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Sea Bream (sea + bream)
Kinds of Sea Bream Selected AbstractsAccumulation of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids in Asparagopsis armata Grown in Tanks with Fishpond Effluents of Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurataJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 5 2008Félix L. Figueroa Both the effects of total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) fluxes and the algal densities on MAA accumulation were investigated. MAAs increased with the TAN flux, but only until values lower than 100 ,M/h. Above this flux, the MAA content decreased, whereas algal yield increased. The content of individual MAAs was related to nitrogen (N) status, that is, shinorine percentage slightly decreased and palythine increased with increasing N fluxes. The decrease of MAAs at high flux of N (up to 100 ,M/h) is related to the decrease of water residence time and the decrease of the biofiltration efficiency. Under different TAN fluxes and algal densities, MAA content was negatively related to algal yield indicating that MAAs were accumulated only under a high ammonium-N availability. Thus, an energy allocation between growth (primary metabolism) and MAA accumulation (secondary metabolism) is regulated by the absorption capacity of inorganic N. In conclusion, A. armata, in addition to its high biofiltration capacity of nutrients, is a good source of MAAs as potential UV screen photoprotectors. [source] Dietary Lipid Utilization by White Sea Bream (Diplodus sargus) JuvenilesJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 3 2008R. Sá Six experimental diets were formulated to be isoproteic (45% protein) and to contain from 9 to 24% dietary lipid levels (dry matter basis). Fish meal and fish oil were used as the main protein and lipid sources, respectively. At the end of the trial, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among groups in fish performance or in whole-body composition. From the results of this trial, it is concluded that, within the range of values tested, increasing dietary lipid levels above 9% has no advantage as it does not promote growth or spare protein for growth purposes. [source] Effects of Restricted Feeding Regimes on Growth and Feed Utilization of Juvenile Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurataJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 2 2008Orhan Tufan Eroldo The effect of restricted feeding on growth, feed efficiency, and body composition was studied in juveniles of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. Juveniles (6.4 g) were stocked into 12 tanks at a density of 16 fish per tank. Four different feeding schedules were tested on triplicate groups of juvenile fish: (1) control fed for 48 d without deprivation, (2) starvation for 1 d and then refed for 2 d (S1), (3) 50% satiation for 2 d and then refed to apparent satiation for 2 d (R2), and (4) 50% satiation for 6 d and then refed to apparent satiation for another 6 d (R6). Results indicated that all fish subjected to cycled restricted feeding regimes were unable to achieve catching up with control group. The specific growth rate of fish in the control was significantly higher than those in S1, R2, and R6, which were not significantly different from each other. Protein efficiency and protein productive value were significantly higher in R2 compared to control, S1, and R6. Fish in R2 had lowest feed conversion ratio (1.12) compared to the control (1.17). Body protein composition in R6 was less than that of the control, S1, and R2, while moisture, lipid, and ash content were not significantly different compared to the control. [source] Determination of physical behaviour of feed pellets in Mediterranean waterAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 2 2006Paolo Vassallo Abstract Settled uneaten feed causes the most intense impact under sea cages, and settling velocity of the feed pellets represents a key parameter for waste dispersion models. Even if some data about physical properties of feed pellets have been published in the framework of salmonid rearing, there is a complete lack of information related to the Mediterranean Sea, as regards typical values of temperature, salinity and feed composition for Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L.) and Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). In this study we try to fill this lack, determining dimensions, water adsorption properties, floating times and settling velocities of a typical growing sequence of pellets for the species mentioned above, under defined laboratory conditions reproducing Mediterranean Sea water. The settling velocity increases with pellet size from 0.087, for the smallest pellet (3 mm), to 0.144 m s,1, for the 5 mm pellet. The biggest extruded pellet (6 mm) falls slower (0.088 m s,1). The floating time before pellet's fall is found to be a critical parameter in determining settling velocity. The latter depends on pellet's size, water temperature and salinity. The examined pellets reach a 42% of weight increase after 10 min of immersion, while no appreciable dimension change is observed. Our results are in part different from previous ones and could play a role in evaluating and modelling Mediterranean aquaculture environmental impact. [source] Acute CO2 tolerance during the early developmental stages of four marine teleostsENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 6 2003T. Kikkawa Abstract Ocean sequestration of CO2 is proposed as a possible measure to mitigate climate changes caused by increasing atmospheric concentrations of the gas, but its impact on the marine ecosystem is unknown. We