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Secure Attachment (secure + attachment)
Selected AbstractsAttachment styles, personality, and Dutch emigrants' intercultural adjustmentEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 5 2004Winny Bakker The present study examines the relationship of adult attachment styles with personality and psychological and sociocultural adjustment. A sample of 847 first-generation Dutch emigrants filled out measures for attachment styles, the Big Five, and indicators of psychological and sociocultural adjustment. Positive relationships were found between Secure attachment on the one hand and psychological and sociocultural adjustment on the other. Ambivalent attachment was strongly negatively associated with psychological adjustment. Dismissive attachment was mildly negatively related to sociocultural adjustment. Significant relations were found between attachment styles and the Big Five dimensions, particularly Extraversion and Emotional Stability. The attachment scales were able to explain variance in sociocultural adjustment beyond that explained by the Big Five dimensions. Intercultural adjustment is discussed from a transactional view of personality. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Insecure adult attachment style and depressive symptoms: Implications for parental perceptions of infant temperamentINFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 2 2004Anu-Katriina Pesonen The current study tested associations between parental depressive symptoms, adult attachment styles, and perceptions of infant temperament among 319 mother,infant and 173 father,infant dyads. Depressive symptoms and insecure attachment style among the mothers and/or fathers were associated with perceptions of the infant as temperamentally more negatively and/or less positively tuned. Multivariate analyses of depressive symptoms and attachment styles with perceived temperament suggest that depressive symptoms and perceived temperament remain significantly associated, while the associations between attachment styles and perceived temperament, in most instances, were reduced to nonsignificance. We also tested whether secure attachment among the parents buffered any negatively and/or positively tuned depression-related perceptions, but found no supporting evidence. Even though the study results await replication in longitudinal designs, they nevertheless underline the significance of parental depressive information processing in the perceiving of infant temperament. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health. [source] The development of psychopathology from infancy to adulthood: The mysterious unfolding of disturbance in timeINFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 3 2003Peter Fonagy A model for the development of this mechanism is offered as well as evidence for it from five areas: (1) the nature of the association of early attachment and later cognitive functioning, (2) accumulating evidence for the association between secure attachment and the facility with which internal states are understood and represented, (3) the limited predictive value of early attachment classification, (4) the studies of the biological functions of attachment in other mammalian species, and (5) factor analytic studies of adult attachment scales that suggest the independence of attachment type and attachment quality. The author tentatively proposes that attachment in infancy has the primary evolutionary function of generating a mind capable of inferring and attributing causal motivational and epistemic mind states, and through these arriving at a representation of the self in terms of a set of stable and generalized intentional attributes thus ensuring social collaboration, whereas attachment in adulthood serves the evolutionary function of protecting the self representation from the impingements that social encounters inevitably create. Severe personality pathology arises when the psychological mechanism of attachment is distorted or dysfunctional and cannot fulfill its biological function of preserving the intactness of self representations. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health. [source] Comments on the mechanism of attachment in species of the monogenean genus GyrodactylusINVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Andrew P. Shinn Abstract. In species of the monogenean helminth Gyrodactylus, the opisthaptor is the main organ of attachment to the host. The opisthaptor comprises two large centrally positioned hooks or hamuli and sixteen peripherally distributed marginal hooks. This paper describes the functional morphology and the mechanism and sequence of attachment in this species. Information on the attachment process was gathered from observations of live gyrodactylids, from transmission electron microscopy, from scanning electron microscopy of skeletal elements, and by histochemical and X-ray elemental analysis of hook chemical composition. The marginal hooks provide the principal force of attachment whilst the hamuli are not actively employed in the process of attachment. Instead, the hamuli provide a system preventing accidental dislodgement and assist the action of the marginal hooks. Attachment is achieved by the alternating action of two systems of muscles attached respectively to the hamuli and to the marginal hooks. Relaxation or contraction of the muscles connected to the hamuli manoeuvres the hamuli over the extremities of the accessory ventral bar and allows them to pivot around their longitudinal axis, effectively raising or lowering the opisthaptoral dome. Under reduced opisthaptoral tension, the independent gaffing activity of the marginal hooks ensures a secure attachment to the host's epidermis. Repositioning of the hamuli then raises the opisthaptoral dome to tension the peripheral marginal hooks. The sequence of attachment is complete when all the muscles associated with the hooks are in a state of relaxation but are held securely and under tension by the surrounding, stretched, opisthaptoral dome. [source] Modified method for external attachment of transmitters to birds using two subcutaneous anchorsJOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Tyler L. Lewis ABSTRACT Of the transmitter attachment techniques for birds, the subcutaneous anchor provides a secure attachment that