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Scientific Psychology (scientific + psychology)
Selected AbstractsSynthesis and separation in the history of "nature" and "nurture"DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 8 2007Cheryl A. Logan Abstract For much of the 20th century scientific psychology treated the relative contributions of nature and nurture to the development of phenotypes as the result of two quite separate sources of influence. One, nature, was linked to biological perspectives, often manifest as "instinct", while the other, nurture, was taken to reflect psychological influences. We argue that this separation was contingent on historical circumstance. Prior to about 1920, several perspectives in biology and psychology promoted the synthesis of nature and nurture. But between 1930 and 1980 that synthetic consensus was lost in America as numerous influences converged to promote a view that identified psychological and biological aspects of mind and behavior as inherently separate. Around 1960, during the hegemony of behaviorism, Daniel Lehrman, Gilbert Gottlieb, and other pioneers of developmental psychobiology developed probabilistic epigenesis to reject predeterminist notions of instinct and restore a synthesis. We describe the earlier and later periods of synthesis and discuss several influences that led to the separation of nature and nurture in the middle of the 20th century. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 758,769, 2007. [source] An overview of the history of psychology in Japan and the background to the development of the Japanese Psychological Association1JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2005YASUO NISHIKAWA Abstract:, This paper discusses five topics. They are as follows: 1A brief chronological record of the Japanese Psychological Association (JPA) and its annual meetings highlighting the following events: (a) its official establishment on the April 7, 1927, and the long and arduous preparations that preceded this event; (b) the 66th annual meeting of the JPA held in September 2002 in Hiroshima City; and (c) the 75th anniversary celebrations held simultaneously from the September 25,27, 2002. 2The background of modern Japanese psychology at its inception and the origin of the Japanese term "shinrigaku." 3The introduction of modern scientific psychology to Japan, its early proponents and their mentors. 4The spread of modern Japanese psychology through the work of scholars in imperial and private universities. The influence of Dr G. S. Hall on Japanese scholars, such as Dr Yokoyama of Keio-gijiku, who attended Clark University for their PhD. 5The organizational background of the JPA and the growth in its membership through the participation of additional imperial and private universities. [source] Spanish experience with German psychology prior to World War IJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2008Annette MülbergerArticle first published online: 11 APR 200 An increase in interest for German scientific psychology followed the rise of liberalism in late nineteenth-century Spain. This paper deals with Spanish scholars' endeavors to participate in German psychology: It outlines the intellectual and institutional background of Spanish preoccupation with German philosophy and psychology, and deals with the personal experience and testimony of two Spanish philosophers, Eloy Luis André and Juan Vicente Viqueira López, who traveled to Leipzig, Berlin, and Göttingen between 1909 and 1914 to gain firsthand experience in the nascent science of psychology in Germany at that time. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Joseph Jastrow, the psychology of deception, and the racial economy of observationJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2007Michael Pettit This article reconstructs the recurring themes in the career of Joseph Jastrow, both inside and outside the laboratory. His psychology of deception provides the bridge between his experimental and popular pursuits. Furthermore, Jastrow's career illustrates the complex ways in which scientific psychology and pragmatist philosophy operated within the constraints of a moral economy deeply marked by notions of "race." Psychological investigations of deception were grafted onto two of the human sciences' leading tools: the evolutionary narrative and the statistical analysis of populations. Such associations abetted the racialization of the acts of deceiving and being deceived. These connections also were used to craft moral lessons about how individuals ought to behave in relationship to the aggregate population and natural selection's endowment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Contexts and experimentalism in the psychology of Gabriele Buccola (1875,1885)JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2007Silvia Degni Gabriele Buccola, since his untimely death, often has been mentioned as the first Italian psychologist who developed a strict program of laboratory research. Buccola, a Sicilian of Albanian ancestry, is a "case" in the history of Italian psychology. A self-taught positivist, he established a relation with the major representatives of the European positivism. Kraepelin mentions him as one of the precursors of his project of applying experimental psychology to psychopathology. Buccola actually carried out research on the psychological, chemical-biological, and psychopathological "modifiers" of reaction times, following an experimental program dealing mainly with the differential study both of basic and superior psychological processes, with mental hygiene ends. Historians of psychology agree in considering Buccola the first Italian laboratory psychologist to plan a program of research that was close to European psychological experimentalism. The present article, starting from an outline of Buccola's role in the rising Italian scientific psychology, recontextualizes his experimentalism in an international sphere. This operation, which is carried out through a careful survey of Buccola's entire production,both theoretical and more properly scientific,is based on the search of the Darwinian, Spencerian, and Haeckelian evolutionist themes emerging from Buccola's program of research,a program that was influenced by the variegated European experimental panorama and characterized by the vision of science as a knowledge capable of transforming the nature of man and of society. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Théodule Ribot's ambiguous positivism: Philosophical and epistemological strategies in the founding of French scientific psychologyJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2004Vincent Guillin Théodule Ribot (1839,1916) is regarded by many historians of psychology as the "father" of the discipline in France. Ribot contributed to the development of a "new psychology" independent from philosophy, relying on the methods of the natural sciences. However, such an epistemological transition encountered fierce opposition from both the champions of the old-fashioned metaphysical psychology and the representatives of the "scientific spirit." This article focuses on the objections raised by the latter, and especially philosophers of science, against the possibility of a scientific psychology. For instance, according to Auguste Comte, psychology does not satisfy certain basic methodological requirements. To overcome these objections, Ribot, in his La Psychologie Anglaise Contemporaine (1870/1914), devised an epistemological strategy that amounted to invoking criticisms of Comte's views made by other representatives of the positivist school, such as John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||