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Second World War (second + world_war)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Humanities and Social Sciences73%
Life Sciences7%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting7%
Medical Sciences3%
4 Other Domains10%
Distribution within Humanities and Social Sciences
General & Introductory Political Science42%
General & Introductory Geography13%
12 Other Subdomains32%

Selected Abstracts

Wars and Markets: How Bond Values Reflect the Second World War

ECONOMICA, Issue 271 2001
Bruno Frey
Historical events are reflected in asset prices. Based on a unique data-set, we analyse government bond prices of Germany and Austria traded on the Swiss bourse during the Second World War. Some war events generally considered crucial are clearly reflected in government bond prices; this holds, in particular, for the official outbreak of the war and the loss and gain of national sovereignty. Other events to which historians attach great importance are not reflected in bond prices, most prominently Germany's capitulation in 1945. The analysis of financial markets provides a fruitful method for evaluating the importance contemporaries attached to historical events. [source]

The ,Malbouffe' Saga La Saga de la ,Malbouffe' Die Saga von ,Malbouffe"

EUROCHOICES, Issue 1 2007
Alain Rérat
summary The ,Malbouffe' Saga After the end of the Second World War, a marked increase in animal and plant production was observed in France, little by little considered by consumers to be obtained at the expense of product quality. The pejorative term ,malbouffe' soon emerged, in connection not only with the hygiene of food, but also with its organoleptic and technological characteristics. This article focuses on food safety in France, with special attention paid to the incidence of toxi-infections and food contaminations of biological and chemical origin. The Mad Cow outbreak is reviewed, along with its consequences for human health in the form of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease. It is emphasized that food-related human mortality , almost exclusively due to biological contaminations , represented only 647 cases in 1995, i.e., 0.12 per cent of the overall mortality rate. The main contaminants were Salmonella, whose number is steadily decreasing, and Campylobacter, but parasite and phycotoxic risks are increasing. Mortality due to chemical contaminants is very low i.e., 10 cases or 0.002 per cent of overall mortality These contaminants, either accidental (dioxin, hydrocarbons, radioactive isotopes) or unavoidable (residues from phytochemicals, fertilisers) may be at the source of acute or chronic intoxications with sometimes unknown consequences. Nevertheless, food safety in France does not merit the spiteful term ,malbouffe'. Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs war in Frankreich im Bereich der Tier- und Pflanzenproduktion ein deutlicher Zuwachs zu beobachten, welcher in den Augen der Verbraucher zunehmend auf Kosten der Produktqualität erreicht wurde. Der abwertende Begriff ,Malbouffe" (in etwa ,schlechtes Essen") entstand bald darauf nicht nur im Hinblick auf die Nahrungsmittelhygiene, sondern auch in Bezug auf die organoleptischen und technologischen Eigenschaften der Nahrungsmittel. Dieser Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die Nahrungsmittelsicherheit in Frankreich unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der aufgetretenen Infektionen durch Giftstoffe und der Kontamination von Nahrungsmitteln biologischen und chemischen Ursprungs. Der BSE-Ausbruch und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit des Menschen in Form von einer neuen Variante der Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Krankheit werden noch einmal betrachtet. Es wird hervor gehoben, dass die nahrungsmittelbedingte Sterblichkeit bei Menschen, die nahezu ausschließlich auf biologische Kontaminationen zurückzuführen ist, 1995 bei nur 647 Fällen lag, d.h. bei 0,12 Prozent der gesamten Sterblichkeitsrate. Die Nahrungsmittel wurden hauptsächlich durch Salmonellen (die Anzahl dieser Fälle nimmt kontinuierlich ab) und Campylobacter kontaminiert, die parasitären und phykotoxischen Risiken nehmen jedoch zu. Die auf chemische Kontaminationen zurückzuführende Sterblichkeit ist sehr gering und macht zehn Fälle oder 0,002 Prozent der gesamten Sterblichkeitsrate aus. Bei diesen Kontaminationen, die entweder zufällig herbei geführt werden (durch Dioxin, Kohlenwasserstoff, radioaktive Isotope) oder unvermeidbar sind (durch Rückstände pfl anzenchemischer Substanzen, Düngemittel), könnte es sich um die Ursache für akute oder chronische Vergiftungen handeln, welche zum Teil unbekannte Konsequenzen nach sich ziehen. Dennoch hat die Nahrungsmittelsicherheit in Frankreich den verächtlichen Begriff ,Malbouffe" nicht verdient. Après la fi n de la deuxième guerre mondiale, l'agriculture française a connu une augmentation spectaculaire des rendements des productions animale et végétale, rapidement accusée d'avoir été obtenue aux dépens de la qualité des produits consommés. Ainsi est apparue le terme barbare de «malbouffe», lié dans l'esprit des consommateurs, non seulement aux qualités hygiéniques de l'alimentation, mais également à ses caractéristiques sensorielles, voire technologiques. Ce rapport se focalise uniquement sur la salubrité alimentaire en France, soulignant, en particulier, l'évolution de l'incidence des toxi-infections et des contaminations alimentaires d'origine biologique et chimique. Après avoir rappelé l'épizootie de la vache folle (1000 cas en France depuis 1996 et actuellement en cours d'extinction) et de ses conséquences sur la santé humaine (nouvelle variante de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob) limitées actuellement à 13 cas mortels dans notre pays, ce rapport précise que la mortalité humaine liée à l'alimentation , presque totalement due à des contaminations biologiques - ne représentait en 1995 que 647 cas, i.e. 0.12% de la mortalité générale. Pour l'essentiel, ces contaminants sont des salmonelles, en baisse constante, et des campylobacter, mais on peut craindre la progression des risques parasitaires et phycotoxiques, encore réduits actuellement. La mortalité liée aux contaminants chimiques est très faible (10 cas, i.e. 0.002% de la mortalité générale); mais ces contaminants -qu'ils soient accidentels (dioxine, hydrocarbures, isotopes radio-actifs,) ou inévitables (résidus de phytosanitaires, d'engrais,)- peuvent être à l'origine de crises aiguës ou d'intoxications chroniques dont on ne connaît pas toujours les implications. Néanmoins, dans l'ensemble, la salubrité alimentaire en France ne mérite nullement la connotation malveillante du terme «malbouffe». [source]

