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Second Wave (second + wave)
Selected AbstractsThe influence of the interviewing style and the historical context on positioning shifts in the narrative of a Second World War Resistance member1JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 2 2009Dorien Van De Mieroop This article involves a study of the narrative of a Second World War Resistance member by means of an interview in which the interviewer explicitly inserts the historical context by selecting the topics for discussion and asking critical questions. The interview deals with three periods: the Wartime period; the First Wave of Reprisals; and the Second Wave of Reprisals. The analyses show that the interviewee's first and second-level positionings shift along with changes in historical period and that they mirror the general historical image of the Resistance. These different positionings are highly consistent in themselves and this consistency is also present on the third level of positioning, because of the interviewee's fairly muted style of narrating, by which blatant inconsistencies are avoided and a general, ,good' identity is constructed. The article also demonstrates that the interview style adds another, important dimension to the analysis of identities in life stories. [source] Constitutional Reform: A Second Wave?THE POLITICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2005Article first published online: 9 OCT 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Strategies for optimizing targeting and delivery of mucosal HIV vaccinesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 10 2009Jeffrey D. Ahlers Abstract Effective frontline defenses against HIV-1 will require targeting vaccines to mucosal tissue in order to induce ,, CD8+ lymphocytes in mucosal effector sites (lamina propria and intraepithelial compartment) as well as antibody secreting plasma cells that can neutralize and limit free virus. A concerted second wave of assault against the virus will require the activation and recruitment of antigen specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and distal secondary lymphoid organs. New delivery strategies targeting the "right" DC subsets in combination with delivery of mucosal adjuvants and innate signals for activating DC will be essential for mucosal vaccines in order to circumvent the naturally tolerogenic environment and the induction of Tregs. Mucosal delivery of antigen in combination with inflammatory signals has been shown to empower systemic immunization by directing responses to mucosal sites for imprinting optimum mucosal memory. Here, we discuss novel vaccine strategies and adjuvants for optimizing mucosal delivery of HIV vaccines. [source] Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: When "to be or not to be" a pathogen?FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 2 2005Dwayne D. Hegedus Abstract Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is unusual among necrotrophic pathogens in its requirement for senescent tissues to establish an infection and to complete the life cycle. A model for the infection process has emerged whereby the pathogenic phase is bounded by saprophytic phases; the distinction being that the dead tissues in the latter are generated by the actions of the pathogen. Initial colonization of dead tissue provides nutrients for pathogen establishment and resources to infect healthy plant tissue. The early pathogenicity stage involves production of oxalic acid and the expression of cell wall degrading enzymes, such as specific isoforms of polygalacturonase (SSPG1) and protease (ASPS), at the expanding edge of the lesion. Such activities release small molecules (oligo-galacturonides and peptides) that serve to induce the expression of a second wave of degradative enzymes that collectively bring about the total dissolution of the plant tissue. Oxalic acid and other metabolites and enzymes suppress host defences during the pathogenic phase, while other components initiate host cell death responses leading to the formation of necrotic tissue. The pathogenic phase is followed by a second saprophytic phase, the transition to which is effected by declining cAMP levels as glucose becomes available and further hydrolytic enzyme synthesis is repressed. Low cAMP levels and an acidic environment generated by the secretion of oxalic acid promote sclerotial development and completion of the life cycle. This review brings together histological, biochemical and molecular information gathered over the past several decades to develop this tri-phasic model for infection. In several instances, studies with Botrytis species are drawn upon for supplemental and supportive evidence for this model. In this process, we attempt to outline how the interplay between glucose levels, cAMP and ambient pH serves to coordinate the transition between these phases and dictate the biochemical and developmental events that define them. [source] Young People of Migrant Origin in SwedenINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 4 2003Charles Westin This article surveys immigration during the second part of the twentieth century with the aim of determining the origins of the immigrant population and the socioeconomic position of the second generation. It focuses on migration from Turkey from the 1960s onward. Originally, migration from Turkey was within the framework of labor recruitment. These migrants were predominantly ethnic Turks of rural origin. A second