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Seminal Work (seminal + work)
Selected AbstractsSeminal work: Azathioprine and male fertility in inflammatory bowel diseaseINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 3 2002James F. Marion M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Medicine and Religion in Ancient EgyptRELIGION COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2007Laura M. Zucconi Seminal works on ancient Egyptian medicine tend to treat the field as distinct from religious practices, often fixating on the medical papyri as exemplifying either rational or magical treatments. Refocusing the study towards the ancient Egyptian conceptions of physiology and disease etiology shows that their medical practices integrated religious concepts such as maat (balance) and heka (power). Therapeutic measures and titles for healers, swnw, wab priest, and sau, further underscored the physical interchange between the mortal and divine worlds for the ancient Egyptians. [source] The Bookmark Standard-Setting Method: A Literature ReviewEDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT: ISSUES AND PRACTICE, Issue 1 2006Ana Karantonis The Bookmark method for setting standards on educational tests is currently one of the most popular standard-setting methods. However, research to support the method is scarce. In this report, we review the published and unpublished literature on this method as well as some seminal work in the area of evaluating standard-setting studies. Our review highlights both strengths and limitations of the method. Strengths include its wide acceptance and panelist confidence in the method. Limitations include a potential bias to produce lower-than-intended standards and problems in selecting the most appropriate response probability value for ordering the items presented to panelists. It is clear that more research on this method is needed to support its wide use. Several areas for future research to better understand the validity of the Bookmark method for setting standards on educational tests are presented. [source] Citation analysis and bibliometric research in the field of ergonomicsHUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES, Issue 3 2010Derek R. Smith Abstract Given that journal impact factors now represent such a "hot" topic in the modern scientific world, it is essential that ergonomists remain fully cognizant of the citation-based research that has been conducted in our field. This article reviews and examines bibliometric research in the ergonomics profession, ranging from seminal work on content analysis and citation indexing, to some of the latest research describing ergonomics journal lists and longitudinal impact factor trends. Overall, history has shown how citation-based studies have become increasingly common in the ergonomics field during the past few decades, and, as we move through the 21st century, ergonomics journals continue to mature as a result. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The Concept of Modularity in Management Studies: A Literature ReviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 3 2010Diego Campagnolo During the last decade, modularity has attracted the attention of numerous management scholars, and both theoretical and empirical studies on this topic have flourished. However, this broad-based appeal has generated some controversies and ambiguities on how modularity should be defined, measured and used in managerially meaningful ways. This paper reviews the concept of modularity as a design principle of complex systems in management studies. Applying this criterion, 125 studies were selected and classified, grouped according to their prevalent unit of analysis: products, production systems and organizations. Although all these studies are based on Simon's seminal work on the hierarchical and nearly decomposable nature of complex systems (Simon, H.A. (1962). The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106, 467,482), this paper shows that they offer different definitions, measures and applications of the modularity concept. This review reveals the implicit structure of meanings underlying this literature and emphasizes that ambiguity in definitions and measures impedes rigorous empirical studies capable of understanding the relationship between modularity in product, in production and in organization design. Cautions and directions for future research are discussed. [source] The Contributions of Professors Fischer Black, Robert Merton and Myron Scholes to the Financial Services IndustryINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF FINANCE, Issue 4 2000Terry Marsh This paper is written as a tribute to Professors Robert Merton and Myron Scholes, winners of the 1997 Nobel Prize in economics, as well as to their collaborator, the late Professor Fischer Black. We first provide a brief and very selective review of their seminal work in contingent claims pricing. We then provide an overview of some of the recent research on stock price dynamics as it relates to contingent claim pricing. The continuing intensity of this research, some 25 years after the publication of the original Black,Scholes paper, must surely be regarded as the ultimate tribute to their work. We discuss jump-diffusion and stochastic volatility models, subordinated models, fractal models and generalized binomial tree models for stock price dynamics and option pricing. We also address questions as to whether derivatives trading poses a systemic risk in the context of models in which stock price movements are endogenized, and give our views on the ,LTCM crisis' and liquidity risk. [source] Class and Congregations: Class and Religious Affiliation at the Congregational Level of AnalysisJOURNAL FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGION, Issue 4 2007SAM REIMER Since Niebuhr's seminal work on the social