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Second Injection (second + injection)

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Medical Sciences	81%

Selected Abstracts

Changes in hyporesponsiveness to acute amphetamine and age differences in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the brain over adolescence in male and female rats

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2009
Iva Z. Mathews
Abstract We investigated hyposensitivity after amphetamine in early (postnatal Day 30; P30) and late (P45) adolescent rats compared to adults (P70) in experiment 1. Locomotor activity was measured for 1,hr after the first (acute) and second (24,hr later) injection of amphetamine (0.5 or 1.5,mg/kg). P30 and P45 rats were transiently hypoactive compared to adults, as indicated by reduced locomotor activity after acute amphetamine and enhanced activity after the second injection in adolescents only. In experiment 2, ovariectomy did not alter locomotor activity during habituation at any age compared to intact rats, and, as for intact adolescents, ovariectomized adolescents continued to be less active after amphetamine than adults, suggesting gonadal immaturity alone cannot account for age differences in experiment 1. However, ovariectomy attenuated the increase in activity after the second treatment. In experiment 3 involving untreated rats, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was reduced in P30, P40, and P50 compared to P90 rats in the nucleus accumbens core and the medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, adolescents may have an increased threshold of behavioral activation that can be overcome with either a higher dose or with repeated amphetamine treatment, and may be related to changes in the dopamine system over development. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 417,428, 2009. [source]

A study on the effect of the duration of subcutaneous heparin injection on bruising and pain

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 3 2008
Ayten Zaybak PhD
Aim., This study was carried out to determine the effect of injection duration on bruising and pain following the administration of the subcutaneous injection of heparin. Background., Although different methods to prevent bruising and pain following the subcutaneous injection of heparin have been widely studied and described, the effect of injection duration on the occurrence of bruising and pain is little documented. Design., This study was designed as within-subject, quasi-experimental research. Method., The sample for the study consisted of 50 patients to whom subcutaneous heparin was administered. Heparin was injected over 10 seconds on the right abdominal site and 30 seconds on the left abdominal site. Injections areas were assessed for the presence of bruising at 48 and 72 hours after each injection. Dimensions of the bruising on the heparin applied areas were measured using transparent millimetric measuring paper. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure pain intensity and a stop-watch was used to time the pain period. Data were analysed using chi-square test, Mann,Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed ranks tests and correlation. Results., The percentage of bruising occurrence was 64% with the injection of 10 seconds duration and 42% in the 30-second injection. It was determined that the size of the bruising was smaller in the 30-second injection. Pain intensity and pain period were statistically significantly lower for the 30-second injection than for the 10-second injection. Conclusions., It was determined that injection duration had an effect on bruising and pain following the subcutaneous administration of heparin. This study should be repeated on a larger sample. Relevance to clinical practice., When administering subcutaneous heparin injections, it is important to extend the duration of the injection. [source]

Short-term clinical evaluation of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection for ulcerative oral lichen planus

JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 6 2006
Juan Xia
Background:, Efforts are made in a continued searching for novel therapies for symptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection for ulcerative OLP. Methods:, Forty-five patients with clinical and histologically confirmed ulcerative OLP on bilateral buccal mucosa, one for treatment and the other for control, were studied. All participants received 0.5 ml TA (40 mg/ml) on experimental sites. Visual analogue scale score and lesion areas were recorded at the time of injection and 1-week interval. After 2 weeks, if the treated ulceration reduced <81% in size, a second injection was given. Results:, The treated group gave rapid relief of signs and symptoms, while the control group showed minimal decrease. 38 (84.4%) patients demonstrated complete response in ulceration size. No complications were noted with TA injections. Conclusions:, Intralesional TA injection in ulcerative OLP is effective and safe in achieving lesion and pain regression. [source]

LHRHa-induced ovulation of the endangered-Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) and its effect on egg quality and two sex steroids: testosterone and 17,-hydroxyprogestrone

