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Section I (section + i)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Humanities and Social Sciences	70%

Selected Abstracts

Henry George and Classical Growth Theory: A Significant Contribution to Modeling Scale Economies

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2001
John Whitaker
It is widely recognized that the analysis of economic growth in Henry George's Progress and Poverty was considerably influenced by the British classical tradition, especially the writings of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill. What has been less clearly perceived is that George made significant extensions to the classical theory. This paper's aim is to provide an interpretation, and to some extent a "rational reconstruction," of George's positive analysis, largely leaving aside the striking normative lessons he drew from it. George's unsatisfactory treatment of capital is disposed of in Section I, while Section II,the core of the paper,follows George's lead in aggregating capital and labor into a single productive factor which is employed in a given natural environment. Section III adds the complication of improvement in the arts of production, and Section IV deals briefly with George's views on land speculation. Section V assesses, comparing George with his contemporary Alfred Marshall. [source]

A new stem-borer of the genus Bucculatrix (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae) from Japan, with description of the life history

ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2009
Shigeki KOBAYASHI
Abstract A new species of bucculaticid moth, Bucculatrix hamaboella sp. nov. (Host plant: Hibiscus hamabo, Malvaceae) is described from Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. The feeding habit of the new species is unique in that: (i) the young larva is a leaf miner forming a long red linear mine but in the later instars the larva becomes a stem borer; (ii) later instar larvae undergo double molts within a cocoonet (molting cocoon); and (iii) penultimate and final instars appear on the surface of the leaf as non-feeding stages. The external non-feeding larvae of B. hamaboella undergoing double molts within one cocoonet are considered to be an abbreviated form of the external feeding instars of other bucculatricids typically making first and second cocoonets, undergoing a single molt within each cocoonet. On the basis of morphological characters, this species is related to the species of Sections I and II (Host: Asteraceae) of Braun (1963), rather than to the species of Section VIII (Host: Malvaceae). [source]

Bodily Awareness, Imagination and the Self

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2006
Joel Smith
Common wisdom tells us that we have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. These senses provide us with a means of gaining information concerning objects in the world around us, including our own bodies. But in addition to these five senses, each of us is aware of our own body in ways in which we are aware of no other thing. These ways include our awareness of the position, orientation, movement, and size of our limbs (proprioception and kinaesthesia), our sense of balance, and our awareness of bodily sensations such as pains, tickles, and sensations of pressure or temperature. We can group these together under the title ,bodily awareness'. The legitimacy of grouping together these ways of gaining information is shown by the fact that they are unified phenomenologically; they provide the subject with an awareness of his or her body ,from the inside'. Bodily awareness is an awareness of our own bodies from within. This perspective on our own bodies does not, cannot, vary. As Merleau-Ponty writes, ,my own body,is always presented to me from the same angle' (1962: 90). It has recently been claimed by a number of philosophers that, in bodily awareness, one is not simply aware of one's body as one's body, but one is aware of one's body as oneself. That is, when I attend to the object of bodily awareness I am presented not just with my body, but with my ,bodily self'. The contention of the present paper is that such a view is misguided. In the first section I clarify just what is at issue here. In the remainder of the paper I present an argument, based on two claims about the nature of the imagination, against the view that the bodily self is presented in bodily awareness. Section two defends the dependency thesis; a claim about the relation between perception and sensory imagination. Section three defends a certain view about our capacity to imagine being other people. Section four presents the main argument against the bodily self awareness view and section five addresses some objections. [source]

Local discourse and global competition: production experiences in family workshops of the Brianza