Is extreme right-wing populism contagious?

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2005
Explaining the emergence of a new party family
As the old master frame of the extreme right was rendered impotent by the outcome of the Second World War, it took the innovation of a new, potent master frame before the extreme right was able to break electoral marginalization. Such a master frame , combining ethnonationalist xenophobia, based on the doctrine of ethnopluralism, with anti-political-establishment populism , evolved in the 1970s, and was made known as a successful frame in connection with the electoral breakthrough of the French Front National in 1984. This event started a process of cross-national diffusion, where embryonic extreme right-wing groups and networks elsewhere adopted the new frame. Hence, the emergence of similar parties, clustered in time (i.e., the birth of a new party family) had less to do with structural factors influencing different political systems in similar ways as with cross-national diffusion of frames. The innovation and diffusion of the new master frame was a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the emergence of extreme right-wing populist parties. In order to complete the model, a short list of different political opportunity structures is added. [source]

The North American P group of Heterobasidion annosum s.l. is widely distributed in Pinus pinea forests of the western coast of central Italy

FOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2007
L. D'Amico
Summary The distribution of the North American P group of Heterobasidion annosum s.l., recently reported from a Pinus pinea forest in the surroundings of Rome, was studied using mating tests and DNA fingerprinting (mitochondrial DNA, random amplified microsatellite technique and two group-specific markers). This fungus is present in several forests and small plantations along the Tyrrhenian coast of the Italian peninsula, within an area approximately 100 km long, extending from Fregene in the north to the National Park of Circeo in the south, and 27 km wide including the city of Rome. In pine forests of Castelporziano, Castel Fusano and Anzio, where US troops resided during the Second World War, the North American P group is more frequent than the European P group. The low number of mating alleles in the Italian population of the North American P group supports the hypothesis of its origin from a small number of introductions. The near 100% sexual compatibility between the North American and European P groups, together with inconsistencies in results obtained with different identification methods of these groups, suggests that hybridization between the North American and European P populations occurs occasionally. [source]

Zur Geschichte der Geowissenschaften im Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin.

