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Kinds of Searching Terms modified by Searching Selected AbstractsSEARCHING FOR EXPLANATORY WEB PAGES USING AUTOMATIC QUERY EXPANSIONCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 1 2007Manabu Tauchi When one tries to use the Web as a dictionary or encyclopedia, entering some single term into a search engine, the highly ranked pages in the result can include irrelevant or useless sites. The problem is that single-term queries, if taken literally, underspecify the type of page the user wants. For such problems automatic query expansion, also known as pseudo-feedback, is often effective. In this method the top n documents returned by an initial retrieval are used to provide terms for a second retrieval. This paper contributes, first, new normalization techniques for query expansion, and second, a new way of computing the similarity between an expanded query and a document, the "local relevance density" metric, which complements the standard vector product metric. Both of these techniques are shown to be useful for single-term queries, in Japanese, in experiments done over the World Wide Web in early 2001. [source] COINTEGRATION OF STOCK MARKETS BETWEEN NEW ZEALAND, AUSTRALIA AND THE G7 ECONOMIES: SEARCHING FOR CO-MOVEMENT UNDER STRUCTURAL CHANGEAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 3 2005PARESH KUMAR NARAYAN This paper examines whether the New Zealand equity market is integrated with the equity markets of Australia and the G7 economies by applying both the Johansen (1988) and Gregory and Hansen (1996) approaches to cointegration. The Johansen (1988) test suggests that there is no long-run relationship between the New Zealand stock market and any of the other stock markets considered in the study. The Gregory and Hansen (1996) test finds that the New Zealand and United States stock market is cointegrated, but the New Zealand stock market is not cointegrated with the other stock markets in the study. This suggests that in order to avoid some of the risk through international portfolio diversification there is potential for investors to purchase shares in the New Zealand market and either the Australian market or most of the world's leading equity markets. [source] Searching for Better Negotiation Agreement Based on Genetic AlgorithmCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2005Ren-Jye Dzeng In current practice, contractors negotiate with suppliers according to negotiators' experiences instead of extensive exploration of negotiable options and negotiators' preferences. Consequently, negotiators often reach suboptimal agreements, and leave money on the table. This research intends to help negotiators explore negotiable options by developing a computer system, named C-Negotiator, using the genetic algorithm. This article also describes experiments conducted to determine how much money was left on the table on typical realistic construction procurements. The result shows that C-Negotiator's negotiation improved the joint payoff of the contractor and supplier from 1.5% to 9.8% compared with conventional human negotiation. The improvement may increase for more complex negotiation problems with more options and complicated preferences or for inexperienced negotiators. [source] Searching for a developmental typology of personality and its relations to antisocial behaviour: a longitudinal study of an adjudicated men sampleCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 4 2003Julien Morizot The search for an empirically based personality typology has regained the interest of researchers. To date, however, empirical inquiries have mainly been cross-sectional. In this study, an empirically based developmental typology of personality was identified using data from a prospective longitudinal study of a sample of men adjudicated during their adolescence and assessed on four occasions until midlife. Cluster analyses were performed on measures of disinhibition, negative emotionality, and extraversion. Four developmental types of personality were identified. The first was characterized by average scores in the three traits in adolescence that decreased linearly until midlife (39%). The second type displayed very high scores in disinhibition and negative emotionality in adolescence that decreased rapidly during early adulthood (24%). The third type was characterized by very high scores in disinhibition and negative emotionality that remained stable until midlife, while extraversion was average during adolescence and then decreased rapidly until midlife (17%). The fourth type was characterized by high scores in disinhibition and negative emotionality in adolescence that was followed by cycles of decreases and increases until midlife (20%). These four developmental types of personality seemed to be related to known antisocial behaviour trajectories. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] Searching for food in the wild: a nonhuman rimate's expectations about invisible displacementDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2001Marc D. Hauser Five experiments involving invisible displacements were run on a population of semi-free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The goal of these experiments was to assess, without training, the kinds of expectations individuals spontaneously set up when an object has moved out of sight. The first experiment, modeled after studies of human infants and children, involved a table with one box on the top surface and a second box lined up below on the ground. An occluder was placed in front of the table, blocking the subject's view. A piece of food was then dropped behind the occluder, above the top box. The presenter then removed the occluder, walked away, and allowed the subject to approach. Consistently, subjects searched in the incorrect bottom box. This error can be interpreted as a failure to understand solidity, containment, or some other factor. It can also be interpreted as an error guided by a gravity bias, i.e. an expectation that all falling objects fall straight down or to the lowest point. Experiments 2,5 tested these alternative hypotheses. Results show that rhesus monkeys do not have an inherent bottom box bias, are not avoiding the top box, and do recognize that in some contexts boxes can contain or hold food. Thus, for example, when the two boxes are placed on the ground, one in front of the other, and occluded, subjects search in the near box after a piece of food has been rolled behind the occluder (horizontal trajectory). This shows that rhesus can solve an invisible displacement problem that involves solid containers, where one container blocks travel to the other container. We conclude that the rhesus monkey's error in Experiment 1 is guided by an expectation that all falling objects fall straight down or, at least, to the lowest point. This expectation represents a limitation of their knowledge of physical objects and events. [source] Searching for schizophrenia in ancient Greek and Roman literature: a systematic reviewACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 5 2003K. Evans Objective:, The aim of this study was to systematically examine ancient Roman and Greek texts to identify descriptions of schizophrenia and related disorders. Method:, Material from Greek and Roman literature dating from the 5th Century BC to the beginning of the 2nd Century AD was systematically reviewed for symptoms of mental illness. DSM IV criteria were applied in order to identify material related to schizophrenia and related disorders. Results:, The general public had an awareness of psychotic disorders, because the symptoms were described in works of fiction and in historical accounts of malingering. There were isolated instances of text related to psychotic symptoms in the residents of ancient Rome and Greece, but no written material describing a condition that would meet modern diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. Conclusion:, In contrast to many other psychiatric disorders that are represented in ancient Greek and Roman literature, there were no descriptions of individuals with schizophrenia in the material assessed in this review. [source] Searching for new morphological characters in the systematics of scleractinian reef corals: comparison of septal teeth and granules between Atlantic and Pacific MussidaeACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 2 2009Ann F. Budd Abstract Recent molecular analyses have challenged the traditional classification of scleractinian corals at all taxonomic levels suggesting that new morphological characters are needed. Here we tackle this problem for the family Mussidae, which is polyphyletic. Most of its members belong to two molecular clades composed of: (1) Atlantic Mussidae and Faviidae (except Montastraea) and (2) Pacific Mussidae (Cynarina, Lobophyllia, Scolymia, Symphyllia) and Pectiniidae. Other Pacific mussids (e.g. Acanthastrea) belong to additional clades. To discover new characters that would better serve as phylogenetic markers, we compare the skeletal morphology of mussid genera in different molecular-based clades. Three sets of characters are considered: (1) macromorphology (budding; colony form; size and shape of corallites; numbers of septal cycles), (2) micromorphology (shapes and distributions of septal teeth and granules), and (3) microstructure (arrangement of calcification centres and thickening deposits within costosepta). Although most traditional macromorphological characters exhibit homoplasy, several new micromorphological characters are effective at distinguishing clades, including the shapes and distribution of septal teeth and granules, the area between teeth, and the development of thickening deposits. Arrangements of calcification centres and fibres differ among clades, but the fine-scale structure of thickening deposits does not. [source] Searching and oviposition behavior of a mymarid egg parasitoid, Anagrus nigriventris, on five host plant species of its leafhopper host, Circulifer tenellusENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 1 2000A.K. Al-Wahaibi Abstract Searching and oviposition behavior and parasitization ability of Anagrus nigriventris Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), were examined on five host plant species of beet leafhopper: sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), red stem filaree (Erodium cicutarium[L.]), peppergrass (Lepidium nitidum Nuttall), desert plantain (Plantago ovata Forsskal), and London rocket (Sisymbrium irio L.). Beet leafhopper embeds its eggs in the tissues of these plant species. For each plant species, A. nigriventris behavior was examined on plants with and without beet leafhopper eggs. Experimental design was a 5 (plant species) by 2 (host eggs present/absent) factorial. Additionally within each treatment, parasitoid behavior was observed over a 22-h period at five different observation periods: t=0, 3, 