investigated the acute lethal effect of CO2 during the early developmental stages of four marine teleosts: red sea bream (Pagrus major), Japanese whiting (Sillago japonica), Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), and eastern little tuna (Euthynnus affinis). The percentages of larvae that hatched and survived were not affected by exposure to water with a PCO2 of 1.0 kPa (= 7.5 mmHg) within 24 h. Median lethal PCO2 values for a 360-min exposure were 1.4 kPa (cleavage), 5.1 kPa (embryo), 7.3 kPa (preflexion), 4.2 kPa (flexion), 4.6 kPa (postflexion), and 2.5 kPa (juvenile) for red sea bream; 2.4 kPa (cleavage), 4.9 kPa (embryo), 5.9 kPa (preflexion), 6.1 kPa (flexion), 4.1 kPa (postflexion), and 2.7 kPa (juvenile) for Japanese whiting; 2.8 kPa (cleavage) and > 7.0 kPa (young) for Japanese flounder; and 11.8 kPa (cleavage) for eastern little tuna. Red sea bream and Japanese whiting of all ontogenetic stages had similar susceptibilities to CO2: the most susceptible stages were cleavage and juvenile, whereas the most tolerant stages were preflexion and flexion. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 375,382, 2003 [source] Effect of soluble CO2 stabilisation and vacuum packaging in the shelf life of farmed sea bream and sea bass filletsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2008Rogério Mendes Summary The objective of this study was to determine the differences of sensory, microbiological and chemical quality in vacuum-packaged fillets of sea bream and sea bass previously submitted to soluble gas solubilisation (SGS) with 100% CO2, at 2 bar for 30 and 60 min and stored at chilled temperature for 15 days. Apart from pH value that showed a regular increase during chilled storage, the other chemical index [total volatile bases nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs)] had showed to be poor indicators of changes in quality of products. Final TVB-N values ranged from 16.0 to 17.4 mg N per 100 g and from 17.3 to 19.4 mg N per 100 g in sea bream and sea bass, respectively. Sensory evaluation resulted as the most reliable parameter of quality decay. The results show that SGS treatment kept the initial quality of fillets for longer time, which was particularly visible on the sea bream fillets, thus contributing to an extension in 2,3 days of the shelf life. SGS had also a positive effect in the delay of microbial growth. [source] Effects of differences in diet and seasonal changes on the fatty acid composition in fillets from farmed and wild sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Mustafa Yildiz Summary The effects of dietary fatty acids and seasonal variation on the fatty acid profiles of farmed and wild sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were determined by analysis of their fillets. Farmed sea bream and sea bass were fed on the same commercial feeds all year. Fatty acid profiles in the fillets reflected the fatty acid profiles of the commercial feeds. The predominant fatty acids in the trial feeds, fillets of farmed and wild sea bream and sea bass were 16:0, 18:1n -9, 18:2n -6, 20:5n -3 and 22:6n -3. The fatty acid profiles in the fillets of farmed sea bream and sea bass did not differ (P > 0.05) except in the winter season compared with those of their wild counterparts. However, the content of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n -3), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n -3) in the fillets of the farmed and wild sea bass were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the farmed and wild sea bream. The wild sea bream had significantly (P < 0.05) higher total saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels, and lower total n -6 and n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in winter than in the summer and spring seasons. Similarly, in the fillets of wild sea bass, total n -3 PUFA levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, and the MUFA levels were higher in winter than in the other seasons. These results indicate that the farmed fish fillets were good sources of n -3 PUFA in each of the three seasons. However, wild fish were good sources of n -3 PUFA in the spring and summer. [source] Sensory, chemical and microbiological quality parameters in sea bream (Sparus aurata) stored in ice or wrapped in cling film or in aluminium foil at 2 ± 1 °CINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 8 2007Fatih Özogul Abstract The effects of aluminium foil and cling film on sensory (raw and cooked), chemical and microbiological quality changes in cultured sea bream (Sparus aurata) stored at 2 ± 1 °C were investigated. The worst quality in terms of colour and odour was observed for sea bream wrapped in aluminium foil (WAF) and followed by fish wrapped in cling film (WCF). The shelf-life of sea bream was found to be 18 days for ice and 8 days for both fish wrapped in cling film and aluminium foil according to panellist perceptions. The total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value of sea bream stored in ice, wrapped in cling film and aluminium foil reached from initial value of 15.2 mg TVB-N/100 g to 28.6, 50.6 and 65.3 mg/100 g at 22, 15 and 15 days respectively. The highest growth of bacteria was found in sea bream for WAF, followed by WCF and lowest count was with ice storage condition. [source] Comparison of wild and cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata); composition, appearance and seasonal variationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2002Kriton Grigorakis Major quality parameters, such as muscle composition, fat deposition, muscle fatty acid composition and external appearance were studied in wild and cultured gilthead sea