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Separate Treatments (separate + treatment)
Selected AbstractsFractional calculus applied to radiation dampingPROCEEDINGS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS & MECHANICS, Issue 1 2003C. Trinks Dipl.-Ing. Separate treatment of the low, and high,frequency part of the dynamic stiffness is essential when approximating the latter in the frequency,domain. In this paper, a doubly,asymptotic rational approximation of the low,frequency part is combined with an analytical interpretation of the asymptotic part leading to a system of fractional differential equations to represent the force,displacement relationship. Here, an analogy between fading memory of viscoelastic materials and radiation damping of unbounded domains is visible. [source] New concepts of microbial treatment processes for the nitrogen removal in wastewaterFEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Issue 4 2003Ingo Schmidt Abstract Many countries strive to reduce the emissions of nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrate, NOx) to the surface waters and the atmosphere. Since mainstream domestic wastewater treatment systems are usually already overloaded with ammonia, a dedicated nitrogen removal from concentrated secondary or industrial wastewaters is often more cost-effective than the disposal of such wastes to domestic wastewater treatment. The cost-effectiveness of separate treatment has increased dramatically in the past few years, since several processes for the biological removal of ammonia from concentrated waste streams have become available. Here, we review those processes that make use of new concepts in microbiology: partial nitrification, nitrifier denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (the anammox process). These processes target the removal of ammonia from gases, and ammonium-bicarbonate from concentrated wastewaters (i.e. sludge liquor and landfill leachate). The review addresses the microbiology, its consequences for their application, the current status regarding application, and the future developments. [source] Accounting for overlap of fractional cloud in infrared radiationTHE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, Issue 570 2000J. Li Abstract The cloud-matrix method for describing the mutual cloud-coverage relationship between any two levels is systematically discussed. A general method is devised for calculating the effective cloud emissivity for maximum-random overlap clouds. For several cloud configurations with extreme variation in fractional cloud amounts, the errors are generally very small (<5%). The radiative-transfer process that corresponds to the random-overlap cloud scheme is discussed. Compared with the purely random clouds scheme, the maximum-random overlap scheme always produces a smaller cooling rate in the lower layers of a cloud block and a smaller downward flux. The difference in cooling rate can be about 3 K d,1 and the difference in the downward flux near the surface can be as large as 20 W m,2. The calculations show that the scheme of effective cloud emissivity commonly used in general-circulation models could cause underestimation of cloud cooling rate. The clear-sky and the cloudy-sky radiation field can be obtained through a single calculation process but with different water-vapour profiles. The results show that for the all-sky case the separate treatment of the water-vapour profile for clear and cloudy portions makes only a very small difference in the cooling rate and upward flux at the top of the atmosphere in comparison with the results of an averaged water-vapour profile. [source] Mechanical deformation model of the western United States instantaneous strain-rate fieldGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2006Fred F. Pollitz SUMMARY We present a relationship between the long-term fault slip rates and instantaneous velocities as measured by Global Positioning System (GPS) or other geodetic measurements over a short time span. The main elements are the secularly increasing forces imposed by the bounding Pacific and Juan de Fuca (JdF) plates on the North American plate, viscoelastic relaxation following selected large earthquakes occurring on faults that are locked during their respective interseismic periods, and steady slip along creeping portions of faults in the context of a thin-plate system. In detail, the physical model allows separate treatments of faults with known geometry and slip history, faults with incomplete characterization (i.e. fault geometry but not necessarily slip history is available), creeping faults, and dislocation sources distributed between the faults. We model the western United States strain-rate field, derived from 746 GPS velocity vectors, in order to test the importance of the relaxation from historic events and characterize the tectonic forces imposed by the bounding Pacific and JdF plates. Relaxation following major earthquakes (M, 8.0) strongly shapes the present strain-rate field over most of the plate boundary zone. Equally important are lateral shear transmitted across the Pacific,North America plate boundary along ,1000 km of the continental shelf, downdip forces distributed along the Cascadia subduction interface, and distributed slip in the lower lithosphere. Post-earthquake relaxation and tectonic forcing, combined with distributed deep slip, constructively interfere near the western margin of the plate boundary zone, producing locally large strain accumulation along the San Andreas fault (SAF) system. However, they destructively interfere further into the plate interior, resulting in smaller and more variable strain accumulation patterns in the eastern part of the plate boundary zone. Much of the right-lateral strain accumulation along the SAF system is systematically underpredicted by models which account only for relaxation from known large earthquakes. This strongly suggests that in addition to viscoelastic-cycle effects, steady deep slip in the lower lithosphere is needed to explain the observed strain-rate field. [source] Ultraviolet Radiation Induces Filamentation in Bacterial Assemblages from North Andean Patagonian LakesPHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Beatriz Modenutti Through laboratory experiments, we tested whether UV radiation (UVR) induces filamentation in natural bacteria assemblages from North Andean Patagonian lakes. We incubated water from three different lakes for 72 h in four separate treatments: (1) UVR + PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), (2) 50% UVR + PAR, (3) PAR and (4) 50% PAR. The irradiance levels used in the experiments were equivalent to those registered at the epilimnion of the lakes. In the UVR treatments filamentation was induced after the first 24 h and the proportion continued to increase for the next 48,72 h. A comparison of the gross composition and diversity of the entire community (cells >0.2 ,m) with bacterial filaments alone (>5.0 ,m) showed that UVR-induced filamentation is not a feature of any particular cluster. By sequencing part of the 16S rRNA gene of the taxonomic units obtained using denaturing gels, we observed that strains in the ,-Proteobacteria group were of relatively high importance in filament formation, followed by Cytophaga,Flavobacterium,Bacteroides, ,-Proteobacteria and ,-Proteobacteria, whereas Actinobacteria were almost nonexistent in the filaments. We propose that UVR doses equivalent to those of Andean lakes produce bacterial morphological changes, and that all bacterial groups except Actinobacteria can potentially form filaments. [source] An improved method for correcting radiance data for bandpass errorCOLOR RESEARCH & APPLICATION, Issue 5 2010Hugh S. Fairman Abstract Methods have previously been proposed for correction of measured radiance data for bandpass error. These proposals are reviewed and a recommendation is made of a method for making this deconvolution of the measured data to corrected spectral data. The method consists of three separate treatments of passbands. First, the first and last measured passbands are treated by one process. Then the second and next-to-last interior passbands are treated by another process. All remaining interior passbands are then treated by a third process. The results of doing so are reported and compared with two other methods of making the correction that have appeared in the literature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Col Res Appl, 2010. [source] | |||||||||||||