sources of denominationalism, nearly all research on the relationship between social class and religious affiliation has focused on the denominational (or individual) level of analysis. This research examines the effects of social class at the congregational level,effects that were previously glossed over by a unit of analysis that was too large. After demonstrating the relative strength of social class at the denominational and congregational level, I argue that our theoretical attempts to link class and religious affiliation must include congregational-level explanations. [source] New insight into the molecular pathways of metallothionein-mediated neuroprotection and regenerationJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2008R. S. Chung Abstract There is a large body of evidence demonstrating that metallothioneins (MTs) expressed in astrocytes following CNS injury, exhibit both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties and are critical for recovery outcomes. As these proteins lack signal peptides, and have well characterized free radical scavenging and heavy metal binding properties, the neuroprotective functions of MTs have been attributed to these intracellular roles. However, there is an increasing realization that the neuroprotective functions of MTs may also involve an extracellular component. In this issue of Journal of Neurochemistry, Ambjørn et al. reveal considerable insight into this novel function of MTs. In this review, we examine the seminal work of Ambjørn et al. in the context of our current understanding of the role of MT in astrocyte-neuron interactions in the injured brain, and also discuss the significant therapeutic potential of their work. [source] Negotiating Historical Narratives: An Epistemology of History for History EducationJOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION, Issue 1 2010JON A. LEVISOHN Historians typically tell stories about the past, but how are we to understand the epistemic status of those narratives? This problem is particularly pressing for history education, which seeks guidance not only on the question of which narrative to teach but also more fundamentally on the question of the goals of instruction in history. This article explores the nature of historical narrative, first, by engaging with the seminal work of Hayden White, and second, by developing the critique of White by David Carr. The picture of historical inquiry that emerges is one in which the fundamental cognitive activity is one of negotiating among narratives. Students, like historians, like any of us, come to the work of historical inquiry in possession of prior narratives, which are then thrown into an encounter with other narratives of varying size and scope. Good historians enact the negotiation among narratives responsibly and well, demonstrating the virtues of historical interpretation. History education, therefore, ought to help students improve their historical interpretations at the same time as it fosters those qualities that make them good interpreters. [source] Proportion of non-zero normal means: universal oracle equivalences and uniformly consistent estimatorsJOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY: SERIES B (STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY), Issue 3 2008Jiashun Jin Summary., Since James and Stein's seminal work, the problem of estimating n normal means has received plenty of enthusiasm in the statistics community. Recently, driven by the fast expansion of the field of large-scale multiple testing, there has been a resurgence of research interest in the n normal means problem. The new interest, however, is more or less concentrated on testing n normal means: to determine simultaneously which means are 0 and which are not. In this setting, the proportion of the non-zero means plays a key role. Motivated by examples in genomics and astronomy, we are particularly interested in estimating the proportion of non-zero means, i.e. given n independent normal random variables with individual means Xj,N(,j,1), j=1,,,n, to estimate the proportion ,n=(1/n) #{j:,j /= 0}. We propose a general approach to construct the universal oracle equivalence of the proportion. The construction is based on the underlying characteristic function. The oracle equivalence reduces the problem of estimating the proportion to the problem of estimating the oracle, which is relatively easier to handle. In fact, the oracle equivalence naturally yields a family of estimators for the proportion, which are consistent under mild conditions, uniformly across a wide class of parameters. The approach compares favourably with recent works by Meinshausen and Rice, and Genovese and Wasserman. In particular, the consistency is proved for an unprecedentedly broad class of situations; the class is almost the largest that can be hoped for without further constraints on the model. We also discuss various extensions of the approach, report results on simulation experiments and make connections between the approach and several recent procedures in large-scale multiple testing, including the false discovery rate approach and the local false discovery rate approach. [source] The Northern Ireland Civil Service: Characteristics and Trends Since 1970PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 1 2002Paul Carmichael "This is a damned funny country. There's one crowd singing ,Wrap the Green Flag Round Me' and another crowd sings ,Rule Britannia' and there's a lot of bloody civil servants up there in Stormont drawing twenty pounds a week and laughing at the lot of us."Comment made in 1939 to Patrick Shea, cited in Shea 1981, p. 205. This paper offers a summary of research on the Northern Ireland Civil Service (NICS) that has been undertaken as part of an ESRC-supported project examining the changing nature of civil services throughout the British Isles. Not since Gladden's