bream. Muscle fat content and total depot fat (peritoneal and perivisceral fat) indicated a seasonal variation with minimum values observed in late spring and maximum in late summer. Gonadosomatic indices of cultured fish were lower than those found in wild specimens. Lipid content of cultured sea bream was much higher than that of wild fish. Differences were also observed in fatty acid profiles. Cultured fish were characterized by higher levels of monoenes, n-9 and 18:2n-6 fatty acids and wild fish by higher levels of saturates, 20:4n-6, n-3 fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratios. Differences were also noted in the external appearance of fish. [source] Sorting grid trials to improve size selectivity of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and annular sea bream (Diplodus annularis) in Turkish bottom trawl fisheryJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 3 2008C. Ayd Summary Sorting grids with two different bar spacings (12 mm and 14 mm) were tested to improve size selectivity of the commercially important fish species, red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and annular sea bream (Diplodus annularis), in Turkish bottom trawl fishery. Fishing trials were carried out with R/V ,Egesüf' between April and May 2003 in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea, using a traditional bottom trawl. Selectivity data were collected by the top cover method and analyzed by means of a logistic equation with the maximum likelihood method. Selectivity parameters for individual hauls were obtained with the software program cc 2000. Mean selectivity was also estimated and compared using the EC Model software that takes between-haul variations into account. The codend catch size as an additional explanatory variable was used in the comparison. The Kolmogorov,Smirnov (K,S) test was also applied to detect differences between length-frequency distributions in the upper and lower bags of the 12 and 14 mm bar spacings for red mullet and annular sea bream. The mean L50 values of red mullet were 8.7 and 10.0 cm with the 12 and 14 mm grids, respectively. The L50 value of 14 mm was comparable with the L50 value of the codend mesh size; however, the 12 mm value was rather low. The mean L50 values of 12 and 14 mm bar spacings were 8.8 and 10.4 cm for annular sea bream, respectively; the value of 14 mm bar spacing was very close to 50% size at sexual maturity of the species (10.5 cm). The K,S test indicated length distributions of red mullet and annular sea bream in the 12 and 14 mm upper and lower bags as significantly different (P < 0.05). These results show that improving the size selectivity in a multi-species fishery using a single selective device is rather difficult. However, higher size selectivity can be obtained when considering the minimum landing size or the 50% sexual maturity size for a given species. [source] Blood cell profile of six Mediterranean mariculture fish speciesJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 1 2007M. Pavlidis Summary The haematological profile and a description of the cell types from the peripheral blood of six Mediterranean fish species are presented. The highest haematocrit value was recorded in the saupe, Sarpa salpa (P < 0.001), the only herbivorous species, and which also lacked monocyte cells. Eosinophils were absent from the blood of the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. White sea bream, Diplodus sargus and gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata had statistically significantly high numbers of neutrophils and low numbers of lymphocytes (P < 0.001). The numbers of different leucocyte cell types were not influenced by sex or maturity stage in any species, although some variation in the maximum diameter of the cells was observed. [source] Dynamics of black spot sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo) mean length: evaluating the influence of life history parameters, recruitment, size selectivity and exploitation ratesJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 3 2006K. Erzini Summary Stochastic simulations were used to evaluate the influence of recruitment pattern (log-normal, decreasing), size selectivity (normal, logistic model) and fishing mortality pattern (abrupt, continuous increase in fishing mortality) on the evolution of mean length and the dispersion of mean length for a relatively long-lived deep-water species, the black spot sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo). An abrupt increase in fishing mortality resulted in mean size decreasing and stabilizing at a lower level while a steady increase in fishing mortality caused the continuous decrease in mean size that has been reported for many long-lived species. Decrease in mean size was greatest for logistic model simulations and for cases where fish were susceptible to capture at a small size. Logistic selectivity, with decreasing recruitment and increasing fishing mortality over time, resulted in mean length and variability in mean length trends similar to that observed for the Strait of Gibraltar fishery. Furthermore, it was found with the declining recruitment that moderate increases in fishing mortality can result in significant decreases in mean length. Given the importance of mean size as an indicator of the state of a resource, these simulations are a useful alternative or complement to standard fisheries assessment methods, helping to provide information on exploitation patterns and rates that can be used for conservation and management. [source] Genetic interactions between marine finfish species in European aquaculture and wild conspecificsJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Youngson