FOSSIL RECORD-MITTEILUNGEN AUS DEM MUSEUM FUER NATURKUNDE, Issue 1 2004
Teil 6: Geschichte des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Instituts und Museums der Universität Berlin 1910--200
Abstract Die Entwicklung des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Instituts und Museums der Universität Berlin von einer Institution, die Geologie zusammen mit Paläontologie als eine Einheit vertrat, über eine Institution, die eine geotektonische Ausrichtung hatte, zu einer auf Paläontologie konzentrierten Institution wird nachvollzogen. Die beiden Institutsdirektoren am Anfang des 20sten Jahrhunderts waren Vertreter der allumfassenden Geologie des 19ten Jahrhunderts, während die beiden folgenden Direktoren eine Geologie ohne Paläontologie vertraten. Das führte zu einer Trennung der beiden Richtungen, und nach der III. Hochschulreform der DDR 1968 verblieb allein die sammlungsbezogene Paläontologie am Museum. Nach der Wiedervereinigung wurde ein Institut für Paläontologie mit biologischer Ausrichtung mit zwei Professuren, einer für Paläozoologie und einer für Paläobotanik, eingerichtet. The development of the Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut und Museum of the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt University (formerly Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität) in Berlin from a geology-paleontology institution to a pure paleontology institution is described. The first two directors of the department in the beginning of the 20th century, Prof, von Branca and Prof. Pompeckj, represented a 19th century concept of a geology, which included paleontology, even vertebrate paleontology as the crown jewel of geology. They fought sometimes vigorously against a separation of paleontology from geology. The next two directors. Prof. Stille and Prof, von Bubnoff, were the leading geologists in Germany; to be a student of Stille was a special trade mark in geology of Germany. They represented a geology centered on tectonics. The separation of paleontology as separate section was prepared. The destructions of the Second World War, the following restaurations and the division of Germany into two States influenced strongly their directorships. The education of geologists at the Museum für Naturkunde ended with the III. University Reform of the German Democratic Republik in 1968. Paleontology was represented by the international renown vertebrate paleontologist, Prof. Dr. W. Gross, up to 1961. Since 1969, paleobotany was strengthened by the inclusion of the paleobotany unit of the Akademie der Wissenschaften into the museum. After reunification of Germany n 1990, the department was rebuild as a Institut für Palaontologie with close connection to biology, a unique situation in Germany. Two professorships, one for paleozoology, Prof. Schultze. and one for paleobotany, Prof. Mai, were established. The number of curators increased to ten from one under the first director of the 20th century. [source]

Place Annihilation and Urban Reconstruction: The Experience of Four Towns in Brittany, 1940 to 1960

GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2000
Hugh Clout
Devastation, revival and reconstruction form guiding themes in this discussion of annihilated settlements in north-west France. For reasons of deep-water access and strategic location, the German occupiers decided to construct massive submarine bases at Brest, Lorient and Saint-Nazaire. Allied bombardment devastated the towns that surrounded them during the Second World War, while the heavily defended walled port of Saint-Malo was annihilated in 1944. With peace restored, prisoners of war and local labourers cleared mines, removed debris and installed large quantities of temporary housing. Development plans, drawn up in the interwar years, provided an important starting point for subsequent master plans which shaped postwar reconstruction. Working under the guidance of the Ministry of Reconstruction and Urbanism, chief planners, architects and reconstruction cooperatives refashioned property units and engineered the rebuilding of Brest, Lorient and Saint-Nazaire along thoroughly modern lines; by contrast, Saint-Malo was rebuilt much as it had been before the war. Many of the buildings of the 1950s now require refurbishment, and urgent initiatives need to be taken to revitalise the local economies of these reconstructed towns, whose role as naval bases, military arsenals and shipbuilding centres has contracted in the wake of political détente and deindustrialisation. [source]

