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Schematic Representation (schematic + representation)
Selected AbstractsSchematic representation of case study research designsJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 4 2007John P. Rosenberg Abstract Title.,Schematic representation of case study research designs Aim., The paper is a report of a study to demonstrate how the use of schematics can provide procedural clarity and promote rigour in the conduct of case study research. Background., Case study research is a methodologically flexible approach to research design that focuses on a particular case , whether an individual, a collective or a phenomenon of interest. It is known as the ,study of the particular' for its thorough investigation of particular, real-life situations and is gaining increased attention in nursing and social research. However, the methodological flexibility it offers can leave the novice researcher uncertain of suitable procedural steps required to ensure methodological rigour. Method., This article provides a real example of a case study research design that utilizes schematic representation drawn from a doctoral study of the integration of health promotion principles and practices into a palliative care organization. Discussion., The issues discussed are: (1) the definition and application of case study research design; (2) the application of schematics in research; (3) the procedural steps and their contribution to the maintenance of rigour; and (4) the benefits and risks of schematics in case study research. Conclusion., The inclusion of visual representations of design with accompanying explanatory text is recommended in reporting case study research methods. [source] Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Crosslinkable Poly(, -caprolactone),MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 20 2006Paola Laurienzo Abstract Summary: A new and rather simple method to obtain randomly crosslinked PCL is reported. PCL was previously functionalized through radical grafting of MA and GMA in the melt, using a Brabender-like apparatus. GMA was added in order to obtain higher grafting efficiency. The structure of PCL- g -MAGMA was elucidated by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the content of grafted MA was determined by FT-IR spectroscopy. PCL- g -MAGMA was successively crosslinked through reaction with HMDI. The degree of crosslinking was determined by solvent extractions with chloroform. Thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile tests were performed on plain PCL, on PCL- g -MAGMA and on crosslinked PCL samples. Schematic representation of PCL- g -MAGMA structure. [source] Synthesis and Characterization of Styrene/Butyl Acrylate Linear and Star Block Copolymers via Atom Transfer Radical PolymerizationMACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 9 2006Jinyu Huang Abstract Summary: Well-defined styrene (S) and butyl acrylate (BA) linear and star-like block copolymers are synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using di- and trifunctional alkyl halide initiators employing the Cu/PMDETA (N,N,N,,N,,N,-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) catalyst system. Initial addition of CuII deactivator and utilization of halogen exchange techniques suppresses the coupling of radicals and improves cross-propagation to a large extent, which results in better control over the polymerization. Two types of star-like PBA/PS block copolymers are prepared by using core-first techniques: a trifunctional PBA or PS macroinitiator extended with the other monomer. Block copolymers with a well-defined structure and low polydispersity (PDI,=,) are obtained in both cases. A trifunctional PBA3 macroinitiator with ,=,136,000 g,·,mol,1 and PDI,=,1.15 is extended to (PBA-PS)3 star-like block copolymer with ,=,171,100 g,·,mol,1 and PDI,=,1.15. A trifunctional PS3 macroinitiator with ,=,27,000 g,·,mol,1 and PDI,=,1.16 g,·,mol,1 is extended to (PS-PBA)3 with ,=,91,500 g,·,mol,1 and PDI,=,1.40. The individual star-like macromolecules as well as their aggregates are visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) where the PS and PBA adopt the globular and extended conformation, respectively. For the PBA core star block copolymers, PS segments tend to aggregate either intramolecularly or intermolecularly. PS core star block copolymers form aggregates with a PS core and emanating PBA chains. Most aggregates have ,n,×,3' arms but minor amounts of ,defective' stars with 4, 5, 8, or 11 arms are also observed. The AFM analysis shows that PS core star block copolymers contain about 92% three-arm block copolymers, and the efficiency of cross-propagation is 97.3%. Schematic representation of the synthesis of BA/S star-like block copolymers by ATRP, and their resultant AFM images. [source] Clay-PMMA Nanocomposites by Photoinitiated Radical Polymerization Using Intercalated Phenacyl Pyridinium Salt InitiatorsMACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 9 2006Alper Nese Abstract Summary: In situ synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites by photopolymerization using organophilic montmorillonite (MMT) as the layered clay is reported. MMT clay was ion exchanged with N -phenacyl, N,N -dimethylanilinium hexafluoro phosphate (PDA) which acts as both suitable