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Selected AbstractsThe Courts of the Prior and the Bishop of Durham in the Later Middle AgesHISTORY, Issue 278 2000Cynthia J. Neville The operation of the common law in late medieval county Durham was characterized by several unique features. Among these were the independence of episcopal officials from interference from royal agents in the execution of the law, and the great variety of temporal courts found there. Within the lands of the palatinate, jurisdiction over suspects accused of felony was shared by both the bishop and the prior of Durham. The origins of this unusual division of judicial authority was an agreement dated c.1229, known as Le Convenit. It defined the relationship between the bishop, the temporal lord of the palatinate, and the prior of the Benedictine monastery in Durham who, as a landholder second only to the bishop, held a separate court for the suit of his free tenants. That relationship was often fraught with tension, for both lords were jealous of the prestige , and the revenues , incumbent on the exercise of judicial authority in their lands. This article examines the origins of Le Convenit, and the consequences of the agreement on criminal legal procedure in late medieval Durham. Successive priors of the monastery struggled tirelessly against the bishops to preserve the privileges they won in 1229, and Le Convenit remained throughout this period a potent weapon in their determination to give expression to lordly power and authority. [source] Dollar Dominance, Euro Aspirations: Recipe for Discord?JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 4 2009BENJAMIN J. COHEN After nearly a century of dominance of the international monetary system, has the US dollar finally met its match in the euro? When Europe's economic and monetary union (EMU) came into existence in 1999, many observers predicted that the euro would soon join America's greenback at the peak of global finance. Achievements, however, have fallen short of aspiration. After an initial spurt of enthusiasm, international use of the euro actually appears now to be levelling off, even stalling, and so far seems confined largely to a limited range of market sectors and regions. The euro has successfully attained a place second only to the greenback , but it remains, and is likely to remain, a quite distant second without a determined effort by EMU authorities to promote their money's global role. The temptation will surely be great. In practical terms, it is difficult to imagine that EMU authorities will refrain entirely from trying to promote a greater role for the euro. But that, in turn, could turn out to be a recipe for discord with the United States, which has never made any secret of its commitment to preserving the greenback's worldwide dominance. A struggle for monetary leadership could become a source of sustained tensions in US,European relations. Fortunately, however, there seems relatively little risk of a destabilizing escalation into outright geopolitical conflict. [source] Transcriptome dissection of gastric cancer: Identification of novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets from pathology specimensPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2009Wataru Yasui Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in the world, and mortality due to gastric cancer is second only to that from lung cancer. ,Transcriptome dissection' is a detailed analysis of the entire expressed transcripts from a cancer, for the purpose of understanding the precise molecular mechanism of pathogenesis. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a suitable technique for performing transcriptome dissection. Gastric cancers of different stages and histology were analyzed on SAGE, and one of the largest gastric cancer SAGE libraries in the world was created (GEO accession number GSE 545). Through SAGE, many candidate genes have been identified as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for the treatment of gastric cancer. Regenerating islet-derived family, member 4 (Reg IV) participated in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance and peritoneal metastasis, and its expression was associated with an intestinal phenotype of gastric cancer and with endocrine differentiation. GW112 expression correlated with advanced tumor stage. Measurement of Reg IV and GW112 levels in sera indicated a sensitivity of 57% for detection of cancer. SPC18 participated in tumor growth and invasion through transforming tumor growth factor-, upregulation. Palate, lung, and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein (PLUNC) was a useful marker for gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma. Expression of SOX9, HOXA10, CDH17, and loss of claudin-18 expression were associated with an intestinal phenotype of gastric cancer. Information obtained from transcriptome dissection greatly contributes to diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. [source] Role of sexual reproduction in the spread of an invasive clonal plant Solidago canadensis revealed using intersimple sequence repeat markersPLANT SPECIES BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2006MEI DONG Abstract Invasive species, second only to habitat loss as a cause of biodiversity loss, pose serious threats to native biodiversity and ecosystems. Little is known about the mechanisms that some exotic plants use to become invasive in their non-native ranges. Solidago canadensis, native to North America, was intentionally introduced to many countries where it has become an invasive plant. To