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Average Height (average + height)
Selected AbstractsGeographic altitude, surnames, and height variation of Jujuy (Argentina) conscriptsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Ignacio F. Bejarano Abstract The height records of 48,589 conscripts born in Jujuy between 1870 and 1960 were examined in order to study the variation in adult male height (AMH) in terms of geographical altitude and surnames. Data were clustered by origin of surnames (divided into native and foreign names), decades, and according to the four Jujenean geographical regions distributed along an altitudinal gradient (Puna, Quebrada, Valle, and Ramal). The variation of surnames, geographical altitude, and time on human height were examined by analysis of variance. Regardless of the drafting year, individuals in the four regions bearing foreign surnames proved significantly taller (P < 0.001) than those who had a native surname. Average height, regardless of ethnic group, presented a reverse relationship to geographical altitude. A higher AMH was found in individuals bearing foreign surnames in Jujuy and lower ones in the population located in the highlands and bearing native surnames. Interregional and intergroup AMH variations would be affected by the complex interaction between geographical altitude and factors associated to it and by the ethnic characteristics of these population as well. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Blood pressure, height, weight and body mass index of primary school students in a low socio-economic district in TurkeyINTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW, Issue 3 2009M. Bayat phd Aim:, This study was conducted to evaluate the growth and blood pressure measurements of the students. Background:, School health services are important to evaluate, protect and to improve the health status of the students. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth and blood pressure measurements of the students who were registered in a primary school with low socio-economic level in Kayseri Province in Türkiye between 1 April 2004 and 30 May 2004. The data were collected using questionnaire and health-screening forms. Findings:, It was determined that the average age was 9.77 ± 2.41 in girls and 10.16 ± 14.70 in boys. It was observed that the average height was 137.95 ± 14.70 cm, and the average weight was 33.07 ± 10.08 kg for all students. The girls between 10 years and 12 years old had a better average body mass index (kg/m2) (BMI) compared with boys. Boys between 6 years and 9 years old had a better BMI than the girls. The difference between the groups was considered statistically important (P = 0.006 and P = 0.002, respectively). Furthermore, 4.9% of the students were underweight and 2.2% of the students were obese. It was thought that there was a positive correlation among height, weight, BMI, age and the blood pressure values; and as BMI and age increased, so did the blood pressure value. Conclusion:, Cooperation and dialogue need to be established among the school directorate, the families and the students to promote and encourage proper growth development and nutrition of the students within the school health services. [source] Use of arboreal and terrestrial space by a small mammal community in a tropical rain forest in Borneo, MalaysiaJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2004Konstans Wells Abstract Aim, Small mammals were live-trapped in a primary rain forest to evaluate the relative distribution of species to each other and to microhabitat properties on the ground and in the canopy. Location, Kinabalu National Park in Borneo, Sabah, Malaysia. Methods, Seven trapping sessions were conducted along two grids with 31 trap points at distances of 20 m on the ground and in the lower canopy at an average height of 13.5 m. Results, Species diversity and abundance of small mammals proved to be high: 20 species of the families Muridae, Sciuridae, Tupaiidae, Hystricidae, Viverridae and Lorisidae were trapped, with murids being dominant in both habitat layers. The terrestrial community was significantly more diverse with 16 captured species (Shannon,Wiener's diversity index = 2.47), while 11 species were trapped in the canopy ( = 1.59). The Whitehead's rat, Maxomys whiteheadi, and the red spiny rat, Maxomys surifer, dominated the terrestrial community whereas the large pencil-tailed tree mouse, Chiropodomys major, was by far the most abundant species in the canopy. Other abundant species of the canopy community, the dark-tailed tree rat, Niviventer cremoriventer, and the lesser treeshrew, Tupaia minor, were also abundant on the ground, and there was no clear boundary between arboreal and terrestrial species occurrences. Main conclusions, As most species were not confined to specific microhabitats or habitat layers, species seemed to rely on resources not necessarily restricted to certain microhabitats or habitat layers, and separation of species probably resulted mainly from a species' concentrated activity in a preferred microhabitat rather than from principal adaptations to certain habitats. Ecological segregation was stronger in the more diverse terrestrial community, though microhabitat selection was generally not sufficient to explain the co-occurrences of species and the variability between local species assemblages. Constraints on small mammal foraging efficiency in the three-dimensional more complex canopy may be responsible for the similarity of microhabitat use of all common arboreal species. Community composition was characterized by mobile species with low persistence rates, resulting in a high degree of variability in local species assemblages with similar turnover rates in both habitats. [source] Heights of occupied patient beds: a possible risk factor for inpatient fallsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 11 2008Huey-Ming Tzeng PhD Aims., The aim of this study was to ascertain the average height of occupied patient beds in a general medical ward and to investigate the relationship between staff working-height for patient beds, time and whether the patient was on fall precaution. Background., The height of occupied patient beds can be an overlooked contributor to inpatient falls. Better physical design of hospital equipment such as patient beds may reduce patient falls and injuries. Methods., This study took place in an acute medical ward of a Michigan medical center. One researcher collected all the data and used the same metric for all the measurements. Univariate analyses were performed. Results., The average staff working-height measurement taken at the weekend was significantly higher than that taken on weekdays. The average height of patient beds on fall precaution was significantly higher than of those not on fall precaution. Conclusions., A higher patient/nurse ratio at weekends than on weekdays may result in fewer bedside nursing hours and nurses being less conscientious about keeping beds in the low position after treatments. In an effort to prevent high-fall-risk patients from