intercalant- and photo-initiator. These modified clays were then dispersed in methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer in different loading degrees to carry out the in situ photopolymerization. Intercalation ability of the photoinitiator and exfoliated nanocomposite structure were evidenced by both X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thermal properties and morphologies of the resultant nanocomposites were also studied. Schematic representation of clay-PMMA nanocomposites by photoinitiated radical polymerization. [source] Functionalization of Shortened Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Poly(p -dioxanone) by "Grafting-From" ApproachMACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 9 2004Kuk Ro Yoon Abstract Summary: It has been a real challenge to form carbon nanotube (CNT)/polymer composites where CNTs are well-dispersed in the polymer matrix and the interactions between CNTs and polymers are effectively strong. In this paper, we applied surface-initiated, ring-opening polymerization (SI-ROP) of p -dioxanone (PDX) to shortened single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) and successfully formed s-SWCNT/PPDX composites (see Figure). Due to intimate interactions between s-SWCNTs and PPDX, we observed dramatic changes in PPDX properties upon the formation of the composites: 10%-weight-loss-temperature of PPDX increased by 20,°C (measured by thermogravimetric analysis) and the patterns of Tg and Tm were greatly altered. We did not observe any noticeable peaks from the composite up to 120,°C in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while DSC data of PPDX itself showed Tg and Tm at ,13.4 and 103,°C respectively. Schematic representation of the procedure for formation of s-SWCNT/PPDX composites. [source] Isolated Ethylene Units in Isotactic Polystyrene Chain: Stereocontrol of an Isospecific Post-Metallocene Titanium CatalystMACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 3 2004Carmine Capacchione Abstract Summary: Copolymerization of styrene with small amounts of ethylene using the catalyst system dichloro{1,4-dithiabutanediyl-2,2,-bis(4,6-di- tert -butyl-phenoxy)}titanium/methylaluminoxane results in the unprecedented formation of isotactic polystyrene containing isolated ethylene units. 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the copolymer indicates that an "enantiomorphic site" control mechanism for isospecific propagation is operating. DSC measurements also indicate the presence of isolated ethylene units which modify the crystallization behavior of the isotactic polystyrene. Schematic representation of the copolymerization of styrene with small amounts of ethylene using dichloro{1,4-dithiabutanediyl-2,2,-bis(4,6-di-tert-butyl-phenoxy)}titanium/methylaluminoxane as catalyst system. [source] Single Radiation-Induced Grafting Method for the Preparation of Two Proton- and Lithium Ion-Conducting MembranesMACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS & ENGINEERING, Issue 8 2006Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef Abstract Summary: Two distinct types of polymer electrolyte membranes for conducting protons and lithium ions have been prepared by a radiation-induced grafting method. The polymer electrolyte precursor (PVDF- g -PS) is obtained by the simultaneous grafting of styrene onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) followed by one of two specific treatments. This includes sulfonation with a chlorosulfonic acid/dichloromethane mixture to obtain proton (H+)-conducting membranes, or activation with LiPF6/EC/DC liquid electrolyte to obtain lithium ion (Li+)-conducting membranes. The chemical structure of the obtained electrolyte membranes is verified by FT-IR spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to examine the changes in the crystallinity and the thermal properties of both electrolyte membranes during the preparation process. The thermal stability of both electrolyte membranes is also evaluated using thermal gravimetrical analysis. The obtained polymer electrolyte membranes achieve superior conductivity values: 1.61,×,10,3 S,·,cm,1 for Li+ and 5.95,×,10,2 S,·,cm,1 for H+ at room temperature at a polystyrene content of 50%. The results of this work suggest that high quality H+ - and Li+ -conducting membranes can be obtained using a single radiation-induced grafting method. Schematic representation of the single root for preparation of Li+ - and H+ -conducting membranes started by radiation-induced grafting of styrene onto a PVDF film followed by chemical treatment. [source] Long-Term Properties of Butt-Welded Poly(propylene)MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS & ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2003Ernst Schmachtenberg Abstract It is still not clear why the long-term properties of plastic weld seams can only be differentiated by the very expensive medium tensile creep tests. One hypothesis for justifying this is based on the change in the structure of the weld seam surroundings, another cites the consumption of antioxidants and the following ageing in the weld seam area to be responsible for this. Butt-welded weld seams made of poly(propylene) were systematically produced under different process parameters. Corresponding to the particular hypothesis, these weld seams were then