The principal species of marine aquaculture in Europe are Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus auratus). For Atlantic salmon and sea bass, a substantial part of total genetic variation is partitioned at the geographical population level. In the case of sea bream, gene flow across the Azores/Mediterranean scale appears to be extensive and population structuring is not detected. For Atlantic salmon and sea bass, natural population structure is at risk from genetic interaction with escaped aquaculture conspecifics. The locally adaptive features of populations are at risk from interbreeding with non-local aquaculture fish. Wild populations, generally, are at risk from interactions with aquaculture fish that have been subject to artificial selection or domestication. Atlantic salmon is the main European aquaculture species and its population genetics and ecology have been well-studied. A general case regarding genetic interactions can be based on the information available for salmon and extended to cover other species, in the appropriate context. A generalized flow chart for interactions is presented. Salmon escape from aquaculture at all life stages, and some survive to breed among wild salmon. Reproductive fitness in the escaped fish is lower than in native, wild fish because of behavioural deficiencies at spawning. However, as the number of salmon in aquaculture greatly exceeds the number of wild fish, even small fractional rates of escape may result in the local presence of large numbers, and high frequencies, of escaped fish. At present, policy and legislation in relation to minimizing genetic interactions between wild and aquaculture fish is best developed for Atlantic salmon, through the recommendations of the Oslo Agreement developed by the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization and subsequent agreements on their implementation. In future, the potential use of genetically modified fish in aquaculture will make additional policy development necessary. Improved containment is recommended as the key to minimizing the numbers and therefore the effects of escaped fish. Emergency recovery procedures are recommended as a back-up measure in the case of containment failure. Reproductive sterility is recommended as a future key to eliminating the genetic potential of escaped fish. The maintenance of robust populations of wild fish is recommended as a key to minimizing the effects of escaped fish on wild populations. [source] A review of marine aquaculture in Spain: production, regulations and environmental monitoringJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 4-5 2000A. Sánchez-Mata Summary In this review the main aspects concerning Spanish marine aquaculture production, and its control, are summarized. Aquaculture in Spain has been dominated by extensive shellfish farming, mainly mussels (3242 rafts; 260 000 t year -1 in 1998), since the beginning of the 1950s. This type of farming was the most lucrative marine aquaculture activity in the Galician Rías (NW of the Iberian Peninsula) in terms of production. In recent years, finfish farming has developed in a number of Mediterranean locations, with turbot, sea bream and sea bass as the most important species produced (18 300 t year -1 in 1998). Environmental, food-quality and medicine standards are also reviewed in this paper including the regulations, rules, farm licensing, permits and monitoring programmes involved. [source] Macrophage aggregates in gilthead sea bream fed copper, iron and zinc enriched dietsJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2000M. Manera Gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata from consecutive year classes (0+ and 1+) and from the same parent stock were fed four diets, three of which were fortified with copper, iron and zinc. Concentrations of these elements were little affected by the diet. Hepatic, renal and splenic tissues sections were examined to detect the influence of the diet on the number and morphology of macrophage aggregates (MAs); in particular their structure was examined in the spleen. Three different types of MAs were detected: (1) unstructured, (2) partially structured and scarcely defined and (3) fully structured and well defined. Melanin was the most abundant pigment in the pigmented macrophages which form MAs and the amount of this pigment was influenced by season. Ferritin, in contrast with previous data obtained in other fish species, was more abundant in renal than in splenic MAs. Significant differences in splenic MA numbers among fish fed different diets and among different periods of the year were detected. The results suggest that a polyfactorial regulation could act on the splenic MA number in gilthead sea bream. [source] Interactions of microorganisms isolated from gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., on Vibrio harveyi, a pathogen of farmed Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup)JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 9 2005M Chabrillón Abstract Four bacterial isolates from farmed gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, included in a previous study as members of the Vibrionaceae and Pseudomonodaceae and the genus Micrococcus, have been evaluated for their adhesive ability to skin and intestinal mucus of farmed Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, and their antagonistic effect on Vibrio harveyi, a pathogen of sole. These isolates showed higher adhesion to sole mucus than the pathogenic strains of V. harveyi assayed. Only two of the isolates showed antagonistic activity to V. harveyi. Interactions of the four isolates with V. harveyi in respect of adhesion to