seminal work in 1967 have studies of the British Civil Services offered sufficient coverage of the long-existing variations within the UK. The weaknesses in coverage are particularly visible with respect to the Northern Ireland Civil Service (NICS), which is accorded either footnote status in most work or even ignored altogether. A compelling case for closing the gap in the literature is underscored by the political devolution that was introduced after 1998. Far from being the unitary state associated with the Westminster model, the UK exhibits the features of a differentiated polity in which figure the contradictory impulses of centralization and fragmentation. In illustrating ,parity with particularity', the civil service arrangements obtaining within the Province of Northern Ireland clearly exemplify the differentiation with the UK. Moreover, with devolved fora now established for both Scotland and Wales, with associated pressure for more distinctive and even separate civil arrangements in each, Northern Ireland's experience offers valuable lessons on how the UK civil service may develop in Scotland and Wales. [source] Powder crystallography on macromoleculesACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A, Issue 1 2008I. Margiolaki Following the seminal work of Von Dreele, powder X-ray diffraction studies on proteins are being established as a valuable complementary technique to single-crystal measurements. A wide range of small proteins have been found to give synchrotron powder diffraction profiles where the peak widths are essentially limited only by the instrumental resolution. The rich information contained in these profiles, combined with developments in data analysis, has stimulated research and development to apply the powder technique to microcrystalline protein samples. In the present work, progress in using powder diffraction for macromolecular crystallography is reported. [source] Neutralization theory and the denial of risk: some evidence from cannabis use among French adolescents*THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Patrick Peretti-Watel ABSTRACT In contemporary societies, risk culture and risk profiling lead to the stigmatization of unhealthy behaviours as ,risky'. Risk denial theory refers to a cognitive way to deal with risky behaviours and can be considered as an updated variant of Sykes and Matza's neutralization theory. People neutralize the ,risky' label using specific techniques that must be added to those previously enlisted by Sykes and Matza. This paper introduces and discusses three techniques of risk denial: scapegoating, self-confidence and comparison between risks. As it is usually defined and studied as a ,risky behaviour', cannabis use provides a relevant example to illustrate these types of risk denial, thanks to various ethnographic studies (including Becker's seminal work on marijuana smokers) and quantitative French data from the 1999 European School Survey on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). In order to deny the ,risky' label, cannabis users scapegoat ,hard drugs' users, they emphasize their own ability to control their consumption personally, or they compare cannabis and alcohol risks. The paper concludes with suggestions for further analyses of risk denial. [source] Heart of darkness reinvented?ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY, Issue 1 2010A tale of ex-soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate) This article presents the contemporary case of two Norwegian ex-soldiers sentenced to death for murder, espionage and mercenary activity in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It analyses the wider context of the historical roots of Norwegian engagement in the Congo (now DRC) as well as the mass-mediated discourses centring around the tropes of a Conradian ,Heart of darkness'. Further, using the insights of Johannes Fabian's seminal work on exploration, ethnography and representation (2000), it argues that contemporary Norwegian discourses on the Congo are steeped in the tradition of travelogues. Secondly, also drawing on Fabian, it argues that by representing the DRC as a topos - a space without a place - these discourses uncritically reproduce notions of decontextualised radical alterity. [source] Self-Regulation Research in Work and I/O PsychologyAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Ruth Kanfer Les recherches de psychologie industrielle/organisationnelle (I/O) sur les objectifs et l'autorégulation ont prospéré durant les trois dernières décennies. Initiés par le travail fécond de Locke, Latham et de leurs collègues qui ont souligné l'influence positive d'objectifs elairs et sollicitants sur les performances, de nombreux courants de recherche sont apparus pour étudier à la fois les déterminants et les conséquences des objectifs et des processus d'autorégulation sur les conduites et les variables dépendantes relatives au travail (voir par exemple Locke, Shaw, Saari, & Latham, 1981; Vancouver, 2000 pour une revue de questions). Vancouver et Day (2005) constatent que si les chercheurs en organisations ont tenté d'évaluer la validité externe et critérielle, ils se sont moins intéressés à la validité interne et de construction des variables-clés et de concepts tels que les objectifs, la rétroaction, la divergence et l'efficacité personnelle. Dans le même ordre d'idées, Vancouver et Day (2004) concluent que les validations des interventions I/O fondées sur la perspective objectif/autorégulation détectent généralement des effcts positifs, mais que ces travaux sont insuffisants pour déterminer les dimensions spécifiques du processus objectif/autorégulation qui sont en rapport avec l'amélioration de la performance. Dans ce court article, j'aborde ces problèmes concemant la recherche sur les objectifs et l'autorégulation d'un triple point de vue: le progrès scientifique, les applications