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Seed Fate (seed + fate)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Life Sciences	100%

Selected Abstracts

The Effect of Seed Mass and Gap Size on Seed Fate of Tropical Rain Forest Tree Species in Guyana

PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2004
L. H. van Ulft
Abstract: For eleven tree species, differing in seed mass, germination success (emergence success for two small-seeded species) and the causes of failure to germinate were studied in the forest understorey and in logging gaps in the tropical rain forests of Guyana. In the forest understorey, germination success increased with seed mass. However, as gap size increased the difference between smaller and larger seeded species diminished because germination success of smaller-seeded species increased slightly, while that of larger-seeded species decreased dramatically. The negative effect of gap size on germination success of larger-seeded species was caused by an increased risk of desiccation with gap size, which was a far more important seed mortality agent for larger than for smaller-seeded species. Generally, seeds of smaller-seeded species suffered more from insect predation and were removed at higher rates than larger-seeded species. On the other hand, larger-seeded species were eaten more by mammals than smaller-seeded species. It is concluded that logging can result in shifts in the species composition in the tropical rain forests of Guyana which are dominated by species with large seeds, since germination success of larger-seeded species is dramatically reduced in large logging gaps. [source]

Postdispersal Seed Fate of Tropical Montane Trees in an Agricultural Landscape, Southern Costa Rica

BIOTROPICA, Issue 3 2009
Rebecca J. Cole
ABSTRACT Variation in postdispersal seed fate is an important factor driving patterns of forest regeneration. Because most previous studies have not tracked final seed fate and have commonly equated seed removal with predation without considering the possibility of secondary dispersal, little is known about individual seed mortality factors in successional and degraded habitats. This study tracked the postdispersal fate of large-seeded tropical montane trees in abandoned pasture, young secondary forests, and small forest fragments during two consecutive years in an agricultural landscape in southern Costa Rica. The incidence of secondary dispersal by animals, scatterhoarding in particular, and the effects of seed burial on germination were measured. Overall, seeds survived through germination more often in secondary forests with high levels of mortality occurring in abandoned pastures and forest fragments. The majority of seed mortality was caused by rodent predation in forest fragments, insects and fungal pathogens in secondary forests, and a combination of desiccation, insects, and fungal pathogens in pastures. Seeds were frequently secondarily dispersed in larger forest fragments, whereas they were only rarely moved in pastures and secondary forests. Burial tended to improve germination in pastures and was important for an often scatterhoarded species, Otoba novogranatensis, in all habitats. The results of this study suggest that: (1) seed mortality factors differ in response to the type of habitat degradation; (2) large-seeded species have high potential for survival when dispersed to young secondary forests; and (3) seed removal is not a reliable proxy for seed predation, particularly in less degraded forest fragments. RESUMEN La variación en el destino de las semillas posterior a la dispersión es un factor importante que puede determinar patrones de la regeneración de los bosques. Dado que la mayoría de los estudios anteriores no han realizado seguimiento al destino final de las semillas y han equiparado comúnmente la remoción con la predación sobre las mismas, sin tener en cuenta la posibilidad de dispersión secundaria, poco se sabe sobre los factores de la mortalidad de semillas en hábitats sucesionales y degradados. Este estudio hizo seguimiento al destino posterior a la dispersión de semillas grandes de árboles tropicales montanos en pasturas abandonadas, bosques secundarios jóvenes y en pequeños fragmentos de bosque durante dos años consecutivos en un paisaje agrícola del sur de Costa Rica. Se midieron la incidencia de la dispersión secundaria por parte de los animales, particularmente por scatterhoarding (estrategia en la cual se almacenan pequeñas cantidades de alimento en distintos escondites), así como los efectos que tiene el entierro de semillas sobre la germinación. En general, las semillas sobrevivieron hasta la germinación con más frecuencia en los bosques secundarios, teniendo altos niveles de mortalidad en las pasturas abandonadas y en los fragmentos de bosque. Gran parte de la mortalidad de semillas fue causada por la predación de roedores en fragmentos de bosque, de insectos y hongos patógenos en los bosques secundarios, y de una combinación de desecación, insectos y hongos patógenos en los pastos. Las semillas presentaron una frecuente dispersión secundaria en los fragmentos de bosque más grandes, mientras que sólo en raras ocasiones se trasladaron en los pastos y los bosques secundarios. El entierro de semillas mostró tendencia a mejorar la germinación en los pastos y fue importante para Otoba novogranatensis, especie cuyas semillas son en ocasiones dispersadas por scatterhoarding en todos los hábitats. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que (1) los factores de mortalidad de semillas difieren en respuesta al tipo de degradación del hábitat, (2) las especies con semillas de gran tamaño tienen un alto potencial de supervivencia cuando se dispersan a bosques secundarios jóvenes, y (3) la remoción de semillas no es un indicador confiable de la predación sobre las mismas, particularmente en fragmentos de bosques menos degradados. [source]