On the (In)Compatibility of Guilt and Suffering in German Memory1

GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 2 2006
Aleida Assmann
This article analyses the current shift in German memory concerning the issue of German suffering at the end of the Second World War. Contrary to widely held belief, these themes are not novel: German suffering was a topic of discourse immediately after the war in the private and political sphere. What is new in the current context, however, is the intensity of the unexpected return of these issues and their wide social resonance among different classes and generations. With this shift in focus, new memory contests arise. One paradigmatic case is the polarity created between a memory of German guilt and a memory of German suffering as represented by the two popular historians Hannes Heer and Jörg Friedrich; another concerns the (still ongoing) debate around a new centre for flight and expulsion. It is argued that the impasse of recent cultural memory debate typified by Heer and Friedrich can be surpassed by a more complex understanding of the structure of memory. According to this view, various levels of heterogeneous memory can exist side by side if they are contained within a normative frame of generally accepted validity. [source]

,Selbstgefühl, Todesschicksal', and the end of ,Parteidichtung': Herybert Menzel's Anders kehren wir wieder (1943)

GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 4 2001
Martin Travers
The ,Parteidichtung' published in the Third Reich is commonly viewed as formally rigid and thematically trite political propaganda. Such a judgement accurately describes the work produced by poets such as Heinrich Anacker, Baldur von Schirach and Hans Baumann, a group of writers known as the ,Junge Mannschaft'. Theirs was a functional poetry, written to be narrated, sung, or chanted on private and public occasions, with the aim of mobilising readers and performers alike in the direction of the ,national revolution' and, later, in support for Germany's efforts in the Second World War. Viewed within this context, Herybert Menzel's volume of poetry, Anders kehren wir wieder (1943), is a remarkable achievement: written by one of the leading voices within the ,Junge Mannschaft', this is a book that speaks not of self-confident bravura and unshakeable faith in the mission of National Socialist Germany, but of personal loss, doubt, and of the travails and insecurities brought about by war, sentiments made even more effective by being framed in the near-Expressionist style used by the author. The very existence of Menzel's Anders kehren wir wieder seems to suggest that even within the genre of officially sanctioned National Socialist literature important idiosyncratic voices could be heard. [source]

Impact of past and present land-management on the C-balance of a grassland in the Swiss Alps

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 11 2008
NELE ROGIERS
Abstract Grasslands cover about 40% of the ice-free global terrestrial surface, but their quantitative importance in global carbon exchange with the atmosphere is still highly uncertain, and thus their potential for carbon sequestration remains speculative. Here, we report on CO2 exchange of an extensively used mountain hay meadow and pasture in the Swiss pre-Alps on high-organic soils (7,45% C by mass) over a 3-year period (18 May 2002,20 September 2005), including the European summer 2003 heat-wave period. During all 3 years, the ecosystem was a net source of CO2 (116,256 g C m,2 yr,1). Harvests and grazing cows (mostly via C export in milk) further increased these C losses, which were estimated at 355 g C m,2 yr,1 during 2003 (95% confidence interval 257,454 g C m,2 yr,1). Although annual carbon losses varied considerably among years, the CO2 budget during summer 2003 was not very different from the other two summers. However, and much more importantly, the winter that followed the warm summer of 2003 observed a significantly higher carbon loss when there was snow (133±6 g C m,2) than under comparable conditions during the other two winters (73±5 and 70±4 g C m,2, respectively). The continued annual C losses can most likely be attributed to the long-term effects of drainage and peat exploitation that began 119 years ago, with the last significant drainage activities during the Second World War around 1940. The most realistic estimate based on depth profiles of ash content after combustion suggests that there is an 500,910 g C m,2 yr,1 loss associated with the decomposition of organic matter. Our results clearly suggest that putting efforts into preserving still existing carbon stocks may be more successful than attempts to increase sequestration rates in such high-organic mountain grassland soils. [source]

Local attachments and transnational everyday lives: second-generation Italians in Switzerland

GLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 3 2010
SUSANNE WESSENDORF
Abstract Many descendants of migrants grow up in the context of lively transnational social relations to their parents' homeland. Among southern Italian migrants in Switzerland, these relations are imbued with the wish to return among the first generation, a dream fostered since the beginning of their migration after the Second World War. Second-generation Italians have developed different ways of negotiating the transnational livelihoods fostered by their parents on the one hand, and the wish for local attachments on the other. In this article I discuss how the children of Italian migrants have created their own cultural repertoires of Italianità and belonging within Switzerland and with co-ethnic peers, and how, for some, this sense of belonging evokes the wish for ,roots migration', the relocation to the parents' homeland. With the example of two trajectories of local attachment and transnationalism among members of the second generation of the same origin, I question existing work on the second generation that assumes commonalities among them on the grounds of ethnicity and region of origin. [source]

,Brain circulation' and transnational knowledge networks: studying long-term effects of academic mobility to Germany, 1954,2000

GLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 3 2009
HEIKE JÖNS
Abstract ,Brain circulation' has become a buzzword for describing the increasingly networked character of highly skilled migration. In this article, the concept is linked to academics' work on circular mobility to explore the long-term effects of their research stays in Germany during the second half of the twentieth century. Based on original survey data on more than 1800 former visiting academics from 93 countries, it is argued that this type of brain circulation launched a cumulative process of subsequent academic mobility and collaboration that contributed significantly to the reintegration of Germany into the international scientific community after the Second World War and enabled the country's rise to the most important source for international co-authors of US scientists and engineers in the twenty-first century. In this article I discuss regional and disciplinary specificities in the formation of transnational knowledge networks through circulating academics and suggest that the long-term effects can be fruitfully conceptualized as accumulation processes in ,centres of calculation'. [source]

Transnational women's activism in Japan and Korea:the unresolved issue of military sexual slavery

GLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 2 2001
Nicola Piper
This article is about the transnational links formed between the Korean and Japanese women,s movements in their campaign on behalf of the victims of ,military sexual slavery' during the Second World War. There is a growing literature that examines such networks. Yet, a deeper understanding of the emergence and activities of transnational advocacy networks is needed, particularly in the context of political opportunity structures. Social scientists who have developed the concept of political opportunity structures have, however, not provided a gender-specific analysis of these. Of particular interest is the exploration of the role played by gender in an international human rights discourse as a political opportunity structure for women's groups in Korea and Japan. This article, thus, explores the ways in which the feminist movements in Korea and Japan have made use of transnational legal means in politicizing and popularizing the issue of ,military sexual slavery' at both regional and global scales. [source]

Americans in the Dark?

GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 2 2003
Recent Hollywood Representations of the Nation's History
This article examines how Hollywood blockbuster movies made since the 1970s have commonly presented a distorted and conventional narrative of American history, in respect both to domestic incidents and to engagements abroad. Equally distorting is the image of America as a highly homogeneous society projected through popular television shows. These patterns are investigated in the following way. First, the article presents an overview of how early Hollywood movies dealt with the country's immigrant and racial diversity. Secondly, the effect of mobilization in both the Second World War and the cold war in inducing a narrow sense of national identity in movies is examined. Thirdly, these two sections provide a prelude to the analysis of historical distortion and ideology in selected major Hollywood blockbusters. [source]

Contesting Home Defence: Men, Women and the Home Guard in the Second World War By Penny Summerfield and Corinna Peniston-Bird

HISTORY, Issue 310 2008
DEBORAH THOM
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

INCONGRUOUS IMAGES: "BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER" THE HOLOCAUST,

HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2009
MARIANNE HIRSCH
ABSTRACT When historians, archivists, and museologists turn to Eastern European photos from family albums or collections,for example, photos from the decades preceding the Holocaust and the early years of the Second World War,they seek visual evidence or illustrations of the past. But photographs may refuse to fit expected narratives and interpretations, revealing both more and less than we expect. Focusing on photos of Jews taken on the main avenues of Cernǎu,i, Romania, before the Second World War and during the city's occupation by Fascist Romanians and their Nazi-German allies, this essay shows how a close reading of these vernacular images, both for what they show and what they are unable to show, can challenge the "before, during, and after" timeline that, in Holocaust historiography, we have come to accept as a given. [source]