et les buts des investigations I/O. Over the past three decades, industrial/organisational (I/O) research on goals and self-regulation has flourished. Beginning with the seminal work by Locke, Latham, and their colleagues showing the positive influence of difficult and specific goals on task performance, multiple streams of research have emerged to investigate both the determinants and consequences of goals and self-regulation processes on work-related behaviors and outcomes (see, e.g. Locke, Shaw, Saari, & Latham, 1981; Vancouver, 2000, for reviews). In a review of this work, Vancouver and Day (2005) suggest that although organisational researchers have sought evidence for external and criterion-related validity, less attention has been given to the construct and internal validity of key variables and concepts, such as goals, self-efficacy, feedback, discrepancy, and self-efficacy. In a related vein, Vancouver and Day (2005) conclude that although I/O intervention studies based on the goal/self-regulation perspective show generally positive effects, such studies are insufficient for understanding how specific aspects of the goal/self-regulation process relate to enhanced performance. In this short note, I consider these concerns about goal/self-regulation research in I/O psychology from three perspectives: (1) scientific progress, (2) applications, and (3) the goals of I/O research. [source] Flower symmetry evolution: towards understanding the abominable mystery of angiosperm radiationBIOESSAYS, Issue 11 2009Andrea Busch Abstract Flower symmetry is considered a morphological novelty that contributed significantly to the rapid radiation of the angiosperms, which already puzzled Charles Darwin and prompted him to name this phenomenon an ,abominable mystery'. In 2009, the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of his seminal work, ,On the Origin of Species', this question can now be more satisfactorily readdressed. Understanding the molecular control of monosymmetry formation in the model species Antirrhinum opened the path for comparative studies with non-model species revealing modifications of this trait. TCP transcription factors, named after TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 in maize, CYCLOIDEA in snapdragon and PCF in rice, control flower monosymmetry development and contributed to establishing this trait several times independently in higher angiosperms. The joint advances in evolutionary and developmental plant research, combined in the novel research field named Evo/Devo, aim at elucidating the molecular mechanisms and strategies to unravel the mystery of how this diversity has been generated. [source] Broader, Greener, and More Efficient: Recent Advances in Asymmetric Transfer HydrogenationCHEMISTRY - AN ASIAN JOURNAL, Issue 10 2008Chao Wang Abstract Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation has become a practically useful tool in reduction chemistry in the last decade or so. This was largely triggered by the seminal work of Noyori and co-workers in the mid-1990s and is driven by its complementing chemistry to hydrogenation employing H2. This Focus Review attempts to present a "holistic" overview on the advances in the area, focusing on the achievements recorded around the last three years. These include more-efficient and "greener" metal catalysts, catalysts that enable hydrogenation as well as transfer hydrogenation, biomimetic and organocatalysts, and their applications in the reduction of CO, CN, and CC bonds. Also highlighted are efforts in the development of environmentally benign and reusable catalytic systems. [source] Miller's seminal studies on the role of thymus in immunityCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2006D. Ribatti Summary The thymus is one of the two primary lymphoid organs. It is responsible for the provision of T lymphocytes to the entire body, and provides a unique microenvironment in which T cell precursors (thymocytes) undergo development, differentiation and clonal expansion. This review article summarizes the seminal work of the Australian scientist Francis Albert Pierre Miller concerning the description for the first time of the crucial role of the thymus for normal development of the immune system. [source] Joaquin Maria Albarran Y Dominguez: Microbiologist, histologist, and urologist,a lifetime from orphan in Cuba to Nobel nomineeINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 9 2006ROWAN G CASEY Abstract, Joaquin Albarran was an extraordinary late 19th century urologist. His early career was in the field of microbiology and histopathology in Paris at a time of great medical developments and innovations. His later contributions to urology included the Albarran lever, Albarrans sign, Albarran,Ormond syndrome and seminal works on testicular and renal tumors. He also wrote treatizes on the pathophysiology of acute urinary retention, nephritis and calculus ureteric obstruction. He died at the young age of 52 from the effects of tuberculosis and in this same year was nominated for the Nobel prize in medicine. [source] Symmetry group classification of ordinary differential equations: Survey of some resultsMATHEMATICAL METHODS IN THE APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 16 2007F. M. Mahomed Abstract After the initial seminal works of Sophus Lie on ordinary differential equations, several important results on point symmetry group analysis of ordinary differential equations have been obtained. In this review, we present the salient features of point symmetry group classification of scalar ordinary differential equations: linear nth-order, second-order equations as well as related results. The main focus here is the contributions of Peter Leach, in this area, in whose honour this paper is written on the occasion of his 65th birthday celebrations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||