yields relatively few secondary effects. However, the use of subcutaneous anchors has been limited by transmitter size and retention time. Using a modified method of attachment that utilized two subcutaneous anchors, we deployed 69 GPS transmitters, plus 13 VHF transmitters that were similar in size and weight to GPS models, on Pacific Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans). Prior to our study, only harnesses were used for attaching GPS transmitters on birds, mainly because GPS transmitters are too large for other external attachment techniques and implantation in the body cavity attenuates the GPS signal. Thus, to increase the size capacity of anchor attachment and to avoid the well-documented negative effects of harnesses on behavior and survival, we added a second anchor at the transmitter's posterior end. The double-anchor attachment technique was quickly and easily accomplished in the field, requiring bird handling times of <10 min. Incidental recoveries of tagged Brant indicate a high degree of transmitter retention. Five recaptured birds (4,6 weeks after deployment) and eight killed by hunters (3,6 mo after deployment) retained their GPS transmitters. For studies involving the use of relatively large transmitters, the double-anchor method appears to provide a viable alternative for external attachment. SINOPSIS Entre las técnicas para montar radiotransmisores a aves, el anclaje subcutáneo provee una forma segura de montaje que presenta muy pocos efectos secundarios. Sin embargo, la utilidad del anclaje subcutáneo ha sido limitada por el tamaño del transmisor y el tiempo de retención en el ave. Utilizando un método modificado que utiliza dos puntos subcutáneos de anclaje, desarrollamos 69 transmisores GPS y 13 transmisores VHF que replicaban el tamaño y peso de modelos GPS, y que fueron montados en individuos del ganso, Branta bernicla nigricans. Previo a este estudio, solo se habían utilizado arneses para colocar radiotransmisores en los gansos. Esto fue así porque los tipo GPS son demasiado grandes para ser colocados de otra manera y cuando se implantan en la cavidad celómica, queda atenuada la señal del transmisor. Por tal razon, y para incrementar la capacidad de anclaje del transmisor y evitar el impacto negativo documentado en los arneses (en conducta y sobrevivencia), añadimos un segundo punto de anclaje en la parte posterior del transmisor. La técnica desarrollada fue fácil de aplicar en el campo y se hizo de forma rápida (<10 minutos). Recobros incidentales de gansos (4 recapturas, 4,6 semanas después) y ocho individuos cazados (3,6 meses después) indicaron un 100% de retención de los transmisores. Para estudios que conlleven transmisores de gran tamaño, el método de doble anclaje parece proveer una alternativa adecuada. [source] Breastfeeding duration and postpartum psychological adjustment: Role of maternal attachment stylesJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 6 2008pek Akman Aim: Depressive and anxiety symptoms are common in new mothers. The aim of this study is to explore the link between postpartum psychological adjustment and feeding preferences of the mothers. Methods: Sixty mothers and newborns were enrolled in this prospective, longitudinal study. Maternal depressive symptoms were screened by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), and maternal anxiety level was assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory at 1 month postpartum. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support was used for the assessment of maternal social support. The Adult Attachment Scale was used to determine the attachment style of the mother. Infants were examined and evaluated at 1 and 4 months of life. Results: All mothers started breastfeeding their infants postpartum; 91% and 68.1% continued exclusive breastfeeding at 1 and 4 months, respectively. The first-month median EPDS score of mothers who breastfeed at the fourth month was statistically significantly lower than those who were not breastfeeding (6 and 12, respectively) (P = 0001). The first-month median EPDS score of mothers with secure attachment was lower than the median score of mothers with insecure attachment (5 and 9, respectively) (P < 0001). Exclusive breastfeeding rate was not statistically different among mothers with secure and insecure attachment styles. The median state and trait anxiety scores and social support scores of mothers were not different between groups according to breastfeeding status. Conclusions: This study has shown an association between higher EPDS scores and breastfeeding cessation by 4 months after delivery. [source] High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal SuccessJOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 2 2004June P. Tangney What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems. [source] Direct and indirect pathways between adult attachment style and marital satisfactionPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, Issue 2 2002Steven A. Meyers We explored direct, mediated, and moderated associations between adult attachment style and marital satisfaction using a community-based sample of 73 married women. Continuous ratings of secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachment styles were related to levels of marital satisfaction. However, psychological distress mediated the association between secure attachment and marital satisfaction, and social support mediated the relation between avoidant attachment and marital satisfaction. In addition, psychological distress moderated the relation between both secure and avoidant attachment styles and marital satisfaction. [source] Resilience in Homeless Youth: The Key Role of Self-EsteemAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2008CPRP, Sean Kidd PhD This study examined the protective role of self-esteem, social involvement, and secure attachment among homeless youths. These protective factors were examined as they ameliorate risks among 208 homeless youths surveyed in New York City and Toronto. Both mental and physical health indicators were employed in this study, including loneliness, feeling trapped, suicidal ideation, subjective health status, and substance use. Self-esteem emerged as a key protective factor, predicting levels of loneliness, feeling trapped, and suicide ideation, and buffering against