History and Story: Unconventional History in Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient and James A. Michener's Tales of the South Pacific

HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2002
Madhumalati Adhikari
"Literary history" is a cross between conventional (scientific) history and pure fiction. The resulting hybrid provides access to history that the more conventional sort does not (in particular, a sense of the experiences of the historical actors, and the human meaning of historical events). This claim is demonstrated by an analysis of two novels about World War II, The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje, and Tales of the South Pacific by James Michener. These two very different novels in English are by writers themselves very different from each other, writers from different times, different social and political backgrounds, and different points of view. Their novels examine the effects of the Second World War and the events of 1942 on the human psyche, and suggest how human beings have always searched for the silver lining despite the devastation and devaluation of values. Both novels resist any kind of preaching, and yet the search for peace, balance, and kindness is constantly highlighted. The facts of scientific history are woven into the loom of their unconventional histories. The sense of infirmity created by the formal barriers of traditional history is eased, and new possibilities for historical understanding are unveiled. [source]

History, Memory, and the Law: The Historian as Expert Witness

HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2002
Richard J. Evans
There has been a widespread recovery of public memory of the events of the Second World War since the end of the 1980s, with war crimes trials, restitution actions, monuments and memorials to the victims of Nazism appearing in many countries. This has inevitably involved historians being called upon to act as expert witnesses in legal actions, yet there has been little discussion of the problems that this poses for them. The French historian Henry Rousso has argued that this confuses memory with history. In the aftermath of the Second World War, judicial investigations unearthed a mass of historical documentation. Historians used this, and further researches, from the 1960s onwards to develop their own ideas and interpretations. But since the early 1990s there has been a judicialization of history, in which historians and their work have been forced into the service of moral and legal forms of judgment which are alien to the historical enterprise and do violence to the subleties and nuances of the historian's search for truth. This reflects Rousso's perhaps rather simplistically scientistic view of the historian's enterprise; yet his arguments are powerful and should be taken seriously by any historian considering involvement in a law case; they also have a wider implication for the moralization of the history of the Second World War, which is now dominated by categories such as "perpetrator,""victim," and "bystander" that are legal rather than historical in origin. The article concludes by suggesting that while historians who testify in war crimes trials should confine themselves to elucidating the historical context, and not become involved in judging whether an individual was guilty or otherwise of a crime, it remains legitimate to offer expert opinion, as the author of the article has done, in a legal action that turns on the research and writing of history itself. [source]

The Domestic Soldier: British Housewives and the Nation in the Second World War1

HISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2006
Jennifer Purcell
Historical research has previously emphasized the experiences of women in paid employment over those of housewives during the Second World War. Recent historians have begun to redress this imbalance; however, more research is necessary in order to understand the ways in which women, as housewives, perceived their part in the war effort. This article considers the ways in which housewives negotiated conflicting messages aimed at women during the war in order to create a place for themselves in the British nation. [source]

"A Woman's World": The University of California, Berkeley, During the Second World War

HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2008
Charles Dorn
First page of article [source]

Britain, Switzerland and the Second World War

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2006
DENIS MACSHANE
First page of article [source]

International Migration Policies: 1950-2000

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 6 2001
Reginald Appleyard
Policies on international migration since the Second World War reflect the enormous changes in economic, social and political situations around the world. The implications of changes in the volume and composition of international migration have increasingly become an issue of major concern to governments in all countries. Following emigration from Europe to countries of the New World as a result of war-damaged economies, reconstruction witnessed high demand for migrant labour, mainly from parts of southern Europe. But by the early 1970s, decline in economic growth, unexpected impacts of the guest-worker scheme, and an increase in refugees from Third World countries led, in due course, to an era of restriction on entry of asylum-seekers and tighter controls over undocumented migration to developed countries. A "new era" evolved during the 1990s, characterized by growing interdependence of major economic powers. Globalization led not only to a significant demand for highly-skilled and professional workers, but also to decision-making on some aspects of the migration process being transferred from the national to the regional level, and an increase in the influence of multinational corporations. The globalization process, and the growing influence of international trade regimes, may well represent the first steps towards a new "international migration regime" that incorporates all types of migration. [source]