understand the roles that reproductive mode plays in successful invasion of exotic plants, and the relative importance of sexual reproduction and clonal growth, the genetic diversity and clonal structure of two S. canadensis populations from Shanghai, China were investigated using intersimple sequence repeats. Samples were collected in a grid pattern with intervals of 2 m among adjacent individuals within the studied area (approximately 30 m × 30 m) for each population. Results showed that the percentages of polymorphic loci for the two populations were 97.9% and 96.5% and clonal diversity measured using the Simpson Diversity Index was 1.00 for both populations. No identical genotypes were found among the analyzed samples. It is suggested from this study that sexual reproduction facilitates the establishment of new S. canadensis populations, whereas clonal expansion maintains and enlarges the established populations. Thus, limiting sexual reproduction of S. canadensis may effectively control the invasion of this species. [source] Expression of UDP-N-acetyl-,-D-galactosamine,polypeptide galNAc N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase-3 in relation to differentiation and prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinomaCANCER, Issue 7 2002Kazunori Shibao M.D., Ph.D. Abstract BACKGROUND Tumor development usually is accompanied by alterations of O-glycosylation. Initial glycosylation of mucin-type, O-linked proteins is catalyzed by one of the UDP-GalNAc,polypeptide N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferases, such as GalNAc-T3, which is expressed in adenocarcinoma cells. The authors investigated whether such expression influenced tumor differentiation or prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma. METHODS The expression of GalNAc-T3 was evaluated immunohistochemically in 106 paraffin embedded samples from surgically resected colorectal carcinomas and was related to patient and tumor characteristics. Western blot analysis was performed on seven samples of frozen tissue. RESULTS Strong tumor expression of GalNAc-T3 predicted 5-year survival in patients with colorectal carcinoma (67.2% vs. 43.6% for weak expression; P = 0.017). GalNAc-T3 expression was not associated with age, gender, tumor size, tumor location, or disease stage but was related to histologic differentiation (P = 0.049) and depth of invasion (P = 0.031). Univariate analysis showed that strong GalNAc-T3 expression significantly enhanced the likelihood of survival. Multivariate Cox survival analysis identified enzyme expression as an independent prognostic factor that was second only to TNM stage. CONCLUSIONS GalNAc-T3 expression is a novel and useful indicator of tumor differentiation, disease aggressiveness, and prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:1939,46. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10423 [source] RENAL OXYGEN DELIVERY: MATCHING DELIVERY TO METABOLIC DEMANDCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 10 2006Paul M O'Connor SUMMARY 1The kidneys are second only to the heart in terms of O2 consumption; however, relative to other organs, the kidneys receive a very high blood flow and oxygen extraction in the healthy kidney is low. Despite low arterial,venous O2 extraction, the kidneys are particularly susceptible to hypoxic injury and much interest surrounds the role of renal hypoxia in the development and progression of both acute and chronic renal disease. 2Numerous regulatory mechanisms have been identified that act to maintain renal parenchymal oxygenation within homeostatic limits in the in vivo kidney. However, the processes by which many of these mechanisms act to modulate renal oxygenation and the factors that influence these processes remain poorly understood. 3A number of such mechanisms specific to the kidney are reviewed herein, including the relationship between renal blood flow and O2 consumption, pre- and post-glomerular arterial,venous O2 shunting, tubulovascular cross-talk, the differential control of regional kidney blood flow and the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. 4The roles of these mechanisms in the control of renal oxygenation, as well as how dysfunction of these mechanisms may lead to renal hypoxia, are discussed. [source] Alcohol , the neglected risk factor in head and neck cancerCLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY, Issue 4 2004H. Viswanathan Alcohol remains second only to cigarette smoking as a risk factor for head and neck cancer worldwide. The increase in incidence in head and neck cancer in a number of countries appears linked at least in part to contemporaneous rises in alcohol consumption. The relative increase in risk in women may also relate to increasing alcohol consumption. Women may be particularly sensitive to alcohol-induced tumours in the oral/oropharyngeal sites. The risk is dose related, but with a non-linear increase for heavy drinkers (>100 g i.e. 12 units/day). The type of alcoholic beverage consumed seems less important. Potential mechanisms include local toxic cellular proliferation; carcinogenic action of metabolites e.g. acetaldehyde or impurities; induction of enzymes which activate procarcinogens; reduction of the protective retinoic acid; genetic polymorphism may play a part in certain geographic locations. Alcohol is also linked to stage at presentation, risk of second primary and the occurrence of comorbidity. Public awareness of the risks of alcohol remains disappointingly low. Those in identifiable high-risk groups should perhaps be targeted specifically for counselling. [source] | |||||||||||||