Adaptive advantages of myrmecochory: the predator-avoidance hypothesis tested over a wide geographic range

ECOGRAPHY, Issue 5 2005
Antonio J. Manzaneda
The predator-avoidance hypothesis states that once released from the parent plant, myrmecochorous seeds are rapidly taken by ants to their nests, where they are protected from predators. Previous studies conducted to test this hypothesis have frequently neglected two major aspects necessary for its verification: 1) the influence of processes acting after the seed release and 2) the spatial evenness of such processes. Thus, large-scale variations in the mechanisms acting beyond seed release, and possibly influencing seed escape from predators, remain poorly documented. Here, we present the results of a post-dispersal seed-removal experiment on the myrmecochorous herb Helleborus foetidus, aimed at verifing the predator-avoidance hypothesis by considering two key post-release aspects of seed fate: seed destination (dispersed or nondispersed) and seed burial (buried or not buried). Experiments were performed in four different regions in the Iberian Peninsula. After three days of exposure of seeds to the main predator (fieldmice Apodemus sylvaticus), ca 30% of the seeds were removed. Seed destination affected the proportion of seeds escaping predation, but the sign, magnitude and statistical significance of the effect varied among the geographical regions. In the southern region (Cazorla), seeds dispersed in ant nests or intermediate destinations suffered scarcely any predation, but seeds under reproductive-age plants experienced losses ca 50%. Conversely, in the northern region (Caurel), seeds in nests suffered significantly greater losses than seeds under plants or intermediate destinations, suggesting that nests were especially unsafe destinations. Seed burial had a strong impact on seed escape from predators, and its effect was highly consistent among geographical regions. In view of the consistency of its effect at different spatial scales, seed burial was a more general mechanism for predation avoidance than seed relocation to ant nests, which was habitat- and/or ant-species-dependent. Our results thus only partially support the predator-avoidance hypothesis for the evolution of myrmecochory. [source]

Pulp handling by vertebrate seed dispersers increases palm seed predation by bruchid beetles in the northern Amazon

JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2002
Kirsten M. Silvius
Abstract 1The simultaneous use of fruits and seeds by invertebrate seed predators and vertebrate seed dispersers produces complex ecological interactions that reduce the predictability of seed fate. 2Cocosoid palm seeds in the Neotropics are subject to high mortality by bruchid beetle infestation and such attack is the major cause of mortality for seeds of the palm Attalea maripa at our study site in the northern Brazilian Amazon. 3The exocarp and mesocarp of 1400 fruits were manipulated in different ways to simulate handling by vertebrates. No eggs of the bruchid beetle, Pachymerus cardo, were laid on intact control fruits, while the highest numbers of eggs were received by fruits whose exocarp and mesocarp had been partially removed, as if by primates and rodents (mean of 15.9 and 18.9 eggs fruit,1, respectively, during the peak fruiting season). Fruits with intact mesocarp but no exocarp, and fruits with all mesocarp and exocarp removed, received low numbers of eggs (mean of 4.6 and 6.6 eggs per fruit, respectively, during the peak fruiting season). Thus both exocarp and mesocarp deter oviposition, and removal of these fruit structures increases fruit susceptibility to infestation. 4Oviposition rates declined as the fruiting season progressed, but oviposition preferences remained the same. Seed mortality was high for any fruit on which eggs were laid. 5Large rodents and primates, which have been considered among the most effective seed dispersers for large-seeded Neotropical trees such as palms, actually increased the susceptibility of seeds to bruchid beetle attack. Removal of (intact) seeds by other dispersers may be necessary to ensure seed survival. 6These results indicate that the reliability of seed dispersers cannot be gauged without a complete understanding of variables that affect seed viability. [source]