the deleterious effect of fearful attachment on loneliness. Findings highlight the role of the self-concept in risk and resilience among homeless youth. [source] The Two Faces of Adolescents' Success With Peers: Adolescent Popularity, Social Adaptation, and Deviant BehaviorCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2005Joseph P. Allen This study assessed the hypothesis that popularity in adolescence takes on a twofold role, marking high levels of concurrent adaptation but predicting increases over time in both positive and negative behaviors sanctioned by peer norms. Multimethod, longitudinal data, on a diverse community sample of 185 adolescents (13 to 14 years), addressed these hypotheses. As hypothesized, popular adolescents displayed higher concurrent levels of ego development, secure attachment, and more adaptive interactions with mothers and best friends. Longitudinal analyses supported a popularity-socialization hypothesis, however, in which popular adolescents were more likely to increase behaviors that receive approval in the peer group (e.g., minor levels of drug use and delinquency) and decrease behaviors unlikely to be well received by peers (e.g., hostile behavior with peers). [source] Comparative study of early interactions in mother,child dyads and care centre staff,child within the context of Chilean crèchesCHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2010M. Pía Santelices Abstract Background Bowlby developed the concept of ,caregiver' to refer to significant adults with whom young children interact daily. Not only parents are considered significant caregivers but also the care centre staff where the child attends regularly. Within caregiver,infant interactions, sensitive response on the part of the adult is a key concept in the assessment of the quality of the relationship, as it integrates the experiences and emotions that will influence the attainment of a secure attachment and a favourable emotional, social and cognitive development in the child. Methods This study is a comparative analysis between the dyadic interactions between a child and its principal caregivers in the home and in the crèche; it is based on a group of 185 children between 8 and 24 months old, who attend a crèche regularly. The Care-Index instrument was used to assess interaction between children and adults, analysing sensitive response in the adults and cooperativeness in the children. Results The sensitive response of adults to children was complementary; mothers and primary caregivers showed greater sensitivity in the affective aspects of the interaction, while the care centre staff showed greater sensitivity in the cognitive aspects. The fact that caregivers show significant differences in response sensitivity is consistent with existing studies, as are corresponding significant differences in the children's cooperativeness, which demonstrates that a child could benefit from interacting with adults whose different skills could strengthen diverse aspects of health child development. Conclusions The presence of children in the crèche can be a positive experience in that it favours quality exchanges with the child, developing cognitive aspects of the interaction which are cultivated to a lesser degree by mothers or primary caregivers who principally develop affective aspects. [source] Parental rearing and substance related disorders,a multi-factorial controlled study in a Swedish sampleCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 6 2004P. Andersson Dysfunctional parental rearing was investigated to evaluate cognitive self-protective strategies in a high-risk sample from the Methadone Maintenance Programme, Stockholm, Sweden, and healthy subjects respectively. The Bowlby-Scale, the ASQ-SWED, the Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire, the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and the Dysfunctional Working Models Scale were used. Results confirm insecure attachment (types A, C, D) among addicts and secure attachment (type B) among controls. The influence of the pathological pattern Compulsive self-reliance on the personality factor Confidence in self and others was 40.3 times higher (odds ratio) for addicts. The content of schemas in substance-related disorders shows an individual vulnerability associated with a decreased social competence and a very high risk for the development of various types of psychopathology. On the other hand, findings obtained in control subjects attest to a ,normal' organization of self-protective strategies and a pattern of behaviour mainly based on secure attachment.,Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Emotional availability: Differential predictions to infant attachment and kindergarten adjustment based on observation time and contextINFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 4 2005Zeynep Biringen Two studies are used to illustrate the importance of context and length of time in the use of the Emotional Availability Scales (EAS) to predict aspects of child development. The purpose of the first study was to examine whether prediction of attachment by the EAS is better with increasing amounts of time. We scored emotional availability (EA) every 15 min for a total of 2 hr, with correlations showing an increasingly stronger relation with attachment with increasing time. In addition, difference scores were calculated between the first and the last 15 min for each EAS dimension. The difference score was significantly higher for the insecure group, suggesting that we need more observation time for the prediction of insecure attachments than is the case for the prediction of secure attachments. The second study investigated whether EA is differentially predictive based on context. We explored play contexts versus reunion contexts. We also explored the relations with other indices of child development. Results revealed that some dimensions of EA (e.g., maternal nonhostility) are difficult to detect outside of a stress context. Maternal nonhostility during the reunion (but not the play situation) was correlated with child aggression in the kindergarten classroom. In addition, most dimensions of EA assessed in the reunion context were better predictors of teacher reports of kindergarten adjustment than was EA assessed in the play situation. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||