6, 9, and 22 h where t=0 h represents initial exposure of the insect with the plant. The behavioral events observed were: ,fast walking' (general searching), ,slow walking' (intensive searching), ovipositor probing, grooming, feeding, and resting. Significant differences (,=0.05) among plant species in time spent on the plant, percentage of host eggs parasitized, and behavioral variables associated with intensive searching and oviposition all indicated that the plant species fell into two groups: ,preferred' plants (sugar beet, London rocket, and peppergrass), and ,unpreferred' plants (filaree and plantago). These variables also indicated that the parasitoids spent more time on, searched more, probed more, and oviposited more in plants with host eggs than plants without host eggs. Consistent effects of time (over the observation periods from t=0 to t=22 h) generally were detected only in the preferred plant species that had host eggs present. In these cases, intensive searching and probing decreased as time advanced, while variables related to general searching (,fast walking') and abandoning host egg patches (leaving the plant) tended to increase over time. [source] Monogenic diabetes: information seeking and genetic testing access via e-mailEUROPEAN DIABETES NURSING, Issue 2 2010M Shepherd RGN, PhD Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer Abstract Background: Confirmation of monogenic diabetes by molecular genetic testing has allowed many patients, often previously assumed to have type 1 diabetes, to transfer from insulin injections to sulphonylurea tablets, with improvements in glycaemic control and quality of life: www.diabetesgenes.org provides information about monogenic diabetes and genetic testing. Aim: To investigate key issues raised by individuals who e-mailed the monogenic diabetes team about genetic testing and monogenic diabetes management. Methods: Sixty e-mail enquiries, received over a six-month period from patients and professionals worldwide, were analysed using a qualitative thematic content approach. Results: Five themes emerged: 1. Accessing genetic technology: patients and professionals both enquired about access to testing; 2. Presentation of evidence: medical facts presented by patients and professionals included characteristics specifically relevant to diagnosing monogenic diabetes; 3. Experiences of healthcare: patients often researched their condition online and some felt dissatisfied with routine consultations; 4. Seeking specialist advice regarding treatment: specific information was sought relating to management of neonatal diabetes or monogenic diabetes and pregnancy; 5. Searching for a cure through genetic technology: patients questioned whether genetic advances would lead to a cure for diabetes. Conclusion: This project offers the first insights into use of e-mail as a means of gaining access to a specialist monogenic team and information about genetic testing. Although providing advice via e-mail can prove complicated, particularly when received from patients under the care of other clinicians, it is an efficient means of communicating specialist knowledge. Study findings will aid development of a ,frequently asked questions' section of www.diabetesgenes.org. Copyright © 2010 FEND [source] Role of gap junctional coupling in astrocytic networks in the determination of global ischaemia-induced oxidative stress and hippocampal damageEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 1 2006Jose L. Perez Velazquez Abstract While there is evidence that gap junctions play important roles in the determination of cell injuries, there is not much known about mechanisms by which gap junctional communication may exert these functions. Using a global model of transient ischaemia in rats, we found that pretreatment with the gap junctional blockers carbenoxolone, 18,-glycyrrhetinic acid and endothelin, applied via cannulae implanted into the hippocampus in one hemisphere, resulted in decreased numbers of TUNEL-positive neurons, as compared with the contralateral hippocampus that received saline injection. Post-treatment with carbenoxolone for up to 30 min after the stroke injury still resulted in decreased cell death, but post-treatment at 90 min after the ischaemic insult did not result in differences in cell death. However, quinine, an inhibitor of Cx36-mediated gap junctional coupling, did not result in appreciable neuroprotection. Searching for a possible mechanism for the observed protective effects, possible actions of the gap junctional blockers in the electrical activity of the hippocampus during the ischaemic insult were assessed using intracerebral recordings, with no differences observed between the saline-injected and the contralateral drug-injected hippocampus. However, a significant reduction in lipid peroxides, a measure of free radical formation, in the hippocampus treated with carbenoxolone, revealed that the actions of gap junctional coupling during injuries may be causally related to oxidative stress. These observations suggest that coupling in glial networks may be functionally important in determining neuronal vulnerability to oxidative injuries. [source] Involvement of the human frontal eye field and multiple parietal areas in covert visual selection during conjunction searchEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 9 2000Tobias Donner Abstract Searching for a target object in a cluttered visual scene requires active visual attention if the target differs from distractors not by elementary visual features but rather by a feature conjunction. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in human subjects to investigate the functional neuroanatomy of attentional mechanisms employed during conjunction search. In the experimental condition, subjects searched for a target defined by a conjunction of colour and orientation. In the baseline condition, subjects searched for a uniquely coloured target, regardless of its orientation. Eye movement recordings outside the scanner verified subjects' ability to maintain fixation during search. Reaction times indicated that the experimental condition was attentionally more demanding than the baseline condition. Differential activations between conditions were therefore ascribed to top-down modulation of neural activity. The frontal eye field, the ventral precentral sulcus and the following posterior parietal regions were consistently activated: (i) the postcentral sulcus; (ii) the posterior; and (iii) the anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus; and (iv) the junction of the intraparietal with the transverse occipital sulcus. Parietal regions were spatially distinct and displayed differential amplitudes of signal increase with a maximal amplitude in the posterior intraparietal sulcus. Less consistent activation was found in the lateral fusiform gyrus. These results suggest an involvement of the human frontal eye field in covert visual selection of potential targets during search. These results also provide evidence for a subdivision of posterior parietal cortex in multiple areas participating in covert visual selection, with a major contribution of the posterior intraparietal sulcus. [source] Characterization of a eukaryotic type serine/threonine protein kinase and protein phosphatase of Streptococcus pneumoniae and identification of kinase substratesFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 5 2005Linda Nováková Searching the genome sequence of Streptococcus pneumoniae revealed the presence of a single Ser/Thr protein kinase gene stkP linked to protein phosphatase phpP. Biochemical studies performed with recombinant StkP suggest that this protein is a functional eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr protein kinase. In vitro kinase assays and Western blots of S. pneumoniae subcellular fractions revealed that StkP is a membrane protein. PhpP is a soluble protein with manganese-dependent phosphatase activity in vitro against a synthetic substrate RRA(pT)VA. Mutations in the invariant aspartate residues implicated in the metal binding completely abolished PhpP activity. Autophosphorylated form of StkP was shown to be a substrate for PhpP. These results suggest that StkP and PhpP could operate as a functional pair in vivo. Analysis of phosphoproteome maps of both wild-type and stkP null mutant strains labeled in vivo and subsequent phosphoprotein identification by peptide mass fingerprinting revealed two possible substrates for StkP. The evidence is presented that StkP can phosphorylate in vitro phosphoglucosamine mutase GlmM which catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the formation of UDP- N -acetylglucosamine, an essential common precursor to cell envelope components. [source] Searching for Belonging , An Analytical FrameworkGEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 6 2010Marco Antonsich Belonging is a notion both vaguely defined and ill-theorized. Scholars in various social disciplines often take this notion for granted, as if its meaning is somewhat self-explanatory. Others tend to equate it with the notion of identity, citizenship, or both. By relying on a critical reading of an extensive literature across academic disciplines, this study aims to offer an analytical framework for the study of belonging. I argue that belonging should be analyzed both as a personal, intimate, feeling of being ,at home' in a place (place-belongingness) and as a discursive resource that constructs, claims, justifies, or resists forms of socio-spatial inclusion/exclusion (politics of belonging). The risk of focusing only on one of these two dimensions is to fall in the trap of either a socially de-contextualized individualism or an all-encompassing social(izing) discourse. The open question is whether the increasing cultural and ethnic diversification of contemporary societies can lead to the formation of communities of belonging beyond communities of identity. [source] Searching for a significant correlation between volcanic tremor amplitude and SO2 emissions at Mount Etna volcano, SicilyGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2000Sabrina Leonardi Summary A strong correlation between the amplitude of volcanic tremor and the flux of SO2 has been found at Mount Etna volcano, Sicily, corresponding to enhanced volcanic activity in the period 1987,1995. We therefore suggest that tremors and SO2 emissions have a common physical origin linked to the magma dynamics of the volcano. [source] Searching for phylogenetic pattern in biological invasionsGLOBAL ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2008erban Proche Abstract It has been suggested that alien species with close indigenous relatives in the introduced range may have reduced chances of successful establishment and invasion (Darwin's naturalization hypothesis). Studies trying to test this have in fact been addressing four different hypotheses, and the same data can support some while rejecting others. In