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Scattering Angle (scattering + angle)
Selected AbstractsTime-of-flight neutron powder diffraction with a thick-walled sample cellJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2007M. P. Pitt The time-of-flight diffraction techniques that are normally practiced at pulsed neutron sources afford opportunities that are not readily available at continuous fixed-wavelength sources. The present work concerns the increasing trend in materials science to study samples in complex non-ambient environments, such as high gas pressure. Taking the example of a sample cell in which a material is studied under fluid pressure, the optimization of the cell design for best data collection rate is considered. The design of primary- and scattered-beam masks for eliminating background scattering from the sample cell and the correction of the data for cell and sample attenuation are addressed. The outputs of this work include a simple expression for the optimum wall thickness of a thick-walled sample cell, a procedure for accurately determining the required mask aperture width for any scattering angle, more compact expressions for some of the results of the work of Paalman & Pings [J. Appl. Phys. (1962), 33, 2635,2639] on absorption corrections, and guidance as to the correction of diffraction profiles for cell and background effects. Examples are given, drawn from studies of materials under hydrogen gas pressures up to 1800,bar in cells constructed from Ti2.1Zr and Inconel. [source] Hierarchical structure of niobate nanosheets in aqueous solutionJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 2007Satoshi Koizumi The hierarchical structure of an aqueous dispersion of niobate nanosheets was explored by using a combined method of ultra-small-angle and small-angle scattering of neutrons and X-rays. The concentration of the sheets studied was in the range where the dispersion exhibits a liquid-crystal phase as evidenced by observation between crossed polarizers in a previous report. The scattering data covered a wide q scale of more than four orders of magnitude [3 × 10,4,q, 10,nm,1, where q = (4,/,)sin(,/2), , and , being the wavelength of the incident beam and the scattering angle, respectively], corresponding to the length scale l = 2,/q from ~1,nm to ~20,µm. The scattering analyses provided information on the hierarchical structural elements including: (i) single nanosheets as a structure element (hierarchy I), (ii) parallel stacks of the sheets (hierarchy II), and (iii) spatial arrangements of the stacks (hierarchy III), in order of increasing length scale. Hierarchy II is closely related to the liquid-crystal nature of the dispersion in which the spacing and the persistence length, normal and parallel to the stack surface, respectively, were disclosed. Hierarchy III gives rise to the low- q upturn in the scattering profile, which may be characterized by mass-fractal-like power-law scattering behavior. This finding is a surprise from the viewpoint of the liquid-crystal nature of the dispersion, a possible model of which is proposed in the text. [source] Small-angle neutron scattering investigation of plastically deformed stainless steelJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 3-1 2003Vassily Lebedev The microstuctural evolution of plastically deformed steels has been studied by small-angle neutron scattering at ambient temperature in the range of momentum transfer q = (4,/,)sin(,/2) = 0.01,5 nm,1 where , is neutron wavelength and , is the scattering angle. Samples of austenite stainless steels were pulled on a standard bench to cause a plastic deformation, S = 0,60%, up to the fracture of the material. As a result of the deformation an increase of an order of magnitude was observed in the scatterred intensity I(q)~1/[1+(qRC)2](6- Ds)/2. The analysis of the I(q) distribution has shown the surface fractal nature of the observed nano-scale structures. The evolution of internal surface via intensive growth of pores (size RC~20,40 nm) was found and a linear decrease of the surface fractal dimension 2.9,Ds(S),2.1 was observed. These findings can be used to design the fracture criteria for materials of industrial application. [source] SAXSANA: an interactive program for the analysis and monitoring of static and time-resolved small-angle X-ray solution scattering measurementsJOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, Issue 2 2003Yuzuru Hiragi An interactive analytical program, SAXSANA, for small-angle X-ray scattering measurements of solutions is described. The program processes scattered data without disciplined knowledge of small-angle scattering. SAXSANA also assists in finding the best experimental conditions, thus avoiding blind runs of experiments. SAXSANA consists of the following procedures: (i) determination of the centre of scattered X-rays and moment transfer Q (Q,=,4,sin,/,, where 2, is the scattering angle and , is the wavelength) for each measured channel; (ii) conversion of the data format to the format of Q versus scattered intensities J(Q); (iii) truncation of unnecessary data and smoothing of scattering curves by cubic-spline function; (iv) correction of the absorption effect and subtraction of the scattered intensity of the buffer (solvent) solution from that of the sample solution; (v) creation of a data file for a three-dimensional representation of time-resolved scattering curves; (vi) determination of radii of gyration by Guinier plots; (vii) determination of persistent lengths by Kratky plots; (viii) extrapolation of the small-angle part by Guinier plots; (ix) extrapolation of the wide-angle part by Porod's & Luzzati's laws for the Hankel