wave of migrants from Turkey was composed of Syriani/Assyrians, a Christian minority from eastern Turkey seeking asylum in the 1970s on the grounds of religious persecution. Since the 1980s, the main intake of migrants from Turkey has been Kurds seeking protection on the grounds of political persecution. Immigration of ethnic Turks and Syriani/Assyrians is restricted to family reunification and family formation; the numbers are low. Kurds, on the other hand, are accepted both on the grounds of refugee claims and family reunification/family formation. The article looks at conditions of growing up in Sweden, with a particular focus on education, mother-tongue classes and instruction in Swedish. Second-generation youth distinguish themselves by an overrepresentation among dropouts from school, but also by an overrepresentation among those who do well academically in comparison with native Swedes. This applies to second-generation youth with family roots in Turkey. Though very few under the age of 18 hold regular employment, the article also discusses the prospects of entering the labor market, based on information from the regular labor market surveys. Unemployment rates are consistently higher for second-generation migrants than for native-born Swedish youth. The article closes with a discussion about the developing multicultural society in Sweden and the niches that second-generation youth tend to occupy. [source] Depressive Symptoms and Self-Rated Health in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Longitudinal StudyJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 9 2002Beth Han MD OBJECTIVES: To test whether baseline depressive symptoms in older adults increase the risk of subsequent decline in self-rated health and decrease the likelihood of subsequent improvement in self-rated health. DESIGN: A 2-year prospective cohort study. SETTING: Six thousand seven hundred fourteen community-dwelling older persons who completed the first and second wave of the Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest-Old Survey in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling older people in the United States. MEASUREMENTS: Baseline depressive symptoms were measured using a short-form of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Self-rated health was measured using a single item of global health rating. RESULTS: After adjustment for covariates, a high burden of depressive symptoms at baseline was predictive of greater decline in self-rated health (odds ratio (OR) for decline in those with high burden of depressive symptoms vs those without = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26,1.70). Likewise, high burden of depressive symptoms at baseline predicted less improvement in self-rated health (OR for improvement in those with high burden of depressive symptoms vs those without = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.50,0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptomatology is an independent risk factor for subsequent changes in self-rated health in older adults. Thus, early prevention and intervention of depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older adults might be critical to promote and maintain their self-rated health. [source] Pre-breeding energy requirements: thyroid hormone, metabolism and the timing of reproduction in house sparrows Passer domesticusJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2003Olivier Chastel We measured thyroid hormone (T3) levels and energy expenditure of pre-breeding house sparrows Passer domesticus in relation to the timing of breeding and reproductive success. The onset of reproduction was synchronised in two waves, separated by a three-week interval. On an annual basis, early breeders (birds that bred for the first time during the first wave) made significantly more breeding attempts, laid significantly more egg and raised 2.3 times more chicks to fledging than late breeders (birds that bred for the first time during the second wave). By the end of March, about one month before the first egg was laid in the population, plasma titres of testosterone in males and estradiol in females were still low and did not differ between early and late breeders. However, birds that subsequently bred early had higher titres of plasma triiodothyronine (T3) than birds that started to breed late. We show for the first time in a free-living bird population that Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is positively correlated with the plasma titre of T3. Differences in plasma T3 accounted for 48% of the inter-individual variation in BMR. Elevated T3 levels indicate that energy requirements increase prior to breeding. Although early breeding appears to be advantageous in terms of the number of offspring raised on an annual basis, the increased energy requirements prior to breeding are thought to delay the onset of reproduction in those birds that cannot afford the additional energy expenditure early in the season. [source] Migration strategies of sylviid warblers: chance patterns or community dynamics?JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2000Peter Howlett The effects of community dynamics in birds on the optimisation of their migratory strategies is a neglected area. For three years, we captured migrating warblers on autumn passage at a coastal site in western Britain. We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to assess spatio-temporal patterns of occurrence, and principal components analysis (PCA) to assess morphological variation. We calculated Euclidean distance in ordination and morphological space to assess separation between species pairs, and used Monte-Carlo simulations to assess the probability of pattern occurring by chance. Ordination revealed five species-groups separated by habitat type and time of passage. Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus and Sedge Warbler A. schoenobaenus (Group 1) occurred in wet habitats and peaked simultaneously. In drier habitats with scrub, a first wave of Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla (Group 2) significantly preceded Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia, Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus, Whitethroat Sylvia communis and Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca (Group 3), which in all but one case (Lesser Whitethroat) significantly preceded Garden Warbler Sylvia borin (Group 4); peak numbers of Chiffchaffs Phylloscopus collybita and a second wave of Blackcaps (Group 5) occurred later still. Age effects were found only in Acrocephalus, with adults peaking before juveniles. For seven out of eight pairings within genera, separation in time of passage increased significantly in species that were morphologically similar. The only exception was Blackcap and Lesser Whitethroat which differed substantially in both passage time and morphology. Monte-Carlo simulations showed that chance was unlikely to be responsible for ordination patterns, nor for inter-specific variation in passage time and its relationship with species morphology. These data provide annually consistent evidence that migrating sylviid warblers are separated ecologically by habitat use, time of passage and morphology: we cannot refute the hypothesis that community dynamics have influenced niche use and autumn migratory strategy. We call for further tests of the ,migrant interaction' hypothesis in other geographical locations and taxa, particularly where migrants are allopatric and interact ecologically only on migration. [source] Circulating cell wall components derived from gram-negative, not gram-positive, bacteria cause a profound induction of the gene-encoding Toll-like receptor 2 in the CNSJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2001Nathalie Laflamme The recent characterization of human homologs of Toll may be the missing link for the transduction events leading to nuclear factor-,B (NF-,B) activity and proinflammatory gene transcription during innate immune response. Mammalian cells may express as many as 10 distinct Toll-like receptors (TLRs), although TLR2 is a key receptor for recognizing cell wall components of Gram-positive bacteria. The present study investigated the effects of circulating bacterial cell wall components on the expression of the gene-encoding TLR2 across the mouse brain. Surprisingly, while Gram-negative components caused a robust increase in TLR2 transcription within the cerebral tissue, peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), either alone or combined, failed to modulate the receptor transcript. Indeed, the mRNA levels for TLR2 in the choroid plexus and few other regions of the brain remained similar between vehicle-, LTA-, PGN-, and LTA/PGN-administered mice at all the times evaluated (i.e. 30 min to 24 h post-intraperitoneal injection). This contrasts with the profound de novo expression of TLR2 following a single systemic injection of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The signal was first detected in regions devoid of blood,brain barrier and few blood vessels and microcapillaries. A second wave of TLR2 expression was also detected from these structures to their surrounding parenchymal cells that stained for a microglial marker iba1. The rapid induction of I,B, (index of NF-,B activity) and up-regulation of the adaptor protein MyD88 suggest that LPS-induced TLR2 transcription may be dependent on the NF-,B pathway. These data provide the evidence that TLR2 is not only present in the brain, but its encoding gene is regulated by cell wall components derived from Gram-negative, not Gram-positive, bacteria. The robust wave of TLR2-expressing microglial cells may have a determinant impact on the innate immune response that occurs in the brain during systemic infection by Gram-negative, not Gram-positive, bacteria. [source] Substituent effects in reductions of heteroaromatic cationsJOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2002David Heyes Abstract A set of 11 each of 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium, -thiopyrylium and - N -methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborates carrying a range of substituents in the phenyl rings were prepared. First and second wave reduction potentials were determined. For the thiopyrylium series there are linear correlations between scaled potentials (E°/0.05915) and summed Hammett constants for substituents in the pendant phenyl groups (,,=,2.29 and 3.38 for first and second waves respectively). For the pyrylium series, a good linear relationship (,,=,2.79) is obtained for all substituent patterns for the first wave reduction potentials, but for the second wave there are separate correlations for salts carrying substituents in the 4-phenyl and for those carrying substituents in 2- and 6-phenyls. For the pyridinium series, the first wave potentials show separate correlations for salts carrying substituents in the 4-phenyl and for those carrying substituents in 2-and 6-phenyls, but a single linear