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2003
Simone Ghezzi
One of the most important consequences of post-Fordist global restructuring has been the ,deterritorialization' of capital and its increasing geographic expansion. Another and quite different view emphasizes the fact that capitalist activity can be organized by means of localized or territorially based systems of specialized production. In this article my purpose is to show how these two disciplinary discourses are actually not mutually exclusive. Developed local economies are not immune from concerns of deterritorialization, nor should their economic achievement gloss over the glitches that are emerging at the local level due to stiffer global competition. These two aspects become immediately apparent as I illustrate the local discourse that emerges among workshop owners within an industrial district of the Brianza in the Italian region of Lombardy. After a discussion about the origin and the characteristics of this regional economy, I illustrate by way of ethnographic examples how innovation and competitiveness within and outside this industrial district mask forms of exploitation and contradictions amidst family-run workshops. In discursive terms, exploitation is articulated in various ways, but two in particular seem to be most recurrent in the narrative of small entrepreneurs of this region. One is the ideology of ,hard work' and the other, more recently heard of, is the ideology of ,high quality product'. In the brief concluding section I will stress the point that these two discourses emerging from exploitative social relations of production are to be viewed as responses to the concerns regarding the possible deterritorialization of some factories and the increasing competition with crossboundary markets. L'une des plus importantes conséquences de la restructuration mondiale post-fordiste a été la ,déterritorialisation' du capital et son expansion géographique croissante. Une autre opinion, tout à fait différente, avance que l'activité capitaliste peut s'organiser grâce à des systèmes localisés,ou liés à un territoire,de production spécialisée. Cet article a pour but de démontrer que ces deux discours disciplinaires ne sont, en fait, pas mutuellement exclusifs. Les économies locales développées ne sont pas à l'abri de problémes de déterritorialisation, pas plus que leurs résultats économiques ne doivent dissimuler les complications locales qui naissent d'une concurrence mondiale plus dure. Ces deux aspects se dégagent immédiatement du discours local émanant d'artisans du district industriel italien de Brianza en Lombardie. Après avoir présenté l'origine et les caractéristiques de cette économie régionale, l'article illustre par des exemples éthnographiques les façons dont innovation et compétitivité internes et externes à ce district masquent des formes d'exploitation et des contradictions au sein d'entreprises familiales. Logiquement, l'exploitation s'articule de manières diverses, mais deux d'entre eles semblent revenir très souvent dans le récit des petits entrepreneurs locaux. L'une tient à l'idéologie du ,dur labeur' et l'autre, plus récente, à celle du ,produit de qualité supérieure'. Une courte conclusion souligne que ces deux discours issus de relations sociales d'exploitation industrielle doivent être considérés comme des réactions aux préoccupations liées à la déterritorialisation de certaines usines et à la concurrence accrue avec des marchés transfrontaliers. [source]

The role of controlled drainage under drought conditions in an irrigated area in NWFP, Pakistan,