this paper, we argue that the phylogenetic pattern will change depending on the spatial and phylogenetic scales considered. Expectations and observations from invasion biology and the study of natural communities are that at the spatial scale relevant to competitive interactions, closely related species will be spatially separated, whereas at the regional scale, species in the same genera or families will tend to co-occur more often than by chance. We also argue that patterns in the relatedness of indigenous and naturalized plants are dependent on the continental/island setting, spatial occupancy levels, and on the group of organisms under scrutiny. Understanding how these factors create a phylogenetic pattern in invasions will help us predict which groups are more likely to invade where, and should contribute to general ecological theory. [source] Searching a biomedical bibliographic database from the Ukraine: the Panteleimon databaseHEALTH INFORMATION & LIBRARIES JOURNAL, Issue 3 2005Ajit Kumar First page of article [source] Cyclosporin A suppresses replication of hepatitis C virus genome in cultured hepatocytesHEPATOLOGY, Issue 5 2003Koichi Watashi Persistent infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Searching for a substance with anti-HCV potential, we examined the effects of a variety of compounds on HCV replication using a HCV subgenomic replicon cell culture system. Consequently, the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA) was found to have a suppressive effect on the HCV replicon RNA level and HCV protein expression in these cells. CsA also inhibited multiplication of the HCV genome in a cultured human hepatocyte cell line infected with HCV using HCV-positive plasma. This anti-HCV activity of CsA appeared to be independent of its immunosuppressive function. In conclusion, our results suggest that CsA may represent a new approach for the development of anti-HCV therapy. [source] Searching for Sacajawea: Whitened Reproductions and Endarkened RepresentationsHYPATIA, Issue 2 2007Wanda Pillow Pillow's aim is to demonstrate how representations of Sacajawea have shifted in writings about the Lewis and Clark expedition in ways that support manifest destiny and white colonial projects. This essay begins with a general account of Sacajawea. The next section uses two novels (one hundred years apart) to make the case that shifts in the representation of this important historical figure serve similar purposes. There is some attention to white suffragist representations, but the central contrast is between manifest destiny and multiculturalism. The final section addresses the important question of whether it is possible for feminists to theorize Sacajawea in ways that are not co-opted by colonial projects. [source] Searching for susceptibility alleles: Emphasis on bilateral breast cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2007Evgeny N. Imyanitov No abstract is available for this article. [source] Searching for genes in diabetes and the metabolic syndromeINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 2004G. A. Hitman Summary Evidence for a genetic basis for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome has been derived from studies of families, twins and populations with genetic admixture. Identification of genes associated with disease pathogenesis is now underway using techniques such as genome scanning by positional cloning and the candidate gene approach. Genome scanning in several different ethnic groups has identified chromosome regions harbouring type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes such as the novel gene, calpain 10 (CAPN10). The hepatic nuclear factor 4, (HNF4,) gene partly explains the linkage peak on chromosome 20, while the upstream transcription factor (USF1) is associated with familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCHL) and maps close to the type 2 diabetes associated 1q peak. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR,) was identified as a candidate gene based on its biology. A Pro12Ala variant of this gene has been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Many genes accounting for monogenic forms of diabetes have been identified , such as maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY); glucokinase (GCK) and HNF1, mutations being the most common causes of MODY. GCK variants result in ,mild' diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and relatively few cardiovascular complications, while HNF1,- associated MODY is more typical of type 2 diabetes, frequently being treated with sulphonylureas or insulin and resulting in microvascular complications. Testing for single gene disorders associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity may determine cause, prognosis and appropriate treatment; however, for the more common polygenic diseases this is not the case. In type 2 diabetes, molecular genetics has the potential to enhance understanding of disease pathogenesis, and help formulate preventative and treatment strategies. [source] Searching the global minimum of a peptide/bilayer potential energy surface by fast heating and cooling cycles of simulated annealingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 13 2008C. A. Fuzo Abstract The total time reached by molecular dynamics simulation in the study of the interactions between hydrated bilayers and peptides is still very short. A scheme of fast heating and cooling cycles of simulated annealing (FHCCSA) is