transformation in order to obtain the distance distribution function p(r); (x) calculation of p(r) and computation of the invariant, the chord length, the volume, the spherical radius, the maximum dimension Dmax and the radius of gyration (Rg). SAXSANA also serves as an on-site monitor for the validity of an experimental result during the measurements. [source] High-resolution wide-angle X-ray scattering of protein solutions: effect of beam dose on protein integrityJOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, Issue 5 2003Robert F. Fischetti Wide-angle X-ray scattering patterns from proteins in solution contain information relevant to the determination of protein fold. At relevant scattering angles, however, these data are weak, and the degree to which they might be used to categorize the fold of a protein is unknown. Preliminary work has been performed at the BioCAT insertion-device beamline at the Advanced Photon Source which demonstrates that one can collect X-ray scattering data from proteins in solution to spacings of at least 2.2,Å (q = 2.8,Å,1). These data are sensitive to protein conformational states, and are in good agreement with the scattering predicted by the program CRYSOL using the known three-dimensional atomic coordinates of the protein. An important issue in the exploitation of this technique as a tool for structural genomics is the extent to which the high intensity of X-rays available at third-generation synchrotron sources chemically or structurally damage proteins. Various data-collection protocols have been investigated demonstrating conditions under which structural degradation of even sensitive proteins can be minimized, making this technique a viable tool for protein fold categorization, the study of protein folding, unfolding, protein,ligand interactions and domain movement. [source] A self-consistent scattering model for cirrus.THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, Issue 629 2007I: The solar region Abstract In this paper a self-consistent scattering model for cirrus is presented. The model consists of an ensemble of ice crystals where the smallest ice crystal is represented by a single hexagonal ice column. As the overall ice crystal size increases, the ice crystals become progressively more complex by arbitrarily attaching other hexagonal elements until a chain-like ice crystal is formed, this representing the largest ice crystal in the ensemble. The ensemble consists of six ice crystal members whose aspect ratios (ratios of the major-to-minor axes of the circumscribed ellipse) are allowed to vary between unity and 1.84 for the smallest and largest ice crystal, respectively. The ensemble model's prediction of parameters fundamental to solar radiative transfer through cirrus such as ice water content and the volume extinction coefficient is tested using in situ based data obtained from the midlatitudes and Tropics. It is found that the ensemble model is able to generally predict the ice water content and extinction measurements within a factor of two. Moreover, the ensemble model's prediction of cirrus spherical albedo and polarized reflection are tested against a space-based instrument using one day of global measurements. The space-based instrument is able to sample the scattering phase function between the scattering angles of approximately 60° and 180° , and a total of 37 581 satellite pixels were used in the present analysis covering latitude bands between 43.75°S and 76.58°N. It is found that the ensemble model phase function is well able to minimize significantly differences between satellite-based measurements of spherical albedo and the ensemble model's prediction of spherical albedo. The satellite-based measurements of polarized reflection are found to be reasonably described by more simple members of the ensemble. The ensemble model presented in this paper should find wide applicability to the remote sensing of cirrus as well as more fundamental solar radiative transfer calculations through cirrus, and improved solar optical properties for climate and Numerical Weather Prediction models. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society [source] On the scattering phase-function of non-symmetric ice-crystalsTHE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, Issue 611 2005Anthony. Abstract Theoretical phase-functions representing randomly oriented fractal ice-crystals, bullet-rosettes, ice aggregates, and an ensemble of ice crystals are compared to measured phase-functions using a Polar Nephelometer located in the Antarctic. The Polar Nephelometer operated at a wavelength of 0.80 µm and measured the scattering phase-functions of individual ice-crystals between the scattering angles of 5.86° and 167°. The Polar Nephelometer was operated in tandem with a Cloud Particle Imager (supplied by SPEC Inc.) both were situated at the South Pole Amundsen,Scott base station during January 2002. In this paper we report on a sample of Polar Nephelometer data obtained over a time interval of 2000 seconds consisting of 3256 phase-functions measured from individual ice-crystals. The 3256 measured phase-functions were averaged to produce an ensemble-averaged phase-function. The theoretical phase-functions have been compared to the measured ensemble-averaged phase-function. The paper demonstrates that phase functions representing single ice-crystal geometries do not reproduce the measured data well. However, the theoretical phase-function representing scattering from an ensemble of ice crystals is found to be the best description of the measured phase-function over all scattering angles. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society. [source] | ||||||||||