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Scientific Development (scientific + development)
Selected AbstractsBotulinum toxin in the management of cerebral palsyDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 7 2004Rosalind J Jefferson MB BS BSc PhD DIC MRCP MRCPCH Botulinum toxin has rapidly gained wide acceptance as a treatment for focal spasticity, and is becoming more readily available. Early studies established its effectiveness, but many issues are still open for discussion. After a brief re view of the historical and scientific development of botulinum toxin as a clinical tool and an outline of previous work in the field, some important questions are discussed in the light of more recent trials. [source] Swedish eating disorder services,a brief modern historyEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 3 2002Claes Norring Abstract This brief account of the history of eating disorder services in Sweden is divided into two sections, one covering the history and present design of clinical eating disorder services, and the other depicting the scientific development of the eating disorders field. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] Substitutes and alternatives to platelet transfusions in thrombocytopenic patientsJOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 7 2003M. A. Blajchman Summary., Over the past decade, there have been many improvements in both the safety profile and quality of liquid-stored allogeneic platelet concentrates. However, significant problems with the clinical use of such products remain. Efforts to overcome some of these have resulted in the development of an array of novel therapeutic strategies for the manufacture of platelet products and platelet substitutes, as well as other approaches using alternatives to platelet concentrates. These various products or procedures are at various stages of clinical development. This review summarizes some recent advancements in the preparation of liquid and frozen stored platelets, as well as approaches used for the pathogen inactivation of platelets. Thus, the status of lyophilized platelets, infusible platelet membranes, red blood cells (RBCs) bearing RGD ligands, fibrinogen-coated albumin microcapsules, and liposome-based agents are discussed. Pre-clinical studies and phase 1,3 clinical trials have been encouraging for several of these; however, to date, very few have been licensed for clinical use. Potential alternatives to allogeneic platelet transfusions including correction of anemia by RBC transfusions, recombinant activated factor VII and HLA-reduced platelets are also reviewed. With the ongoing technical and scientific development of such diverse products, those properties that may be necessary for such agents to have hemostatic efficacy will become apparent. However, safety and efficacy must be demonstrable in preclinical studies and clinical trials, before novel platelet concentrates, platelet substitutes and alternatives to platelets can be used in patients with thrombocytopenia. [source] Evaluation of the scientific impact, productivity and biological age based upon the h-index in three Latin American countries: the materials science caseANNALEN DER PHYSIK, Issue 4 2009A.H. Romero Abstract We discuss the scientific impact of Latin American scientists in the field of materials science. The analysis is based on the h-index as the scientometric index used to quantify the scientific productivity of an individual. In particular, we focus our analysis in México, Chile and Colombia. We compare the level of productivity between all these countries. We also analyzed the h-index as function of the biological age, by using the first year of publication of a given scientists as a reference and discussed the general distribution of its quantification. We do not find a clear relationship between these two quantities. Based in our results we propose some political measures that these countries could implement to improve productivity as well as scientific development in this field. [source] DEFINING DYSKARYOSIS , THE BSCC CLASSIFICATION IN 2006CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2006K. Denton The terminology used for reporting cervical samples in the UK is the BSCC classification, which has evolved over many years. In 2002 the BSCC held a consensus conference to review the BSCC classification, with the intention of providing clearer results for women, improving concordance with other terminologies and facilitating consistency with new scientific developments and technologies. The consensus conference was well attended and robust. In the intervening years there have also been other further advances on morphometry, data on outcomes, data from EQA and other sources. Liquid Based cytology (LBC) has been implemented by the NHS CSP. All of these developments have impacted on the proposed classification, which will be presented in full. The term ,dyskaryosis' will be retained and several of the current reporting categories will be relatively unchanged, though additional information on LBC will be provided. The major proposed changes are: (1) A move to a single category of ,High Grade Dyskaryosis' to replace the existing categories of moderate and severe dyskaryosis. (2) Sub-division of Borderline change into three categories. Borderline change in glandular cells Borderline change ?high grade Borderline change, NOS (3) The current grades of Mild Dyskaryosis and Borderline change with Koilocytosis to be merged. Details of these proposals, together with illustrations and the evidence base for change will be presented. [source] From collagen chemistry towards cell therapy , a personal journeyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Michael E. Grant Summary The Fell,Muir Award requires the recipient to deliver a lecture and a review manuscript which provides a personal overview of significant scientific developments in the field of matrix biology over the period of the recipient's career. In this context, this review considers the collagen family of structural proteins and the advances in biochemical, molecular biological and genetic techniques which led to the elucidation of the structure, synthesis and function of this important group of extracellular matrix constituents. Particular attention is focussed on early research on the identification and assembly of the soluble precursors of collagen types I and II, and the identification of the precursor of basement membrane collagen type IV. In subsequent studies investigating the maintenance of the chick chondrocyte phenotype in culture, the influence of the extracellular milieu was found to influence markedly both cell morphology and collagen gene expression. These studies led to the discovery of collagen type X whose expression is restricted to hypertrophic chondrocytes at sites of endochondral ossification. Such research provided a prelude to investigations of mammalian endochondral ossification which is known to be aberrant in a variety of human chondrodysplasias and is reactivated in bone fracture repair and in osteoarthritis. The cloning of bovine and then human collagen type X genes facilitated studies in relevant human diseases and contributed to the discovery of mutations in the COL10A1 gene in families with metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid. Clustering of mutations in the C-terminal domain of the type X collagen molecule has now been widely documented and investigations of the pathogenic mechanisms in animal models are beginning to suggest the prospect of novel treatment strategies. [source] Science and Internationalism in Germany: Helmholtz, Du Bois-Reymond and Their CriticsCENTAURUS, Issue 4 2009Daan Wegener Abstract. In the wake of the Franco-Prussian war, scientific nationalism became a subject of scientific controversy in Germany. This paper explores the controversy between the cosmopolitan physiologists Hermann von Helmholtz and Emil du Bois-Reymond on the one hand, and the nationalistic economist-philosopher Eugen Dühring and the astrophysicist Johann Carl Friedrich Zöllner on the other. It argues that Helmholtz' frequent visits to Britain helped him keep abreast of scientific developments there and shaped his ideas of science and society. They also changed his conception of the conservation of energy. German nationalists objected to his British contacts with offensive accusations. They alleged that he had plagiarized his fellow-German Julius Robert Mayer and tried to imitate British physicists. Thus Dühring and Zöllner defended and constructed enduring national stereotypes of German and British science. Whereas Helmholtz put scientific cosmopolitanism into practice, Du Bois-Reymond defended it as an ideology. In contrast to the received view of Du Bois-Reymond as a fervent nationalist, it is argued that he was actually an untimely scientific cosmopolitan. He placed himself in the tradition of Goethe and Schiller's Weimar cosmopolitanism. [source] | ||||||||||