skin and intestinal mucus under exclusion, competition and displacement conditions were studied. Three isolates were able to reduce the attachment to skin and intestinal sole mucus of a pathogenic strain of V. harveyi under displacement and exclusion conditions, but not under competition conditions. The in vivo probiotic potential of isolate Pdp11 was assessed by oral administration followed by challenge with the pathogenic V. harveyi strain Lg14/00. A group of 50 Senegalese sole received a commercial diet supplemented with 108 cfu g,1 of lyophilized Lg14/00 for 15 days. A second group of fish received a non-supplemented commercial diet. After challenge the mortality of the fish receiving the diet supplemented with the potential probiotic isolate was significantly lower than that in the fish receiving the non-supplemented commercial diet. This study has shown that the ability to interfere with attachment of pathogens, as well as the adhesion to host surfaces, are suitable criteria for selection of candidate probiotics for use in the culture of Senegalese sole. [source] Pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L.JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 7 2002G Rigos This is the first study on the pharmacokinetic parameters of oxolinic acid (OA) in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L. The kinetic profile of OA was studied after a single intravascular injection (20 mg kg,1) in 100 g fish at 20 °C. The distribution half-life (t1/2,) and the elimination half-life (t1/2,) of the drug were found to be short (0.51 and 12.60 h, respectively). The drug penetration from the plasma to the tissues was adequate as the apparent volume of distribution of the drug at steady-state (Vd(ss)) was found to be 2.11 L kg,1. The mean residence time (MRT) of OA was short (14.25 h) and the total clearance rate (ClT) of the drug was low (0.15 L kg,1 h,1). The bioavailability (F,%) of OA following oral administration (30 mg kg,1) was also low (14%). Maximum values were observed for muscle at 0.5 h after injection, with levels declining as with subsequent sampling. At the first two time points (0.5 and 1 h) plasma levels of OA were higher than muscle, however, the reverse was evident for subsequent samples. Following oral administration, highest muscle levels were found at 16 h and, with the exception of the 24-h sampling, muscle OA concentrations were higher than plasma at all time points. The fast elimination of OA suggests short withdrawal times with reference to human consumption of treated fish. [source] Ultrasonic immunization of sea bream, Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel), with a mixed vaccine against Vibrio alginolyticus and V. anguillarumJOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 6 2002Y-C Zhou In order to clarify the effectiveness of ultrasonication on vaccine delivery, juvenile sea bream, Pagrus major, were treated with eight different ultrasonic methods. A mixed vaccine against Vibrio alginolyticus and V. anguillarum was used to immunize the fish. The intensity and frequency of the ultrasound were 280 mW cm,2 and 35 kHz, respectively. The ultrasonic methods included continuous or pulsed ultrasound for 3 min, and continuous or pulsed ultrasound for 3 min before and/or after immersion for 3 min. Of all the eight ultrasonic methods tested, `pulsed ultrasound followed by immersion' and `immersion, pulsed ultrasound, and followed by immersion again' provided the best protection, which were comparable with protection of fish immunized by intraperitoneal injection. Moreover, the convenience of applying these two ultrasonic methods for immunization was comparable with the immersion method and was much better than intraperitoneal injection. If 2 × 108 CFU mL,1 of this mixed vaccine was used for vaccination repeatedly five times by ultrasonic methods, it could still produce good protection for the immunized sea bream. Therefore, the ultrasonic method is an effective and practical approach for fish vaccination on a large scale. [source] Effects of Restricted Feeding Regimes on Growth and Feed Utilization of Juvenile Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurataJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 2 2008Orhan Tufan Eroldo The effect of restricted feeding on growth, feed efficiency, and body composition was studied in juveniles of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. Juveniles (6.4 g) were stocked into 12 tanks at a density of 16 fish per tank. Four different feeding schedules were tested on triplicate groups of juvenile fish: (1) control fed for 48 d without deprivation, (2) starvation for 1 d and then refed for 2 d (S1), (3) 50% satiation for 2 d and then refed to apparent satiation for 2 d (R2), and (4) 50% satiation for 6 d and then refed to apparent satiation for another 6 d (R6). Results indicated that all fish subjected to cycled restricted feeding regimes were unable to achieve catching up with control group. The specific growth rate of fish in the control was significantly higher than those in S1, R2, and R6, which were not significantly different from each other. Protein efficiency and protein productive value were significantly higher in R2 compared to control, S1, and R6. Fish in R2 had lowest feed conversion ratio (1.12) compared to the control (1.17). Body protein composition in R6 was less than that of the control, S1, and R2, while moisture, lipid, and ash content were not significantly different compared to the control. [source] Effects of Dietary Vitamin A on Juvenile Red Sea Bream Chrysophrys majorJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 4 2004Luis Hector A 55-d feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin A on growth of juvenile red sea bream Chrysophrys major. Nine semi-purified diets with supplemental retinol palmitate at levels of 0, 300, 600, 1,500, 3,000, 4,500, 6,000, 15,000 and 30,000 retinol eq/kg diet, were fed twice daily to triplicate groups of 10 juveniles per tank with an initial weight of 1.178 ± 0.001 g. Weight gain and specific growth rate increased with the increase of supplemental retinol palmitate in the diet up to a level of 6,000 retinol eq/kg diet, beyond which those indices tended to decrease slightly or to plateau. Significantly lower weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in fish fed with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg diet. No significant differences were found in survival rates among the different levels of supplementation. The crude protein, lipid, moisture and ash contents in the whole body were not affected by the different vitamin A supplemental levels. Besides the reduced growth, fish fed with low levels of vitamin A supplement showed no other signs of deficiency. No hypervitaminosis A symptoms were observed in fish fed on high levels of supplementation. Fish fed on diets with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg diet showed a significantly lower content of vitamin A (as a total retinol) in the liver than those in groups fed with higher levels of supplementation. Vitamin A was stored in the liver mainly as retinyl esters. Total retinal content of the eye showed no significant differences among the treatments; however, fish fed with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg of diet had slightly higher concentrations. According to the results of the mean weight gain, specific growth rate and liver retinol content, the requirement of dietary vitamin A for juvenile red sea bream was estimated to be between 1,500 and 6,000 retinol eq/kg. [source] Pharmacokinetics of Dietary 13C-Labeled Docosahexaenoic Acid and Docosapentaenoic Acid in Red Sea Bream Chrysophrys majorJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 2 2002Akio Tago The objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) the pharmacokinetics of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) using 13C-labeled fatty acids; 2) the interorgan transport of DHA in the red sea bream by monitoring the DHA level of several organs; and 3) the relationship between the plasma DHA level and optimum dietary DHA level in the plasma of the red sea bream Chrysophrys major. For this purpose, a mixture of 38.5% of [13C]DHA, 8.5% of [13C]DPA, and 4.2% of [13C]palmitic acid were given to the red sea bream at dose level of 8.0, 16.0, and 47.9 mg/kg by a single oral administration. For [13C]DHA, the maximum plasma concentration (tmax) occurred at 2.00,3.00 h after the oral administration. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve to 24 h (AUC0-24 for [13C]DHA level linearly increased with respect to dosage. [13C]DHA appeared in each organ (plasma, erythrocyte and the fat body of the orbit, liver, intestine, skin, brain, heart and muscle) at 0.5 h and was observed until 24 h. From the values determined for the pharmacokinetic parameters, the range of the effective plasma DHA level for normal growth of the red sea bream was suggested to be between 21.0 and 40.3 ,g/mL. For [13C]DPA, the AUC0-24 and Cmax values also linearly increased with the dosage, but tmax did not depend on it. [source] Protection of red sea bream Pagrus major against red sea bream iridovirus infection by vaccination with a recombinant viral proteinMICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Hajime Shimmoto ABSTRACT Megalocytivirus infections cause serious mass mortality in marine fish in East and Southeast Asian countries. In this study the immunogenicity of crude subunit vaccines against infection by the Megalocytivirus RSIV was investigated. Three capsid proteins, 18R, 351R and a major capsid protein, were selected for use as crude subunit vaccines. High homology among Megalocytivirus types was found in the initial sequence examined, the 351R region. Red sea bream (Pagrus major) juveniles were vaccinated by intraperitoneal injection of recombinant formalin-killed Escherichia coli cells expressing these three capsid proteins. After challenge infection with RSIV, fish vaccinated with the 351R-recombinant bacteria showed significantly greater survival than those vaccinated with control bacteria. The 351R protein was co-expressed with GAPDH from the bacterium Edwardsiella tarda in E. coli; this also protected against viral challenge. A remarkable accumulation of RSIV was observed in the blood of vaccinated fish, with less accumulation in the gills and spleen tissues. Thus, the 351R-GAPDH fusion protein is a potential vaccine against Megalocytivirus infection in red sea bream. [source] Effect of different organotin compounds on DNA of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) erythrocytes assessed by the comet assay,APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2002Rosita Gabbianelli Abstract The ,comet' assay appears to be a promising tool for estimating DNA damage at the single cell level. We used this test to evaluate the effect of organotin compounds on sea bream nucleated erythrocytes. The tributyltin chloride (TBTC), dibutyltin chloride (DBTC) and monobutyltin chloride (MBTC) employed in this study show different genotoxicities. TBTC and DBTC have pronounced effects on tail length, tail intensity and tail moment, though TBTC is more efficient in producing DNA damage. MBTC leads to a fast genotoxic effect that does not change with the incubation time. The data obtained are important for the analysis of the environmental risks produced by organotin compounds used as antifouling agents in marine paints and as biocides in agriculture. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Interactive effects of dietary vitamin C and phospholipid in micro-bound diet for growth, survival, and stress resistance of larval red sea bream, Pagrus majorAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 5 2010T. REN Abstract This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AsA) and phospholipid (PL) and their interaction on growth, survival, and stress resistance in red sea bream larvae. Twenty-six days old red sea bream were fed nine micro-bound diets supplemented three levels of AsA (0, 800 and 1600 mg kg,1 diet) and PL (0, 20 and 40 g kg,1 diet) for 15 days. Dietary AsA and PL were both significant factors on survival rates. There was also an interaction between dietary AsA and PL on survival rate (P < 0.05). The larvae fed 800 or 1600 mg kg,1 AsA with 40 g kg,1 PL diets showed the highest survival rate, with values similar to those of the live-food supplemented group. Stress resistance against low salinity exposure significantly increased with increased dietary level of AsA and PL. However, significant interaction of AsA and PL was not detected. The larvae fed 1600 mg kg,1 AsA with 40 g kg,1 PL diet showed the highest stress resistance among all diets, but it was not significantly different than that of larvae fed 800 mg kg,1 AsA with 40 g kg,1 PL diet. This study clearly demonstrated that combined use of AsA and PL can improve survival of 26,40 days posthatching red sea bream larvae. Moreover, the present study suggested that 800 mg kg,1 AsA with 40 g kg,1 PL in diet was needed for producing high quality seedling under the stressful conditions. [source] Quantitative l -lysine requirement of juvenile black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus)AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 2 2010F. ZHOU Abstract An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the quantitative l -lysine requirement of juvenile black sea bream Sparus macrocephalus (initial mean weight: 9.13 ± 0.09 g, SD) in eighteen 300-L indoors flow-through circular fibreglass tanks provided with sand-filtered aerated seawater. The experimental diets contained six levels of l -lysine ranging from 20.8 to 40.5 g kg,1 dry diet at about 4 g kg,1 increments. All the experiment diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of 20 fish in a completely randomized design. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) increased with increasing levels of dietary lysine up to 32.5 g kg,1 (P < 0.05) and both showed a declining tendency thereafter. Feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio was poorer for fish fed the lower lysine level diets (P < 0.05) and showed no significant differences among other treatments (P > 0.05). All groups showed high survival (above 90%) and no significant differences were observed. The whole body crude protein and crude lipid contents were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by dietary lysine level, while moisture and ash showed no significant differences. The composition of muscle and liver also presented similar change tendency. Total essential amino acid and lysine contents in muscle both obtained the highest value when fish fed 32.5 g kg,1 lysine diet (P < 0.05). Serum protein, cholesterol and free lysine concentration were affected by different dietary treatments (P < 0.05), triacylglyceride and glucose contents were more variable and could not be related to dietary lysine levels. Dietary lysine level significantly affected condition factor and intraperitoneal fat ratio of juvenile black sea bream (P < 0.05) except for hepatosomatic index. There were no significant differences in white blood cell count and red blood cell count (P > 0.05), however, haemoglobin level was significantly influenced by different diets (P < 0.05). Analysis of dose (lysine level)-response (SGR) with second order polynomial regression suggested the dietary lysine requirement of juvenile black sea bream to be 33.2 g kg,1 dry diet or 86.4 g lysine kg,1 protein. [source] Performance factors, body composition and digestion characteristics of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed pelleted or extruded dietsAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 4 2009B. VENOU Abstract The effects of steam pelleting or extrusion of a commercial feed on performance of 2 g (small) and 40 g (large) gilthead sea bream was studied. In addition the apparent digestibility of diets, gastric evacuation time (GET) and trypsin and amylase activities were measured in large fish. Fish size significantly increased protein and energy productive value, body protein and lipid, liver glycogen and liver lipid, however decreased daily growth index, feed intake and feed utilization, body moisture and hepatosomatic index. Extrusion processing decreased feed intake, more strongly for small fish, and increased daily growth index, feed utilization, protein and energy productive value, body protein and lipid. Digestibility of starch and energy increased with extrusion and GET of extruded feed was double that of steam-pelleted conditioned feed (i.e. 544 min versus 284 min). Digestive enzyme activities approached maximum values after 240 min for the pelleted diet, while those of the extruded continued to increase, at higher rates for amylase than trypsin. Pelleted diet indicated higher moisture for stomach digesta, while the moisture of the intestinal precipitate indicated a higher water-binding capacity for the extruded diet. The overall results indicate a better assimilation of the extruded diet, which could result from its prolonged gastric