proposed to improve the efficiency of the search for the global minimum of the peptide/bilayer potential energy surface. In FHCCSA, the high temperatures facilitate the transitions between stable configurations; i.e., heating and cooling cycles make easier the escape of the system outside the local energy minimum. The FHCCSA efficiency is confirmed by comparing its results with conventional NpT simulations. The new scheme saves more than 90% of the total cpu time compared with ordinary NpT simulations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008 [source] The search for low energy conformational families of small peptides: Searching for active conformations of small peptides in the absence of a known receptor,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 15 2007Katrina W. Lexa Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Tamoxifen is the preferred drug for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer treatment, yet many of these cancers are intrinsically resistant to tamoxifen or acquire resistance during treatment. Therefore, scientists are searching for breast cancer drugs that have different molecular targets. Previous work revealed that 8-mer and cyclic 9-mer peptides inhibit breast cancer in mouse and rat model systems, interacting with an unknown receptor, while peptides smaller than eight amino acids did not inhibit breast cancer. We have shown that the use of replica exchange molecular dynamics predicts structure and dynamics of active peptides, leading to the discovery of smaller peptides with full biological activity. These simulations identified smaller peptide analogs with a conserved turn, a ,-turn formed in the larger peptides. These analogs inhibit estrogen-dependent cell growth in a mouse uterine growth assay, a test showing reliable correlation with human breast cancer inhibition. We outline the computational methods that were tried and used with the experimental information that led to the successful completion of this research. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007 [source] Searching for Neuroglobin's role in the brainIUBMB LIFE, Issue 8-9 2007Karin Nienhaus Abstract Neuroglobin is a small globin that plays an important role in the protection of brain neurons from ischemic and hypoxic injuries. The molecular mechanisms by which Ngb performs its physiological function are still under debate. Suggestions include oxygen storage and delivery, scavenging of NO and/or reactive oxygen species, oxygen sensing and signal transduction. In recent years, the molecular structures of Ngb with carbon monoxide bound to the heme iron and without an exogenous ligand have been solved, and interesting structural changes have been noticed upon ligand binding. Moreover, equilibrium and kinetic properties of the reactions with ligands have been examined in great detail. Here we summarize the molecular properties of Ngb and discuss them in relation to the potential physiological functions. [source] Searching for certainty in an uncertain world: the difficulty of giving up the experiential for the rational mode of thinkingJOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING, Issue 2 2003Yaacov Schul Abstract Our research explores predictions that people make in a simple environment consisting of sequences of a binary signal followed by two possible outcomes. In order to optimize their prediction success, respondents should use a very simple decision rule, called maximization, whereby they consistently predict according to the signal. In line with past research, our findings show that even respondents who realized after the experiment that maximization is optimal failed to use it during the experiment itself. We discuss conditions that weaken or reinforce behaving according to the optimal rule in a repeated choice situation. Experiment 1 shows that individuals who are forced to plan their strategy and justify their actions are more likely to discover and use the optimal rule than those not forced to do so. Thinking about the appropriateness of one's performance can be done in two different orientations: focusing on the past (justifying past actions) or on the future (planning future action). Experiment 2 shows that planning induces rule-base thinking, while justifying fails to do so. These findings are discussed within a theoretical framework which suggest an interplay between the experiential and the rational modes of processing. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Diversity, endemism and evolution in the Coral TriangleJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 10 2009J. C. Briggs Abstract In a recent paper by D. R. Bellwood and C. P. Meyer (,Searching for heat in a marine biodiversity hotspot', Journal of Biogeography, 2009, 36, 569,576), the authors had two evident objectives: (1) to disprove the theory that the geographical origins of reef organisms could be determined by locating concentrations of endemic species, and (2) to emphasize that the high diversity of the Coral Triangle was due to an accumulation of species from outside that area. With regard to the first point, no such theory had previously been proposed to my knowledge. Second, the accumulation theory was promoted without consideration of the facts supporting the centre of origin hypothesis, except to dismiss it by saying that it had its origin in pre-continental drift ideas. This short response outlines the properties and evidence for the operation of centres of origin in this