Developing an International System for Internally Displaced Persons

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES PERSPECTIVES, Issue 2 2006
ROBERTA COHEN
A pressing new problem came onto the international agenda at the end of the cold war, persons forced from their homes by conflict and human rights violations who remain uprooted and at risk within the borders of their own countries. The international system created after the Second World War to protect and assist refugees, people who flee across borders, did not extend to internally displaced persons (IDPs). Over the past fifteen years, substantial efforts have been made to create an international system to respond to the needs of the world's 20 to 25 million IDPs, but a long way remains to go in resolving issues of sovereignty, legal frameworks, institutional arrangements and strategies to protect people under assault in their own countries. [source]

Sex in Health Education: Official Guidance for Schools in England, 1928,1977

JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 2-3 2004
Jane Pilcher
The article begins with an account of the origins of sex education in schools, and of why, in the early twentieth century, its inclusion in the health education curriculum was problematical. In the main section, the article examines the content of consecutive editions of the government published "handbooks of health education", and of an important supplementary guidance pamphlet, published during the Second World War. It traces the gradual shifts over time in official discourses of "sex education", and in the sets of understandings about children, sexuality and the role of parents, for example, which underlay them. The shifts in official guidance discourses on sex within the health education curriculum of schools are explained through locating changes in their broader social and political contexts, especially the impact of the Second World War on sexual morality and the post-war emergence of youth as a significant social grouping. The article concludes by evaluating the handbooks as a source for the history of school-based health and sex education and by drawing attention to the wider historical and sociological significance of official discourses on sex education. [source]

Joining the Evangelical Club: The Movement of the Wesleyan-Holiness Churches in Australia Along the Church-Sect Continuum

JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY, Issue 3 2008
GLEN O'BRIENArticle first published online: 12 AUG 200
A number of North American Wesleyan-Holiness denominations emerged in Australia, beginning in the years following the Second World War. Some of these churches moved from being despised and marginalized sects to established denominations while others remained small and isolated, experiencing little growth. Their story demonstrates that movement along the church-sect continuum is by no means a smooth and inevitable one. Random processes may lower or raise religious tension within the group thus affecting its movement along the continuum. The strict behavioural standards in Wesleyan-Holiness churches have gradually been lowered and the distinctive beliefs of these groups have been eroded. Wesleyan-Holiness churches in Australia have grown primarily through "switchers" from other denominations more than from new convert growth, so that they have become more generically "Evangelical" and less distinctively "Holiness" in their beliefs and practices. [source]

The Inuulitsivik Maternities: culturally appropriate midwifery and epistemological accommodation

NURSING INQUIRY, Issue 2 2010
Vasiliki K Douglas
DOUGLAS VK. Nursing Inquiry 2010; 17: 111,117 The Inuulitsivik Maternities: culturally appropriate midwifery and epistemological accommodation This is a literature-based historical analysis that uses Michel Foucault's technique of tracing epistemological change over time to understand the epistemological changes and their outcomes that have occurred in Nunavik, the Inuit region of Northern Quebec, with the introduction of modern techniques and technology of childbirth in the period after the Second World War. Beginning in 1986, in the village of Puvurnituq, a series of community birthing centres known as the Inuulitsivik Maternities have been created. They incorporate biomedical techniques and technology, but are incorporated into the Inuit epistemology of health, in which the community is the final arbitrator of medical authority. This epistemological accommodation between modern biomedicine and the distinctly premodern Inuit epistemology of health has led to the creation of a new and profoundly non-modern approach to childbirth in Nunavik. [source]

Language on the Verge of Death: On Language and Language Criticism in Badenheim 1939 by Aharon Appelfeld