analyzed in various ways to find correlations or to prove one of the hypotheses. Regarding their short-term weld seam quality, the analyzed weld seams could not be differentiated through short-term tensile or short-term bend test. However, the medium tensile creep tests showed significant differences in both time until failure and long-term weld seam quality. Under long-term loading, the start of the brittle crack could be detected in most weld seams in the fine spherulite-zone or between this zone and the area of the flow lines. This demonstrated again that only long-term tests are suitable for examining different weld seam qualities. Depending on the welding parameters, times until failure decline with increasing heated-tool temperature and heating time. Though these parameters lead to a higher consumption of antioxidants in the weld seam, a degradation was not detected in the breaking area. In fact, increasing heated-tool temperatures and heating times, as well as higher joining pressures lead to a change in the internal structure of the material. This can be seen in morphological structure analyses in the larger bend of the entire weld seam area. A larger bend, however, correlates with higher residual stresses in the weld seam. In the medium tensile creep tests, these residual stresses as well as the tensile stress in the border region and the compressive stress in the middle are superimposed by the tensile stress resulting from the test stress. Thus a greater bend of the weld seam area and higher residual stresses in the weld seam itself lead to shorter times until failure in medium tensile creep tests. Schematic representation of the formation of residual stresses in a weld seam and residual stresses in the different bended weld seam areas. [source] Tellurium-Based Polymeric Surfactants as a Novel Seleno-Enzyme Model with High ActivityMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 24 2006Xin Huang Abstract Summary: A tellurium-based polymeric sufactant as a seleno-enzyme model has been constructed by employing 11-acryloyloxyundecyltriethylammonium bromide (AUTEAB, 4) and a tellurium-containing compound (1). It demonstrates strong substrate binding ability for thiols and high glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity about 6 orders of magnitude more efficient than the well-known GPx mimic PhSeSePh in an ArSH assay system. More importantly, a series of tellurium-based polymeric micelle catalysts with the catalytic tellurium center located at various positions in the micelle have been constructed, and the dramatic difference in activity indicates that the exact match of the catalytic center and binding site plays a key role in enzyme catalytic efficiency. Schematic representation of the proposed mode of the telluro-micelle catalysts. [source] Novel Cobalt (II) Phthalocyanine-Containing Polyimides: Synthesis, Characterization, Thermal and Optical PropertiesMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 21 2006Eva M. Maya Abstract Summary: A novel class of polymer has been prepared by reaction of a copolyimide containing carboxylic acid groups, and a cobalt phthalocyanine peripherally substituted with a reactive hydroxyl group. The incorporation of the phthalocyanine ring was achieved by esterification of the carboxylic acid groups of the polyimide with the free hydroxyl group of the phthalocyanine. In this work, a limited number of phthalocyanine rings have been introduced in order to avoid extensive modification of the copolyimide properties. The extent of modification (percentage of esterified carboxylic groups) was estimated to be about 18%. The resulting material showed good thermal stability and a high glass transition temperature (above 300,°C). The incorporation of the bulky phthalocyanine ring brought about a light decrease of thermal properties, relative to those of the initial polyimide. The presence of phthalocyanine was confirmed by the absorption band at 670 nm showing in the visible region for the modified polyimide. The novel copolyimide also exhibited a remarkable emission peak at 430 nm, when excited at 350 nm, corresponding to the emission of the cobalt phthalocyanine moiety. Schematic representation of the PI-CoPc molecule and the chemical structure of the repeat unit. [source] Electrospun Nanofibers Modified with Phospholipid Moieties for Enzyme ImmobilizationMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 16 2006Xiao-Jun Huang Abstract Summary: PANCMPCs containing phospholipid side moieties were electrospun into nanofibers with a mean diameter of 90 nm. Field emission SEM was used to characterize the morphologies of the nanofibers. These phospholipid-modified nanofibers were explored as supports for enzyme immobilization due to the characteristics of excellent biocompatibility, high surface/volume ratio, and porosity, which were beneficial to the catalytic efficiency and activity of immobilized enzymes. Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized on these nanofibers by adsorption. Preliminary results indicated that the properties of the immobilized lipase on these phospholipid-modified nanofibers were greatly promising. Schematic representation of the structure and electrostatic properties of phospholipid-modified nanofibers. [source] Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles in Hydrogel Networks,MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 16 2006Y. Murali Mohan Abstract Summary: This paper describes a simple and facile approach to fabricate well dispersed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in poly[N -isopropylacrylamide- co -(sodium acrylate)] hydrogels. The silver nanoparticles formed are spherical in shape with a narrow size distribution in the hydrogel networks in which the nanoparticles are stabilized by the polymer network. Uniformly dispersed silver nanoparticles were obtained with poly[N -isopropylacrylamide- co -[sodium acrylate)] hydrogels, whereas a poly(N -isopropylacrylamide)/poly(sodium acrylate) IPN gel showed aggregated nanoparticles. It is demonstrated that the hydrogel network structure determines the size and shape of the nanoparticles. These particles are more stable in the gel networks compared to other reduction methods. The hydrogel/silver nanohybrids were well characterized by XRD, UV-vis spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Schematic representation of the preparation of Ag nanoparticles in hydrogel networks. [source] Salt-Induced Depression of Lower Critical Solution Temperature in a Surface-Grafted Neutral Thermoresponsive PolymerMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 9 2006Young K. Jhon Abstract Summary: Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) is employed to determine the effect of salt on the volume phase transition of thermoresponsive polymer brushes. Changes in mass and viscoelasticity of poly(N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) layers grafted from a QCM-D crystal are measured as a function of temperature, upon contact with aqueous solutions of varying salt concentrations. The phase-transition temperature of PNIPAM brushes, TC,graft, quantified from the QCM-D measurements is found to decrease as the concentration of salt is increased. This phenomenon is explained by the tendency of salt ions to affect the structure of water molecules (Hofmeister effect). However, in contrast to the linear decrease in phase-transition temperature upon increasing salt concentration observed for free PNIPAM, the trend in TC,graft for PNIPAM brushes is distinctively non-linear. Schematic representation of the effect of salt concentration on the phase transition behavior of thermoresponsive polymer brushes. [source] Synthesis and Characterization of Helix-Coil Diblock Copolymers with Controlled Supramolecular Architectures in Aqueous Solution,MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 15 2005Jie Zhang Abstract Summary: A series of helix-coil diblock copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) and optically active helical poly{(+)-2,5-bis[4,-((S)-2-methylbutoxy)phenyl]styrene} (PMBPS) were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The synthetic methodology permitted straightforward preparation of the diblock copolymers with relatively low polydispersities and a broad range of compositions and molecular weights. Depending on the composing block length and the initial concentration, the copolymers self-assembled into different supramolecular structures in aqueous solution, including spherical micelles, vesicles, multilamellar vesicles, large compound vesicles, and tubules. Schematic representation of the synthesis of PEO- b -PMBPS block copolymers and their aggregation in aqueous solution. [source] Fabrication of Chemically Tethered Binary Polymer-Brush Pattern through Two-Step Surface-Initiated Atomic-Transfer Radical PolymerizationMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 23 2004Feng Zhou Abstract Summary: The communication provides a novel and alternative route to generate chemically tethered binary polymer-brush pattern through two-step surface-initiated atomic-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Polymer brush-1 was prepared by SI-ATRP, passivated by a reaction with NaN3, and etched with UV irradiation through a transmission electron microscopy grid to create exposed sites for the subsequently attached initiator on which polymer brush-2 was grown. Schematic representation of the resultant binary polymer brush patterns. [source] Highly Sensitive and Selective Fluoride Ion Chemosensing, Fluoroalkylated Polysilane,MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 20 2004Anubhav Saxena Abstract Summary: This paper reports a new and simple approach for the amplified detection of fluoride ions by a polymer-based chemosensor made of stiff fluoroalkylated polysilane, poly(3,3,3-trifluoropropylmethylsilane). This chemosensor exhibited extreme sensitivity and selectivity towards fluoride ions by a decrease in the photoluminescence (PL) intensity with parts per billion concentrations of fluoride ions in solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The quenching constant for fluoride ions (K,=,1.35,×,107M,1) was found to be exceptionally high. Schematic representation of the polymer amplification mechanism after addition of fluoride ion in tetrahydrofuran. [source] An Electrochemical Robotic System for the Optimization of Amperometric Glucose Biosensors Based on a Library of Cathodic Electrodeposition PaintsMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 1 2004Sabine Reiter Abstract Summary: A library of 148 cathodic electrodeposition paints was synthesized and the properties of related