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE, Issue 2 2003
Gul Daraz Khan
sécheresse; drainage commandé; eaux souterraines; efficacité d'utilisation de l'eau et rendement Abstract The River Swat is the source of irrigation for the entire irrigation system of Mardan, Nowshera and Charsadda districts. Reductions of water and overdrainage have influenced the yield of major crops. The impact of reduced supply at the inlet from the source, drought conditions and overdrainage from the area have lowered the groundwater to a disastrous level. Thus the present groundwater level cannot contribute to the crops. A subsurface collector at its exit in drainage unit 106 was controlled to raise the watertable. The study area was divided into 10 zones. Each zone was separately assessed to analyze the groundwater impact in response to the controlled technique adopted for mitigating drought in different strategies of the canal operation. The interaction of groundwater level with irrigation depth, crop yield, water use efficiency and water saving were also studied. During the rotational period of the canal, irrigations applied in section II raised the water level by nearly 1 m. The upslope area of section III also needed a large irrigation depth. The groundwater level on the downslopes of the lateral drains in sections I and V was at the design depth of 1.1 m during the rotational strategy, while it decreased only slightly on the upslopes of the lateral drains for the same positions. Because of effective control by the collector, the watertable on the downslopes of the laterals in sections II and III was affected less while in the respective upslope area of section III it dropped more than 2 m. The water levels in section IV (both in the upslope and downslope areas along the laterals) remained very close to the design level. A significant contribution of seepage in the upslope of the collector drain considerably reduced the irrigation depths. During the canal closure period, the watertables in the study area dropped to the limit from 2.3 to 3.25 m. After the reopening of the canal, the watertables in sections II, III and IV were raised from 2.55 to 0.70 m. During this period the water levels near the canal reached the design level. The maximum yield of 6.5 tons ha,1 on the downslopes of the lateral drains in section II was obtained, resulting in maximum water use efficiency of 0.93 kg m,3. However, the minimum yield of 3.5 tons ha,1 on the upslopes of the lateral drains in section I was obtained, resulting in the lowest water use efficiency of 0.35 kg m,3 near the deep surface drain (5 m). The impact of controlled subsurface drainage in zones 2, 3 and 7 resulted in the best maintenance of optimum groundwater level and moisture content. Therefore large amounts of extra irrigation water applied (ranging from 23 to 129% of that actually required) in different zones of the controlled area can be saved for drought conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RÉSUMÉ Le fleuve Swat est la source d'irrigation pour les systèmes d'irrigation entiers des zones de Mardan, de Nowshera et de Charsadda. Les réductions de drainage de l'eau et d'excédent ont influencé le rendement de récoltes principales. L'impact de l'approvisionnement réduit à l'admission de la source, des conditions de sécheresse et du drainage d'excédent du secteur ont laissé tomber les eaux souterraines à un niveau désastreux. Ainsi le niveau actuel d'eaux souterraines ne peut pas contribuer aux récoltes. Un collecteur à fleur de terre à sa sortie dans l'unité 106 de drainage a été commandé pour soulever le niveau hydrostatique. Le secteur d'étude a été divisé en dix zones. Chaque zone a été séparément évaluée pour analyser l'impact d'eaux souterraines en réponse à la technique commandée adoptée pour atténuer la sécheresse dans différentes stratégies de l'opération de canal. L'interaction du niveau d'eaux souterraines sur la profondeur d'irrigation, le rendement de récolte, l'efficacité d'utilisation de l'eau et l'économie de l'eau ont été également étudié. Pendant la période de rotation du canal, les irrigations appliquées dans la section II ont élevé le niveau d'eau de presque un mètre. Le secteur demontée de la section III avait besoin d'une grande profondeur d'irrigation. Le niveau d'eaux souterraines des déscentes de la vidange latérale dans les sections I et V était à la profondeur de conception de 1.1 m pendant la stratégie de rotation, tandis qu'il diminuait seulement légèrement aux montée des drains latéraux pour les mêmes positions. En raison de la commande efficace du collecteur, le niveau hydrostatique des déscentes des parties latérales dans les sections II et III a été affecté moins, tandis que dans le secteur respectif demontée de la section III il descentait à plus de deux mètres. Les niveaux d'eau dans la section IV (tous les deux dans les secteurs demontée etde déscentes le long des parties latérales) ont demeuré très près de la conception. La contribution significative de l'infiltration dans lamontee du drain de collecteur a considérablement réduit les profondeurs d'irrigation. Pendant la période de fermeture du canal, les niveaux hydrostatiques dans le secteur d'étude sont descendus la limite de 2.3 à 3.25 m. A la réouverture du canal, les niveaux hydrostatiques dans les sections II, III et IV augmenté de 2.55 à 0.70 m. Pendant cette période les niveaux d'eau près du canal ont atteint celui de la concept. Le rendement maximum de 6.5 tons ha,1 aux déscentes des drains latéraux dans la section II a été obtenu, ayant pour résultat l'efficacité maximum d'utilisation de l'eau de 0.93 kg m,3.Cependant le rendement minimum de 3.5 tons ha,1 aux montées des drains latéraux dans la section a été obtenu, ayant pour résultat la plus basse efficacité d'utilisation de l'eau de 0.35 kg m,3 près du drain extérieur profond (5 m). L'impact du drainage à fleur de terre commandé dans les zones 2, 3 et 7 a maintenu le meillear niveau d'eaux souterraines et le contenu d'humidité optimum. Par conséquent la grande quantité de l'eau supplémentaire d'irrigation celle appliquée (s'étendant de 23 à 129% deréellement requise) dans différentes zones de la zone de contrôle peut être sauvée pour les conditions de sécheresse. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Critical Discourse Analysis in Political Studies: An Illustrative Analysis of the ,Empowerment' Agenda

POLITICS, Issue 2 2010
Michael Farrelly
In the first sections of this article I give a simple and general account of critical discourse analysis (CDA) and how it might contribute to the theoretical and methodological repertoire of political studies through its discourse-dialectical theory of how discourse figures as an aspect of social practices without reducing those practices to discourse. In the final section I give a short illustrative example of how a CDA approach to detailed textual analysis might also be applied to specific texts (or groups of texts) in the political arena: in the example I take the press release in which the national UK government heralded its recent ,empowerment' White Paper, ,Communities in Control'. [source]