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 6 2010
Ahmad Noori
Abstract To induce synchronized ovulation, migrating wild Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) females were treated with two interperitoneal injections of Des-Gly10, d -Ala6 LHRH (LHRHa), given 3 days apart. Two injections of 100 ,g kg,1 body weight of this hormone effectively induced ovulation. Within 27 days from the second injection, all fish injected with 100 ,g kg,1 LHRHa had ovulated compared with 54.5% of the controls. The mean time to ovulation was reduced significantly (P<0.05) from 31.67±4.84 days in control fish and 28.83±7.31 days in sham-treated fish to 16.36±1.61 days in fish injected with 100 ,g kg,1 LHRHa. The fertilization rate in 50 and 100 ,g kg,1 LHRHa-injected fish was significantly lower than that in the control fish (P<0.05). In fish injected with 50 and 100 ,g kg,1 LHRHa, significant (P<0.05) changes in testosterone (T) and 17,-hydroxyprogestrone (OHP) levels were observed. After the second LHRHa injection, the fish injected with 100 ,g kg,1 showed the highest serum levels of testosterone and OHP. These results demonstrate that the use of LHRHa can effectively reduce the mean time to ovulation and induce synchronized ovulation in Caspian brown trout. [source]

Compliance with routine antenatal rhesus D prophylaxis and the impact on sensitisations: observations over 14 years

BJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 7 2006
IZ MacKenzie
Documented routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis was given to 90% and 81,87% of eligible women at 28 and 34 weeks of gestation, respectively, during the early 1990s and early 2000s. With increasing experience and education, a significant improvement in the timing of the first (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.16,0.41: P < 0.0001) and second injections (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.26,0.61: P < 0.0001) occurred during the latter period. Despite these improvements, there was no reduction in the sensitisation rate at 0.4%. However, this low rate occurred despite significant proportions of women delivering more than 42 days after the second injection. Fifteen of the 16 sensitised women had received routine antenatal prophylaxis. [source]

Relationship between adult dark spermatogonia and secretory capacity of Leydig cells in cryptorchidism

BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 5 2007
Dragana Zivkovic
In a paper from Switzerland, the authors describe the relationship between adult dark spermatogonia and the secretory capacity of Leydig cells in cryptorchidism. OBJECTIVE To examine whether hormonal therapy before orchidopexy affects the histology of the testis and to assess the responsiveness of the Leydig cells, as it has been shown that although basal plasma testosterone levels are within the ,normal' range in cryptorchid boys there is an insufficient increase of testosterone after a human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) stimulation in ,,30% of cryptorchid boys. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 55 boys (aged 1,7 years) with a unilateral undescended testis were included in the study and divided into two groups. Group I (32 boys) received hormonal therapy before orchidopexy; 17 boys received a long-acting LHRH analogue (buserelin) administered as a nasal spray in doses of 20 µg/day for 28 days, followed by 1500 IU hCG intramuscularly (i.m.) once a week for 3 weeks, and the remaining 15 received 1500 IU hCG i.m. once a week for 3 weeks. Group II (33 boys) had orchidopexy alone. During orchidopexy biopsies were taken from the undescended and contralateral descended testes of the boys in both groups for histological analyses. Variations in the number of adult dark (Ad) spermatogonia per tubule (Ad/T) were assessed and testosterone levels were measured during the course of the hormonal therapy (before treatment, 14 days after initiation of buserelin administration, 24 h after each hCG injection, and 3 months after cessation of therapy). RESULTS In group I, 17 boys (53%) had a ,normal' Ad/T after hormonal treatment vs only six (18%) in group II after orchidopexy alone (P = 0.019). In the hormonally treated boys (group I) we compared the testosterone values 24 h after the second injection of hCG (when the response was most pronounced). Those with a normal Ad/T had a mean (sd) testosterone level of 199.5 (97.6) ng/dL vs 99.6 (85) ng/dL in those with an inadequate Ad/T response to hormonal therapy (P < 0.003). CONCLUSION We have confirmed that there are two subgroups of cryptorchid boys. Patients with a sufficient Leydig cell secretory capacity will have normal testicular histology and Ad spermatogonia count after hormonal treatment. While those with a suboptimal Leydig cell capacity will have a low Ad spermatogonia count and consequently poor prognosis for future fertility, despite successful surgery. As to whether different types and durations of the hormonal therapy in patients with impaired Leydig cell response could lead to improved testicular histology and consequently improved prognosis for future fertility, remains to be answered. [source]