relationship for the second wave potentials. These are related to particular structural features in the cations, radicals and anions in each series. Rates and products were determined for reductions of the pyrylium and thiopyrylium cations by sodium cyanoborohydride and of all cations by sodium borohydride in acetonitrile solution. Reactions are first order in reducing agent and cation. Primary kinetic isotope effects were determined for borohydride reduction of the least reactive of each of the series of cations. Plots of logarithms of second-order rate constants against summed Hammett constants for substituents in the pendant phenyl groups are linear for all combinations of reagent and cation with 0.91 < , < 1.50 across all substituent patterns. For parent pyrylium and thiopyryliums, kBH4/kCNBH3,=,8.4,×,104 and 1.5,×,104, respectively, and for reductions by borohydride the reactivities of the pyrylium, thiopyrylium and pyridinium, series decrease in the order 1.4,×,105:8.8,×,103:1. Constant selectivities are not observed. Comparison of the correlations for electrochemical reduction and for hydride addition leads to the conclusion that charge neutralization in the hydride addition transition states runs ahead of bonding changes at the originating B,H bond. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Public transit and the spatial distribution of minority employment: Evidence from a natural experimentJOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2003Harry J. Holzer A recent expansion of the San Francisco Bay Area's heavy rail system represents an exogenous change in the accessibility of inner-city minority communities to a concentrated suburban employment center. We evaluate this natural experiment by conducting a two-wave longitudinal survey of firms, with the first wave of interviews conducted immediately before the opening of service, and the second wave approximately a year later. Within-firm changes in the propensity to hire minority workers for firms near the station were compared with those located farther away. Also estimated was the effect of employer distance to the new stations on changes in propensity to hire minorities. Results indicate a sizable increase in the hiring of Latinos near the new stations, but little evidence of an effect on black hiring rates. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. [source] The Spanish Influenza of 1918 in St. Louis, MissouriPUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, Issue 5 2006Irene Kalnins ABSTRACT In view of current concern about a possible pandemic of virulent avian influenza, it is timely to revisit the public health response to the "Spanish" influenza of 1918. St. Louis, Missouri, was the most successful of nine largest cities in limiting the death toll from influenza and pneumonia through the use of public health measures during the first 8 weeks of the epidemic. A second wave of cases increased the final death rate, but it remained below that of other major cities. Public health officials attributed the lower death rate to the early and rigorous ban on public gatherings. [source] T Cell-mediated Rejection of Kidney Transplants: A Personal ViewpointAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 5 2010P. F. Halloran In kidney allografts, T cell mediated rejection (TCMR) is characterized by infiltration of the interstitium by T cells and macrophages, intense IFNG and TGFB effects, and epithelial deterioration. Recent experimental and clinical studies provide the basis for a provisional model for TCMR. The model proposes that the major unit of cognate recognition in TCMR is effector T cells engaging donor antigen on macrophages. This event creates the inflammatory compartment that recruits effector and effector memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, both cognate and noncognate, and macrophage precursors. Cognate T cells cross the donor microcirculation to enter the interstitium but spare the microcirculation. Local inflammation triggers dedifferentiation of the adjacent epithelium (e.g. loss of transporters and expression of embryonic genes) rather than cell death, via mechanisms that do not require known T-cell cytotoxic mechanisms or direct contact of T cells with the epithelium. Local epithelial changes trigger a response of the entire nephron and a second wave of dedifferentiation. The dedifferentiated epithelium is unable to exclude T cells, which enter to produce tubulitis lesions. Thus TCMR is a cognate recognition-based process that creates local inflammation and epithelial dedifferentiation, stereotyped nephron responses, and tubulitis, and if untreated causes irreversible nephron loss. [source] Prenatal development of murine gonads with special reference to germ cell differentiation: a morphological and immunohistochemical studyANDROLOGIA, Issue 3 2007A. E. Zayed Summary The prenatal differentiation of male and female gonads of the mouse was investigated both morphologically and immunohistochemically. Sexual dimorphism could be detected as early as 12 days post-coitum (dpc) by the appearance of the primary elements of the tunica albuginea and positive immunoreactivity for anti-Muellerian hormone in the Sertoli cells of the male gonad. Male germ cells passed two waves of mitotic activity, a first wave between 12 and 14 dpc, which is followed by apoptosis of the old germ cell generation, and a second wave between 17 and 20 dpc. Oct-4 was expressed as a juxtanuclear ring in the cytoplasm of germ cells up to 17 dpc. Subsequently, it