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Rapid infusion of a phospholipid emulsion attenuates the effects of endotoxaemia in horses

EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2007
J. N. MOORE
Summary Reasons for performing study: Endotoxaemia currently is associated with a poor prognosis in horses. The results of recent trials in other species indicate that phospholipid emulsions reduce the deleterious effects of endotoxin (LPS). However, in a previous study in horses, a 2 h infusion of emulsion caused an unacceptable degree of haemolysis. Hypothesis: Rapid administration of a lower total dose of emulsion would reduce the effects of LPS and induce less haemolysis; the emulsion would reduce inflammatory effects of LPS in vitro. Methods: Twelve healthy horses received an i.v. infusion either of saline or a phospholipid emulsion (100 mg/kg), followed immediately by E. coli O55:B5 LPS (30 ng/kg). Clinical parameters, haematological profiles, serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF) activity, serum lipid profiles, urine analyses and severity of haemolysis were monitored before and at selected times after LPS. Monocytes were also incubated in vitro with LPS in the presence or absence of emulsion, after which TNF and tissue factor activities were determined. Results: Clinical signs of endotoxaemia were reduced in horses receiving the emulsion, including clinical score, heart rate, rectal temperature, serum TNF activity, and the characteristic leucopenic response to LPS, when compared to horses not receiving the emulsion. Three horses receiving the emulsion had none, 2 had mild and one had moderate haemolysis. There were no differences in urinalysis results and creatinine concentrations, either within the groups over time or between the groups. Serum concentrations of phosphatidylcholine, bile acids and triglycerides peaked immediately after the infusion; there were no significant changes in concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids or cholesterol. Incubation of equine monocytes with emulsion prevented LPS-induced TNF and tissue factor activities. Conclusions: Rapid administration of emulsion significantly reduced inflammatory effects of LPS in vivo and caused a clinically insignificant degree of haemolysis. The results of the in vitro studies indicate that emulsion prevents not only LPS-induced synthesis of cytokines, but also expression of membrane-associated mediators (i.e. tissue factor). Potential relevance: Rapid i.v. administration of emulsions containing phospholipids that bind endotoxin may provide a clinically useful method of treating endotoxaemia in horses. [source]

EFFECT OF HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON SPORES OF GEOBACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS SUSPENDED IN SOYMILK

JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 5 2007
YOKIUSHIRDHILGILMARA ESTRADA-GIRÓN
ABSTRACT The inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores (ATCC 7953) inoculated in soymilk was investigated using high hydrostatic pressure (550, 585 and 620 MPa) in combination with temperature (70, 80 and 90C) for selected times (2 s to 15 min). Inactivation of spores occurred at all selected treatments. Less than 10 CFU/mL of G. stearothermophilus were observed after 7 min of treatment at 620 MPa and 90C. An increase in the inactivation rate constant, at the highest pressure, was observed, resulting in a decrease in D values at all temperatures. D values were calculated as 10.6, 6.2 and 3.5 min for 70, 80 and 90C, respectively after pressurization at 620 MPa. zp values decreased as temperature increased with values ranging from 142 to 238 MPa. The activation energy required for inactivation of G. stearothermophilus spores in soymilk, at the selected treatments, was in the range of 37.9,57.4 kJ/mol. [source]

Novel infection strategies of Colletotrichum acutatum on ripe blueberry fruit

PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2008
P. S. Wharton
The infection and colonization process of Colletotrichum acutatum on ripe blueberry fruit from two cultivars with different susceptibility to anthracnose were examined using light and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Ripe fruit from susceptible cv. Jersey and resistant cv. Elliott were drop-inoculated with a conidial suspension of C. acutatum, and epidermal peels were evaluated at selected times after inoculation and incubation. Results from pre-penetration studies demonstrated that there were significant differences in the rate of formation of melanized appressoria between the two cultivars, with the rate of formation being faster in the susceptible one. In both cultivars, penetration by the pathogen occurred via appressoria 48 h post-inoculation (hpi). However, in the susceptible cv. Jersey, C. acutatum then adopted an intracellular hemibiotrophic-like infection strategy, whereas in the resistant cv. Elliott subcuticular intramural-like infection occurred. In cv. Jersey by 108 hpi, intracellular growth of the pathogen led to the formation of numerous acervuli, with orange conidial masses. By 120 hpi, the conidial masses had coalesced covering the entire inoculated area. In cv. Elliott, acervuli were not seen until 144 hpi and contained few conidia. These results demonstrate for the first time the ability of C. acutatum to adopt a different infection and colonization strategy depending on the susceptibility of the host tissue being colonized. [source]

Comparative bioavailability of two oral formulations of ranitidine

BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND DRUG DISPOSITION, Issue 1 2006
Francisco J. Flores-Murrieta
Abstract The current requirement of the Mexican Authorities to demonstrate the interchangeability of ranitidine formulations is to establish that the dissolution profile of the drug shows similarity. In order to establish if this requirement is adequate, the bioavailability of two formulations that did not meet this similarity were compared. Twenty-five female volunteers received 150 mg ranitidine (Azantac® or Midaven®) under fasting conditions in two separate sessions using a cross-over design. Plasma samples were obtained at selected times for a period of 12 h and stored frozen at ,80°C until analysed. Ranitidine plasma levels were determined and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained. Values (mean ± SEM) were: Cmax 528.85 ± 25.34 and 563.03 ± 33.25 ng/ml, tmax 2.76 ± 0.19 and 2.79 ± 0.18 h, and AUC12 h 2694.94 ± 99.50 and 2648.51 ± 133.38 ng.h/ml, for Azantac® or Midaven®, respectively. No statistically significant difference was obtained in the parameters evaluated. Moreover, 90% confidence limits were 96.6%,116.2% and 90.7%,105.1% for Cmax and AUC12 h ratios, respectively, indicating that the formulations tested are bioequivalent, despite the dissimilarity in the dissolution profile of the formulations. These results suggest that the comparative dissolution profile is not an adequate test to demonstrate the interchangeability of ranitidine formulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]