falling, nurses may have consciously or unconsciously kept their beds in higher positions. Relevance to clinical practice., If the patient bed can be manually or automatically adjusted, nurses must lower the height of the bed to the lowest position after completing treatments or tasks. This after-procedure activity should be enforced and monitored regularly as part of a hospital's patient fall prevention programme. Low beds should be used for patients at high risk of falling. Future research should investigate patients' and staff's views on hospital equipment to provide evidence-based information for policy-makers determining the design-regulation standard for hospital bedframes. [source] Technical Note: Method for estimating volume of subretinal fluid in cases of localized retinal detachment by OCT ophthalmoscopyOPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 5 2007Hideto Nakajima Abstract The volume of the subretinal fluid can be used to assess the condition of different types of retinal and macular disorders. The purpose of this report is to introduce a method to measure the volume of the subretinal fluid with the images of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) Ophthalmoscope in three cases of central serous chorioretinopathy and one case of retinal pigment epithelial detachment. We used the topography-mode program of the OCT Ophthalmoscope and measured the average height of the retinal detachment. By multiplying the size of the area of the retinal detachment and the average height of the retinal detachment, the volume of subretinal fluid could be determined. Examples are given to show the results of volume measurement of subretinal fluid in cases of localized retinal detachments. [source] Frost heave and thaw consolidation of ploughing boulders in a mid-alpine environment, Finse, Southern NorwayPERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES, Issue 2 2001Ivar Berthling Abstract The frost heave and thaw consolidation of five large ploughing boulders were studied at Finse (UTM32VMN185198), southern Norway, by optical levelling from a bedrock benchmark. The boulders heave 3,7 cm, mainly during the early winter. Thaw consolidation starts while the boulders are still completely snow-covered in spring, but accelerates considerably when a trench in the snow is melted down to the ground surface around the boulders. During four years of measurements, the vertical position of the boulders lowered by a total mean of 5 mm. Boulder heave was well correlated to the square root of the freezing index, although differences in snow cover between subsequent years had marked effects on the heave of some of the boulders. The overburden pressure of the boulders also influenced total heave. An equation was obtained, relating boulder heave to the square root of the freezing index and the average height of the boulder. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RÉSUMÉ Le soulèvement par le gel et la retombée au dégel de 5 grands blocs labourant ont été observés à Finse (UTM MN185198), au sud de la Norvège, par nivellement optique à partir d'un repère fixé sur la roche en place. Le soulèvement est de 3-7 cm et se réalise principalement pendant le début de l'hiver. L'affaissement au dégel débute au printemps alors que les blocs sont encore complètement couverts de neige, mais s'accélère beaucoup quand la neige a fondu autour des blocs. Pendant les quatre années de mesures, les blocs se sont affaissés au dégel d'une moyenne totale de 5 mm. Le soulèvement des blocs est bien corrélé avec la racine carrée de l'index de gel, quoique des différences dans la couverture de neige suivant les années ont des effets marqués sur le soulèvement de quelques blocs. La pression des blocs influence aussi le soulèvement total. Une équation a été obtenue mettant en relation le soulèvement des blocs avec la racine carrée de l'index de gel et la hauteur moyenne des blocs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Breastfeeding as obesity prevention in the United States: A sibling difference modelAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Molly W. Metzger In light of the growing prevalence of obesity in the United States, and the health risks associated with childhood obesity in particular, it is critical to identify avenues for obesity prevention. This study tests the hypothesis that breastfeeding serves as one protective factor against children's subsequent development of obesity. We used linear-, logistic-, and sibling fixed-effects regression models to evaluate the association between infant feeding history and body mass index (BMI) in late childhood or adolescence (9,19 years, mean = 14 years). Complete data were available for 976 participants (488 sibling pairs) in the 2002 Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a nationally representative survey of families in the United States. In sibling pairs in which only one sibling was breastfed, the breastfed sibling had an adolescent BMI that was 0.39 standard deviations lower than his or her sibling, controlling for child-specific factors that may have influenced parents' feeding decisions. This effect is equivalent to a difference of more than 13 pounds for a 14-year-old child of average height. Furthermore, fixed-effects logistic regressions predicting overweight and obese status showed that breastfed siblings were less likely to reach those BMI thresholds. We therefore conclude that breastfeeding in infancy may be an important protective factor against the development of obesity in the United States. The application of a sibling fixed-effects model provides stronger evidence of a causal relationship than prior research reporting similar patterns of association. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Kinematics and energetics of nut-cracking in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) in Piauí, BrazilAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Q. Liu Abstract Wild bearded capuchins (Cebus libidinosus, quadrupedal, medium-sized monkeys) crack nuts using large stones. We examined the kinematics and energetics of the nut-cracking action of two adult males and two adult females. From a bipedal stance, the monkeys raised a heavy hammer stone (1.46 and 1.32 kg, from 33 to 77% of their body weight) to an average height of 0.33 m, 60% of body length. Then, they rapidly lowered the stone by flexing the lower extremities and the trunk until the stone contacted the nut. A hit consisting of an upward phase and a downward phase averaged 0.74 s in duration. The upward phase lasted 69% of hit duration. All subjects added discernable energy to the stone in the downward phase. The monkeys exhibited individualized kinematic strategies, similar to those of human weight lifters. Capuchins illustrate that human-like bipedal stance and large body size are unnecessary to break tough objects from a bipedal position. The phenomenon of bipedal nut-cracking by capuchins provides a new comparative reference point for discussions of percussive tool use and bipedality in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||||||||