ORBIS LITERARUM, Issue 3 2004
Chaya Shacham
The question of language became a central issue in writing after the Holocaust, especially for those for whom the years of the Second World War were formative in both their personal lives and their becoming writers. The Hebrew writer Aharon Appelfeld is one of them. This study focuses on the problem of language and language criticism in Appelfeld's novella Badenheim 1939 (1975). Language is in fact the covert theme of the novella. The work, which describes the last summer in an Austrian resort before the deportation of its Jews to Poland, is replete with metalanguage whose purpose is to draw the reader's attention to the language and its status in the work. The essay follows and analyses the effects on language made by the characters' experiences (weakening, loss of meaning, loss of referents in the new reality and the new era in Badenheim) and suggests that the meeting point of the murderers and victims is in language corruption and distortion. The study furthermore suggests that from the novella springs the unspoken accusation against the Jewish vacationers of unintentional collaboration with the murderers by conniving in the ,laundering' of the language, which in turn contributed to the coming catastrophe. Central to the explorations of the essay is the possibility of linking Appelfeld's criticism of language with Karl Krause's critical stance on language contamination and doublespeak implied in the work. [source]

Heritability and anthropometric influences on human fertility

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003
Lorena Madrigal
This study researched the impact of anthropometrics and size-of-family of orientation on women's fertility by using path analysis. The data were collected as part of the anthropological study conducted in Ireland by Harvard University personnel before the Second World War. The women included in this analysis were all over age 49 and were either married or widowed at the time of the survey. Our results indicate that the heritability of fertility is moderate in this sample and that there is a tendency for heavy women to have a higher fertility. However, when anthropometrics and size-of-family of orientation were entered as independent variables in a path diagram, an insignificant portion of the variation of fertility was explained. In this Irish population, the main cause of differential fertility was cultural rather than biological. A large portion of women never married and no unmarried woman reported producing a child. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:16,22, 2003. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

The Psychodynamics of Australian Settler,Nationalism: Assimilating or Reconciling With the Aborigines?

POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2002
Anthony Moran
Settler,nationalism is a form of nationalism that must face specific cultural dilemmas as a result of the dispossession of indigenous peoples. Since the Second World War, Australia has attempted to come to terms with its past of dispossession and to find ways to incorporate Aborigines within national imaginings, and within the nation itself. This paper argues that there are two modes of settler,nationalism,termed assimilationist and indigenizing,that compete to organize the national reality, including relations between the settler and indigenous populations. Kleinian object relations theory is drawn upon to delineate the emotional structures of the two modes of nationalism. Implications for indigenous rights, in particular for Aboriginal land rights, are examined. [source]

The Monroe Doctrine: Meanings and Implications

PRESIDENTIAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2006
MARK T. GILDERHUS
This article presents a brief history of the Monroe Doctrine since its articulation in 1823. First conceived as a statement in opposition to European intrusions in the Americas, it became under President Theodore Roosevelt a justification for U.S. intervention. To cultivate Latin American trade and goodwill during the Great Depression and the Second World War, Franklin Roosevelt's administration accepted the principle of nonintervention. Later with the onset of the Cold War, perceived international imperatives led to a series of new interventions in countries such as Guatemala, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Chile. Though typically couched in idealistic rhetoric emphasizing Pan-American commitments to solidarity and democracy, the various versions of the Monroe Doctrine consistently served U.S. policy makers as a means for advancing what they understood as national strategic and economic interests. [source]

Changing Perceptions of Non-Consensual Sex Crime: The Mediation of a Local Newspaper

THE HOWARD JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Issue 5 2009
KEITH SOOTHILL
Abstract: This article aims to consider all cases of non-consensual sex crime involving a court appearance that were reported in a local newspaper, the Lancaster Guardian, over a period of 120 years (1860,1979). Searching over 6,000 editions of a local newspaper, there are huge shifts in the outcome of non-consensual cases over the 120 years. There is evidence of a lively direct interest from the local populace in some of the early cases, but it is only since the Second World War that more sustained coverage of cases are featured in the newspaper. There is a clear shift over time in the type of cases that receive more media attention. [source]