Cloricromene, a coumarine derivative, protects against collagen-induced arthritis in Lewis rats

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 7 2000
Salvatore Cuzzocrea
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cloricromene, a coumarine derivative, in rats subjected to collagen-induced arthritis. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in Lewis rats by an intradermal injection of 100 ,l of the emulsion (containing 100 ,g of bovine type II collagen) (CII) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) at the base of the tail. On day 21, a second injection of CII in CFA was administered. Lewis rats developed an erosive hind paw arthritis when immunized with CII in CFA. Macroscopic clinical evidence of CIA first appeared as peri-articular erythema and oedema in the hind paws. The incidence of CIA was 100% by day 27 in the CII challenged rats and the severity of CIA progressed over a 35-day period with radiographic evaluation revealing focal resorption of bone together with osteophyte formation in the tibiotarsal joint and soft tissue swelling. The histopathology of CIA included erosion of the cartilage at the joint margins. Treatment of rats with cloricromene (10 mg kg,1 i.p. daily) starting at the onset of arthritis (day 23), delayed the development of the clinical signs at days 24,35 and improved histological status in the knee and paw. Immunohistochemical analysis for iNOS, COX-2, nitrotyrosine and for poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) revealed a positive staining in inflamed joints from collagen-treated rats. The degree of staining for iNOS, COX-2, nitrotyrosine and PARS were markedly reduced in tissue sections obtained from collagen-treated rats, which had received cloricromene. Radiographic signs of protection against bone resorption and osteophyte formation were present in the joints of cloricromene-treated rat. This study provides the first evidence that cloricromene, a coumarine derivative, attenuates the degree of chronic inflammation and tissue damage associated with collagen-induced arthritis in the rat. British Journal of Pharmacology (2000) 131, 1399,1407; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703695 [source]

Desloratadine partially inhibits the augmented bacterial responses in the sinuses of allergic and infected mice

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 10 2004
V. Kirtsreesakul
Summary Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is considered a major predisposing factor for the development of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. How AR augments a bacterial infection is unknown. Objective Our purpose in this study was to test whether an H1 receptor antagonist, desloratadine, could reduce the augmented effect of an ongoing allergic reaction on acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Methods Three groups of infected and ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were studied: (1) infected and allergic mice treated with desloratadine, (2) infected and allergic mice treated with placebo, and (3) infected mice. A fourth group of uninfected, non-sensitized mice served as a control for the cellular changes. BALB/c mice were sensitized by two intraperitoneal injections of OVA given 8 days apart. One day after the second injection, the mice were nasally exposed daily to 6% OVA (the groups treated with desloratadine or placebo) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (the infection-only group) for 5 days. After the second OVA exposure, the mice were intranasally inoculated with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Desloratadine or placebo was given daily throughout the OVA exposure period. Nasal allergic symptoms were observed by counting of nasal rubbing and sneezing for 10 min after OVA or PBS nasal challenge. On day 5 post-infection, nasal lavage culture was done, and the inflammatory cells in the sinuses were evaluated by flow cytometry. Results Mice that were made allergic, infected, and treated with placebo showed more organisms and phagocytes than did only infect mice. They also manifested allergic nasal symptoms and eosinophil influx into the sinuses. Desloratadine treatment during allergen exposure reduced allergic symptoms and reduced sinonasal infection (P<0.05). There tended to be less myeloid cell and neutrophil influx (P=0.09 both), but not eosinophil influx (P=0.85) compared with that in the placebo-treated group. Conclusion Desloratadine treatment during nasal challenge inhibited allergic symptoms and reduced sinonasal infection, suggesting that histamine via an H1 receptor plays a role in the augmented infection in mice with an ongoing allergic reaction. [source]