Evolution, Theodicy and Value

THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 3 2000
Robin Attfield
In the first section I present a disagreement between a number of scholars (including T.H. Huxley, G.J. Romanes, George C. Williams and Holmes Rolston) concerning the goodness, indifference, evil or even wickedness both of nature and of nonhuman creatures. Section 2 examines and rejects the response to these diverse judgements that values are generated by human valuers employing different perspectives. In Section 3, the thesis that nonhuman animals are commonly either wicked or immoral is considered. The next two sections address the value or disvalue of predation and parasitism, and then of waste, selfishness and suffering. In the Section 6 I conclude that the evolutionary system of nature has vast overall value, and that although there are widespread evils within it, the only significant alternatives are a lifeless world, a world without sentient life, and a world of constant supernatural intervention, all probably worlds without such a positive balance of value as the actual world. [source]

Making knowledge: explorations of the indissoluble relation between minds, bodies, and environment

THE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, Issue 2010
Trevor H.J. Marchand
There is growing recognition among social and natural scientists that nature or nurture should not be studied in isolation, for their interdependence is not trivial, but vital. The aim of this volume is to progress anthropology's thinking about human knowledge by exploring the interdependence of nurture with nature; and more specifically the interdependence of minds, bodies, and environments. This introductory essay begins with an overview of the (often conflicting) positions that dominated the ,anthropology of knowledge' in the closing decades of the last century before proceeding to a discussion of recent convergences between cognitivists, phenomenologists, and practice theorists in their ,thinking about knowing'. In the following section I use my own studies with craftspeople to reflect on apprenticeship as both a mode of learning and a field method, since the majority of authors included in this volume also took up apprenticeships of one form or another. Next, the idea that ,cognition is individual' is firmly established, but it is equally conceded that ,making knowledge' is a process entailing interaction between interlocutors and practitioners with their total environment. Before concluding with a summary of the scope and contents of the volume, I briefly present a theory of ,shared production' in knowledge-making that draws upon recent literature in cognitive linguistics and neuroscience. Making knowledge, after all, is an ongoing process shared between people and with the world. Résumé Les chercheurs en sciences sociales et naturelles sont de plus en plus nombreux à reconnaître qu'il ne faut pas étudier séparément l'inné et l'acquis car leur interdépendance, loin d'être négligeable, est vitale. Le présent volume a pour but de faire progresser la réflexion anthropologique sur les connaissances humaines en explorant les interdépendances entre inné et acquis, et plus précisément l'interdépendance des esprits, des corps et des environnements. À titre d'introduction, le présent essai commence par une vue d'ensemble des prises de position (souvent conflictuelles) qui ont dominé« l'anthropologie de la connaissance » pendant les dernières décennies du XXe siècle, avant d'aborder les récentes convergences entre cognitivistes, phénoménologues et théoriciens de la pratique, dans leur « réflexion sur la connaissance ». Dans la section suivante, l'auteur s'appuie sur ses propres études des artisans pour réfléchir sur l'apprentissage, à la fois comme mode d'apprentissage et comme méthode de terrain, puisque la plupart des auteurs intervenant dans ce volume ont aussi entrepris l'une ou l'autre forme d'apprentissage. L'idée que « la cognition est individuelle » est ensuite solidement établie, mais il est également concédé que la « fabrication de connaissances » est un processus impliquant une interaction entre les interlocuteurs et praticiens et leur environnement global. Avant de conclure par un résumé de la portée et la teneur de ce volume, je présenterai rapidement une théorie de la « production partagée » de connaissances qui s'inspire de récentes publications en linguistique cognitive et en neurosciences. En définitive, la fabrication de connaissances est un processus continu, partagéentre les gens et avec le monde. [source]

Symbols in Wittgenstein's Tractatus

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3 2007
Colin Johnston
This paper is concerned with the status of a symbol in Wittgenstein's Tractatus. It is claimed in the first section that a Tractarian symbol, whilst essentially a syntactic entity to be distinguished from the mark or sound that is its sign, bears its semantic significance only inessentially. In the second and third sections I pursue this point of exegesis through the Tractarian discussions of nonsense and the context principle respectively. The final section of the paper places the forgoing work in a secondary context, addressing in particular a debate regarding the realism of the Tractatus. [source]