was down-regulated and completely disappeared in 20 dpc full-term fetuses. By contrast, M2A antigen revealed only a weak immunoreaction in some germ cells of 14 dpc gonads, but exhibited strong signals in all germ cells of 20 dpc full-term fetuses. Therefore, we postulate that, in the mouse, prenatal germ cells represent two populations: the first is immunopositive for Oct-4 and disappeared in full-term fetuses, whereas the second appeared in 14 dpc and is immunopositive for M2A antigen. [source] The rise and rise of social psychology in Asia: A bibliometric analysisASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Nick Haslam The growth of social psychology in Asia from 1970 to 2008 was examined through a bibliometric analysis of articles in the ISI Web of Science database that listed Asian-based authors. The 1866 articles have appeared at an accelerating rate, and represent a rapidly-growing share of global publications in the field. Publication trajectories of different Asian nations show the Indian first wave, Hong Kong and Japan's second wave, and China and Taiwan's third wave of growth. Trends in the rates of Asian first authorship, single-nation authorship, and cross-cultural research suggest that Asian social psychology is increasingly more autonomous and distinctive. [source] Enhancement of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and induction of NK cell-derived interferon-gamma (IFN- ,) display different kinetics during experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruziCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2000C. Une Early immunological activation involves an initial phase of cytokine activity and involvement of cell types such as NK cells. Such early immune responses are often decisive in resolution of microbial infection. NK cells reduce parasitaemia and enhance survival in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection, although the nature of these protective effects is not well understood. In this study, a detailed analysis of innate cytokine induction in the absence and presence of NK cells during the first 8 days of infection was performed. Following intraperitoneal infection with a high dose of parasites, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed that splenic mRNA for IFN- , appeared as a peak 24 h after infection and then reappeared 2,3 days later. In NK-depleted animals the first peak of IFN- , was absent and the second wave was slightly delayed. mRNA for IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- ,) as well as IFN- , protein in serum was only recorded 24 h after infection, at the same time as the IFN- , peak. NK depletion resulted in a small decrease of IL-12 mRNA levels, whereas TNF- , and IFN- , were not affected. NK cytotoxicity remained elevated throughout the 8 days and thus did not parallel the expression of IFN- , production by NK cells. We conclude that NK cell cytokine production and cytolytic activity play different roles in response to challenge with T. cruzi. [source] Substituent effects in reductions of heteroaromatic cationsJOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2002David Heyes Abstract A set of 11 each of 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium, -thiopyrylium and - N -methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborates carrying a range of substituents in the phenyl rings were prepared. First and second wave reduction potentials were determined. For the thiopyrylium series there are linear correlations between scaled potentials (E°/0.05915) and summed Hammett constants for substituents in the pendant phenyl groups (,,=,2.29 and 3.38 for first and second waves respectively). For the pyrylium series, a good linear relationship (,,=,2.79) is obtained for all substituent patterns for the first wave reduction potentials, but for the second wave there are separate correlations for salts carrying substituents in the 4-phenyl and for those carrying substituents in 2- and 6-phenyls. For the pyridinium series, the first wave potentials show separate correlations for salts carrying substituents in the 4-phenyl and for those carrying substituents in 2-and 6-phenyls, but a single linear relationship for the second wave potentials. These are related to particular structural features in the cations, radicals and anions in each series. Rates and products were determined for reductions of the pyrylium and thiopyrylium cations by sodium cyanoborohydride and of all cations by sodium borohydride in acetonitrile solution. Reactions are first order in reducing agent and cation. Primary kinetic isotope effects were determined for borohydride reduction of the least reactive of each of the series of cations. Plots of logarithms of second-order rate constants against summed Hammett constants for substituents in the pendant phenyl groups are linear for all combinations of reagent and cation with 0.91 < , < 1.50 across all substituent patterns. For parent pyrylium and thiopyryliums, kBH4/kCNBH3,=,8.4,×,104 and 1.5,×,104, respectively, and for reductions by borohydride the reactivities of the pyrylium, thiopyrylium and pyridinium, series decrease in the order 1.4,×,105:8.8,×,103:1. Constant selectivities are not observed. Comparison of the correlations for electrochemical reduction and for hydride addition leads to the conclusion that charge neutralization in the hydride addition transition states runs ahead of bonding changes at the originating B,H bond. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||