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Sewage Water (sewage + water)
Selected AbstractsEstrogenicity in bile of juvenile rainbow trout as measure of exposure and potential effects of endocrine disruptorsENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2004Ann-Sofie Allard Abstract Estrogenicity in the bile of juvenile rainbow trout exposed to effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants and various industries was assayed by using a recombinant yeast strain containing the human estrogen receptor , gene. Estrogenicity in bile also was measured after deconjugation of steroids to provide an estimate of the exposure and as an endpoint for potential effects on the organism. In unexposed fish or fish exposed for three weeks at control localities, 0.5 to 9 ng of estradiol equivalents (EEq) were found per gram of bile (ng EEq/g bile). Fish exposed for three weeks in cages placed in the receiving waters near outlets of municipal effluent had an average activity of 26 ng EEq/g bile. Fish exposed to undiluted sewage water in aquaria had a bile estrogenicity of 51 to 87,000 ng EEq/g bile. Unconjugated estrogens contributed only 8% or less to the estrogenicity in bile of fish exposed to municipal effluents. Municipal sewage effluents were more estrogenic than the industrial effluents that were investigated. Estrogenicity in bile was compared to that in extracts of wastewater by using the same receptor assay, and to vitellogenin induction in the plasma of the same fish. Bile estrogenicity proved to be a useful and sensitive (internal) measure of exposure and indicated its potential for the display of biological effects as a complement or replacement of more laborious assays. [source] Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A in St. Petersburg, Russia, 1997,2003JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 6 2007Irja Davidkin Abstract The molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains circulating in the St. Petersburg and Karelia regions was studied during 1997,2003. Hepatitis A virus RNA was isolated from both clinical samples (stools or sera) and environmental samples (sewage water). RT-PCR was carried out using different primer pairs from the VP1/2A and VP1 genomic regions, the variable parts of the HAV genome. PCR products were sequenced and 306 nucleotides from the VP1/2A and 332 nucleotides from the VP1 region were used for phylogenetic analysis. The results show that the IA subtype was the most common during the follow-up period: >90% of the isolated HAV strains belonged to that subtype. The HAV strains found in intravenous drug users belonged to subtypes IA and IIIA. Only one out of a total of 88 sequenced strains was of the IB subtype. The subtypes IB and IIIA were found only in 2001,2003, which suggests that new strains were introduced into the endemic situation. The results indicate the usefulness of molecular epidemiological methods in studying changes in the circulating HAV strains and in tracing transmission routes. J. Med. Virol. 79: 657,662, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Hollow-fibre supported liquid membrane extraction for determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentration at ultra trace level in sewage samplesJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 15 2007Saioa Zorita Abstract In this study, a method was developed for determining the concentration of the pharmaceutical fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in sewage water samples. Sample preparation was performed by hollow-fibre supported liquid membrane (HF-SLM) extraction with final analysis using liquid chromatography with UV detection. Several parameters were studied including type of organic solvent, sample and acceptor pH, and salt and humic acid content. The optimised method allowed determination of the analyte at the ng/L level in sewage water. A linear plot gave a correlation coefficient better than 0.991 for both analytes and resulted in limits of detection in sewage water of 11 and 12 ng/L, for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, respectively. The enrichment factor was over 1700 for both analytes in sewage water. The repeatability and reproducibility were better than 8% and 17%, respectively. The developed methodology was used to study daily variations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in municipal sewage streams. Norfluoxetine has been detected for the first time in sewage water and a preliminary analysis gave average concentrations of 150 and 225 ng/L for norfluoxetine and fluoxetine, respectively. [source] Simultaneous determination of macrolides, sulfonamides, and other pharmaceuticals in water samples by solid-phase extraction and LC-(ESI) MSJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 12 2008Marta Pedrouzo Abstract This paper describes a method for determining 11 pharmaceuticals in various water sources by SPE followed by LC-(ESI) MS. SPE was carried out with OasisTM HLB and the recoveries were 33,67% for 250 and 100 mL sewage water, 55,77% for 500 mL river water and 72,98% for 1 L tap water, with the exception of sulfamethoxazole and omeprazole which showed lower recoveries in all kinds of sample. The LODs in river water were of 5 ng/L for sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, and ranitidine and 10 ng/L for the other compounds. The highest concentrations found in river waters were for sulfamethoxazole (50 ng/L). In influent sewage waters, ranitidine was the most commonly detected compound with a maximum value of 0.24 ,g/L. [source] | ||||||||||