region. [source] Sleep in adolescence: a review of issues for nursing practiceJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 13 2009Tamara Vallido Aims and objectives., The aim of this review was to explore the literature to determine what is known about adolescent sleep, the causes and consequences of disturbed sleep in adolescence and the implications this has for nursing practice. Background., Sleep disorders are relatively common in young people. Disturbed sleep can be both a cause and a result of ill health and if recognised can indicate psychosocial, psychological or physical difficulties. Design., Literature review. Methods., Searching of key electronic databases. Results., Disturbed sleep in adolescents has several potential consequences, including daytime sleepiness, reduced academic performance and substance use/abuse. However, despite its significance and frequency, sleep disturbance is an area of adolescent health that is almost entirely unaddressed within the nursing literature. Conclusion., Nursing has a role to play in assisting adolescents and their families to recognise the importance of sleep to the general health and well-being of young people. Relevance to clinical practice., There is a need for nursing to develop tools to assess sleep in adolescent clients and non-pharmaceutical interventions to assist adolescents achieve optimum sleep and rest. Nurses may also contribute to educating adolescents and their families regarding the importance of good sleep hygiene. [source] Searching for Culture,High and LowJOURNAL OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION, Issue 3 2007Jennifer Kayahara This article examines the link between finding out about cultural activities on the Web and finding out through other people. Using data from interviews with Torontonians, we show that people first obtain cultural information from interpersonal ties or other offline sources and only then turn to the Web to amplify this information. The decisions about what information to seek from which media can be evaluated in terms of a uses and gratifications approach; the main gratifications identified include efficiency and the availability of up-to-date information. Our findings also have implications for the model of the traditional two-step flow of communication. We suggest the existence of new steps, whereby people receive recommendations from their interpersonal ties, gather information about these recommendations online, take this information back to their ties, and go back to the Web to check the new information that their ties have provided them. [source] Consumer Self-Confidence in Searching for InformationJOURNAL OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2009CÄZILIA LOIBL Consumer behavior is often driven by the extent to which consumers feel confident regarding their decisions, which frequently hinge, especially in high-stakes situations, on their information search. This article examines a multidimensional self-confidence concept to explore how consumer self-confidence influences information search. Findings of a mail survey document that high-confidence consumers engage in more intensive search activities and that demographic patterns shape consumer self-confidence scores. The findings empirically support a multidimensional measurement of self-confidence to predict search behavior and suggest avenues to enhance the self-confidence needed to produce positive marketplace experiences. [source] Keeping Our Ambition Under Control: The Limits of Data and Inference in Searching for the Causes and Consequences of Vanishing Trials in Federal CourtJOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2004Stephen B. Burbank This article offers some reflections stimulated by Professor Galanter's materials, which were the common springboard for the Vanishing Trials Symposium. It suggests that other data, quantitative and qualitative, may be helpful in understanding the vanishing trials phenomenon in federal civil cases, notably data available for years prior to 1962, and questions whether it is meaningful to use total dispositions as the denominator in calculating a trial termination rate. The article argues that care should be taken in using data from state court systems, as also data from criminal cases, administrative adjudication, and ADR, lest one put at risk through careless assimilation of data or muddled thinking a project quite difficult enough without additional baggage. The article describes the limitations of data previously collected by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts and highlights unique opportunities created by the AO's switch to a new Case Management/Electronic Case Files system. It argues that Professor Galanter may underestimate the influence of both changing demand for court services (docket makeup) and of changing demand for judicial services (resources) on the trial rate. Finally, the article argues that conclusions about either the causes or consequences of the vanishing trials phenomenon in federal civil cases are premature, suggesting in particular reasons to be wary of emphasis on "institutional factors" such as the discretionary power of first-instance judges and the ideology of managerial judging. [source] Hepatitis B virus X protein: Searching for a role in hepatocarcinogenesisJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 4 2000Chau-Ting Yeh No abstract is available for this article. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||