of the proventriculi of these three species to their various diets are discussed. [source] USE OF PORCINE SMALL INTESTINAL SUBMUCOSA IN BLADDER AUGMENTATION IN RABBIT: LONG-TERM HISTOLOGICAL OUTCOMEANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 1-2 2008Ali Ayyildiz Aim: To investigate long-term histological features of bladder augmentation using porcine small intestine submucosa (SIS) in a rabbit model. Materials and method: Sixteen New Zealand rabbits were used. Porcine SIS was provided by a manufactured formation derived from the pig. After partial cystectomy was carried out on the bladder, a single layer of SIS (Cook® -SIS Technology, Cook Biotech Incorporated, West Lafayette, IN, USA) (2 × 5 cm) was sewn to bladder with continuous 5/0 vicryl suture material in a watertight manner. Urinary diversion was not used. The rabbits were killed 12 months later and perivesical fat was removed together with bladder. The 5-,m preparations taken from the samples were stained with haematoxylin,eosin and Mason's trichrome dye. S-100 and F8 stains were also used for immunohistochemical investigations. Results: The macroscopic view of bladder was normal. SIS was indistinguishable from normal bladder wall, but the region of the graft had a slight white coloration. Microscopic observations showed the continuity of transitional epithelium of host bladder tissue on SIS material. Detrusor and serosal layers were formed and these layers were indistinguishable from host bladder. Fibroblasts were scattered among the collagen fibrils. New vessel formations were present without lymphatic proliferation. Nerve regeneration was excellent. No inflammation was observed in normal and regenerated bladder wall. Conclusion: At the end of 12 months, the long-term histological features of bladder augmentation with porcine SIS in a rabbit model, such as presence of new vessel formations, nerve regeneration, collagen and smooth muscle regenerations, which were indistinguishable from original bladder, and the absence of inflammation, showed that SIS seems to be a viable alternative to the use of intestine in bladder augmentation. [source] | ||||||||||