Serum testosterone and bioavailable testosterone correlate with age and body size in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone undecanoate (1000 mg IM , Nebido®)

CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 4 2008
Robert Moisey
Summary Objective, To investigate the loading regimen for intramuscular (IM) testosterone undecanoate (Nebido®) to determine whether testosterone and bioavailable testosterone levels achieved correlate with age or body size of subjects studied. Design, Retrospective observational study of testosterone naïve patients and patients previously treated with an alternative testosterone therapy. Patients, 51 hypogonadal men (35, 68·6% secondary hypogonadism). 8 (16%) had not previously received testosterone therapy. Measurements, Patients received an IM injection of Nebido (1000 mg) at baseline and a second injection after 6 weeks. Serum was assayed at baseline and 18 weeks after commencing Nebido for total testosterone (TT) and SHBG. Bioavailable testosterone was calculated (cBioT) using TT and SHBG. Measurements were taken for weight, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA). Results, Baseline TT (mean 11·5 nmol/l, range 0·3,54·8) increased by 50% after commencing Nebido (17·2 nmol/l (5·4,32·8), P = 0·0001). 75% of subjects had a TT within the reference range (8·0,25·0 nmol/l). Subjects with primary hypogonadism had a higher 18-week TT [20·9 nmol/l (9·8,32·8) vs. 15·5 (5·4,32·6), P = 0·02] and SHBG [39·2 nmol/l (11,82) vs. 25·7 (9·0,60·0), P = 0·003] although the cBioT was not significantly different [4·9 nmol/l (2·9,7·3) vs. 4·2 (2·0,7·9), P = 0·12]. The 18-week TT positively correlated with age (R = 0·36, P = 0·01) and negatively correlated with weight (R = ,0·38, P = 0·006), BMI (R = ,0·42, P = 0·002) and BSA (R =,0·38, P = 0·007). Similarly cBioT correlated with age (R = 0·28, P = 0·04), weight (R = ,0·29, P = 0·03), BMI (R = ,0·30, P = 0·03) and BSA (R = ,0·27, P = 0·05). Age (t = 2·04, P = 0·05) and baseline testosterone (t = ,9·26, P < 0·0001) were independent variables of the increase in TT at 18 weeks. Conclusion, This starting regimen is simple and provides the majority of men with a TT within the reference range. Age and baseline TT are independent variables of the increase in TT with IM testosterone undecanoate. At week 18 age and body size correlated with the cBioT and TT and this may then be used to estimate dosing frequency for this therapy. [source]

Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Implant for Malar and Mental Enhancement

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 7 2006
FRCP, NICHOLAS J. LOWE MD
BACKGROUND The use of a thicker injectable implant version of one of the hyaluronic acid dermal fillers (Restylane SubQ, Q-Med, Uppsala, Sweden) is described. OBJECTIVE A group of treated patients has been studied for more than 1 year. Restylane SubQ was injected to the submuscular plane of the upper cheeks and chin to observe efficacy of augmentation and side effect profile, and further observations were made of the duration of benefit. METHODS Patient details,72 patients were treated, 68 for upper cheek augmentation, 2 for chin augmentation, and 2 for both areas. Four patients received second injections 8 weeks after the first to increase augmentation. RESULTS Patients all showed a persistence of benefit during the posttreatment observation period of up to 64 weeks. Four patients had minor side effects that resolved with local treatment and time. Four patients had second injections to complete augmentation without complications. CONCLUSIONS Restylane SubQ is a useful injectable agent to augment and lift upper cheeks and recontour chins. Further efficacy studies seem justified. [source]