amperometric glucose biosensors were evaluated. For this a novel automatic electrochemical robotic system was designed. The automatic biosensor fabrication and characterization sequence involves the electrochemically induced precipitation of the cathodic paint on the electrode surface in the presence of glucose oxidase, the conditioning of the obtained polymer layer, the recording of a glucose calibration graph and the quantitative dissolution of the polymer film and cleaning of the electrode surface. Schematic representation of the developed electrochemical robotic system for electrochemical screening in microtiter plates. [source] Cyclic Polymers by Kinetically Controlled Step-Growth PolymerizationMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 5-6 2003Hans R. Kricheldorf Abstract The theory of step-growth polymerizations including the cascade theory is discussed in the light of new results focussing on the role of cyclization reactions. The identification of cyclic oligomers and polymers in reaction products of step-growth polymerizations has been eased considerably by means of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Experimental examples concern syntheses of polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyimides, poly(ether sulfone)s, poly(ether ketone)s and polyurethanes. It was found in all cases that the percentage and molecular weight of the cycles increases when the reaction conditions favor high molecular weights. In the absence of side reactions all reaction products will be cycles when conversion approaches 100%. Cyclization may even take place in the nematic phase but even-numbered cycles are favored over odd-numbered ones due to electronic interactions between mesogens aligned in parallel. In contrast to Flory's cascade theory, cyclization also plays a decisive role in polycondensations of abn -type monomers, and at 100% conversion all hyperbranched polymers have a cyclic core. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that in a2+b3 polycondensations intensive cyclization in the early stages of the process has the consequence that either no gelation occurs or the resulting networks consist of cyclic and bicyclic oligomers as building blocks. Finally, a comparison between cyclization of synthetic polymers and biopolymers is discussed. Schematic representation of a network structure mainly consisting of cyclic oligomers and multicyclic building blocks as derived from "a2" + "b3" polycondensation. [source] Compatibilization of Immiscible Poly(propylene)/Polystyrene Blends Using ClayMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 3 2003Yong Wang Abstract Inorganic clay was investigated as a compatibilizer for immiscible poly(propylene)/polystyrene blends. A substantial decrease in the number of polystyrene particles was seen after adding small amounts of an organically treated clay (2,5 wt.-%) to the blends. A possible mechanism for this kind of compatibilization is discussed, but these unique and completely new findings need further verification. Schematic representation of the intercalated structure in PP/PS/OMMT blends: (a) PP and PS confined in the same gallery of OMMT, and (b) parts of PP and PS molecules located outside the gallery serving as a compatibilizer. [source] Mesoscopic Morphology of Proton-Conducting Polyelectrolyte Membranes of Nafion® Type: A Self-Consistent Mean Field SimulationMACROMOLECULAR THEORY AND SIMULATIONS, Issue 2 2006Dmitry Y. Galperin Abstract Summary: A SCMF simulation is presented for a coarse-grained model of Nafion®. Based on a number of simplifying assumptions, this study predicts distinct morphological changes in the material upon alteration of temperature and water content. We found that the hydration level corresponding to the microphase segregation depends on the temperature of the system. Spherical clusters constituting the hydrophilic microphase of the membrane at relatively low water content (but above the transition point) grow in size, coalesce and form a network of channels responsible for the ionic transport at higher hydration levels. This hydrophilic phase is shielded from the hydrophobic matrix by the sidechains of Nafion®, their end-groups being turned towards the water clusters. The results obtained are similar to those reported from dissipative particle dynamics studies and support the "cluster-network" model for the low hydration levels and the "sponge" model at higher hydration levels. The simulation approach chosen proved to be effective for the mesoscopic structure analysis of the heterogeneous polymeric material. Schematic representation of the structure of Nafion®-water blends. [source] Plasmon induced modification of the transverse magneto-optical response in Fe antidot arraysPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI - RAPID RESEARCH LETTERS, Issue 10 2010J. F. Torrado Abstract In this Letter we present the effects that the excitation of plasmon-like modes in periodically perforated Fe films have over the Transverse Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (TMOKE). The excitation of the modes gives rise to clear signatures in the TMOKE spectra. We analyze the spectral position of the structures as a function of both the polar and azimuth angle. Schematic representation of the system, and TMOKE signal for a Fe membrane along , = 0°. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Stigma and treatment delay in first-episode psychosis: a grounded theory studyEARLY INTERVENTION IN PSYCHIATRY, Issue 1 2010Lauren Franz Abstract Aim: A longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is associated with greater morbidity in the early course of schizophrenia. This formative, hypothesis-generating study explored the effects of stigma, as perceived by family members, on DUP. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 African American family members directly involved in treatment initiation for a relative with first-episode psychosis. Data analysis relied on a grounded theory approach. A testable model informed by constructs of Link's modified labelling theory was developed. Results: Four main themes were identified, including: (i) society's beliefs about mental illnesses; (ii) families' beliefs about mental illnesses; (iii) fear of the label of a mental illness; and (iv) a raised threshold for the initiation of treatment. A grounded theory model was developed as a schematic representation of the themes and subthemes uncovered in the family members' narratives. Conclusions: The findings suggest that due to fear of the official label of a mental illness, certain coping mechanisms may be adopted by families, which may result in a raised threshold for treatment initiation, and ultimately treatment delay. If the relationships within the grounded theory model are confirmed by further qualitative and quantitative research, public educational programs could be developed with the aim of reducing this threshold, ultimately decreasing DUP. [source] Control over Patterning of Organic Semiconductors: Step-Edge-Induced Area-Selective Growth,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 46 2009Wenchong Wang A method concerning step-edge-induced area-selective growth for the patterning of aromatic organic molecules is proposed. Based on such a growth mechanism, crack-free, organic crystalline films and the growth of different molecules at defined locations can be achieved. The figure shows a schematic representation of the separation of molecules by nucleation-sites recognition. [source] Schematic representation of case study research designsJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 4 2007John P. Rosenberg Abstract Title.,Schematic representation of case study research designs Aim., The paper is a report of a study to demonstrate how the use of schematics can provide procedural clarity and promote rigour in the conduct of case study research. Background., Case study research is a methodologically flexible approach to research design that focuses on a particular case , whether an individual, a collective or a phenomenon of interest. It is known as the ,study of the particular' for its thorough investigation of particular, real-life situations and is gaining increased attention in nursing and social research. However, the methodological flexibility it offers can leave the novice researcher uncertain of suitable procedural steps required to ensure methodological rigour. Method., This article provides a real example of a case study research design that utilizes schematic representation drawn from a doctoral study of the integration of health promotion principles and practices into a palliative care organization. Discussion., The issues discussed are: (1) the definition and application of case study research design; (2) the application of schematics in research; (3) the procedural steps and their contribution to the maintenance of rigour; and (4) the benefits and risks of schematics in case study research. Conclusion., The inclusion of visual representations of design with accompanying explanatory text is recommended in reporting case study research methods. [source] Cover Picture: (Adv. Synth.ADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 15 2006Catal. The cover picture provided by Andreas Pfaltz, depicts a schematic representation of the catalytic cycle of the Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of non-functionalized alkenes along with a space-filling model of one of the outstanding catalysts for this reaction. [source] Cover Picture: (Adv. Synth.ADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 14 2006Catal. The cover picture provided by Andreas Pfaltz, depicts a schematic representation of the catalytic cycle of the Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of non-functionalized alkenes along with a space-filling model of one of the outstanding catalysts for this reaction. [source] Cover Picture (Adv. Synth.ADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 10-11 2006Catal. The cover picture provided by Andreas Pfaltz, depicts a schematic representation of the catalytic cycle of the Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of non-functionalized alkenes along with a space-filling model of one of the outstanding catalysts for this reaction. [source] Cover Picture (Adv. Synth.ADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 7-8 2006Catal. The cover picture provided by Andreas Pfaltz,depicts a schematic representation of the catalytic cycle of the Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of non-functionalized alkenes along with a space-filling model of one of the outstanding catalysts for this reaction. [source] | |||||||||||||