evacuation. [source] Optimum dietary soybean meal level for maximizing growth and nutrient utilization of on-growing gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2009SILVIA MARTÍNEZ-LLORENS Abstract Six isonitrogenous [450 g kg,1 crude protein (CP)] and isoenergetic diets (23 kJ g,1) with six levels of defatted soybean meal inclusion (0, 132, 263, 395, 526 and 658 g kg,1) in substitution of fish meal were evaluated in gilthead sea bream of 242 g initial weight for 134 days. Fish fed diets S0, S13, S26 and S39 had a similar live weight (422, 422, 438 and 422 g, respectively) but fish fed diets S53 and S66 obtained the lowest final weight (385 and 333g, respectively), and similar results were presented in specific growth rate (SGR). Fish fed diets S53 and S66 also obtained the highest feed conversion ratio (FCR). Quadratic multiple regression equations were developed for SGR and FCR which were closely related to dietary soybean level. The optimum dietary soybean levels were 205 g kg,1 for maximum SGR and 10 g kg,1 for minimum FCR. Sensorial differences were appreciated by judges between fish fed S0 and S39 soybean level, but after a re-feeding period of 28 days with diet S0, these differences disappeared. [source] Effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, lipid peroxidation and tissue fatty acid composition of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) fed oxidized fish oilAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2009S. PENG Abstract A 9-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on growth, lipid peroxidation and fatty acid composition of black sea bream fed oxidized oil. The FL and OL diets contained fresh fish oil and oxidized oil, respectively, without additional vitamin E supplementation. Another four ,-tocopherol levels (150, 250, 450 and 800 mg kg,1 diet) were used within the OL diet, giving a total of six experimental diets. Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice daily. At end of the trial, the weight gain and survival rate of fish were significantly reduced by diets with oxidized oil, whereas hepatosomatic index was remarkably high in fish fed oxidized oil diet. However, vitamin E supplementation to diet significantly improved growth performance and increased vitamin E content in the liver. Although, liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and docosahexaenoic acid were significantly increased by dietary oxidized oil, their levels were reduced by dietary vitamin E supplementation. Our results indicate that the fish were performing the best at intermediate concentrations of ,-tocopherol and a dose of >150 mg ,-tocopherol kg,1 diet could reduce lipid peroxidation and improve fish growth performance when oxidized oils exist in diet. [source] Dietary effects on insulin and glucagon plasma levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 2 2009P. ROJAS Abstract The effects of dietary amino acid profile (based on muscle (M) or whole body composition (WB) and the balance between indispensable (IAA) and dispensable amino acids (DAA) in the diet, on plasma levels of insulin and glucagon, were analysed in rainbow trout and gilthead sea bream. Plasma insulin values (baseline and 6 h postfeeding) were higher in trout than in sea bream, but the relative postfeeding increase was more pronounced in sea bream. Within the same dietary amino acid profile, diets with lower IAA/DAA, had a lower effect on the postfeeding secretion of insulin in both species. Circulating levels of glucagon (baseline and postfeeding relative increases) were higher in sea bream. In trout, diets with WB amino acid profile had a greater secretory effect on postfeeding glucagon than did diets with M profile, while gilthead sea bream showed an inverse response to circulating glucagon with respect to diet. Muscle insulin and insulin growth factor-I binding parameters were not affected by the dietary regimen. The postfeeding glucagon response depends on both the dietary AA profile and the fish species, while that of insulin seems to be more uniform, and is affected in a similar way regardless of the species. [source] Natural abundance of 15N and 13C in fish tissues and the use of stable isotopes as dietary protein tracers in rainbow trout and gilthead sea breamAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2009M. BELTRÁN Abstract For developing efficient diets, two sets of experiments examined whether the use and allocation of dietary protein can be traced by labelling with stable isotopes (15N and 13C) in two culture fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Sparus aurata). In the first experiment, natural abundance and tissue distribution of these isotopes were determined, by measuring the ,13C and ,15N values by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, in fingerlings (14,17 g) adapted to diets differing in the percentage of fish meal replacement by plant protein sources. For both species, ,15N and ,13C were greater in tissues with higher protein and lower lipid content. Delta 15N of diets and tissues decreased as replacement increased, suggesting ,15N can be used as a marker for dietary protein origin. The 15N fractionation (,15N fish , ,15N diet) differed between groups, and could thus be used to indicate protein catabolism. In the second experiment, fish (75,90 g) of each species ingested a diet enriched with 15N-protein (10 g kg,1 diet) and 13C-protein (30 g kg,1 diet). These proportions were suitable for determining that the delta values of tissue components were high enough above natural levels to allow protein allocation to be traced at 11 and 24 h after feeding, and revealed clear metabolic differences between species. [source] | |||||||||||||