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Scanning Microscope (scanning + microscope)
Kinds of Scanning Microscope Selected AbstractsConfocal Examination of Subsurface Cracking in Ceramic MaterialsJOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS, Issue 7 2009MMedSc, Maged K. Etman DDS Abstract Purpose: The original ceramic surface finish and its microstructure may have an effect on crack propagation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between crack propagation and ceramic microstructure following cyclic fatigue loading, and to qualitatively evaluate and quantitatively measure the surface and subsurface crack depths of three types of ceramic restorations with different microstructures using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: Twenty (8 × 4 × 2 mm3) blocks of AllCeram (AC), experimental ceramic (EC, IPS e.max Press), and Sensation SL (SSL) were prepared, ten glazed and ten polished of each material. Sixty antagonist enamel specimens were made from the labial surfaces of permanent incisors. The ceramic abraders were attached to a wear machine, so that each enamel specimen presented at 45 degrees to the vertical movement of the abraders, and immersed in artificial saliva. Wear was induced for 80K cycles at 60 cycles/min with a load of 40 N and 2-mm horizontal deflection. The specimens were examined for cracks at baseline, 5K, 10K, 20K, 40K, and 80K cycles. Results: Twenty- to 30-,m deep subsurface cracking appeared in SSL, with 8 to 10 ,m in AC, and 7 ,m close to the margin of the wear facets in glazed EC after 5K cycles. The EC showed no cracks with increasing wear cycles. Seventy-,m deep subsurface cracks were detected in SSL and 45 ,m in AC after 80K cycles. Statistically, there was significant difference among the three materials (p < 0.05). Bonferroni multiple comparison of means test confirmed the ANOVA test and showed that there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in crack depth within the same ceramic material with different surface finishes. Conclusions: The ceramic materials with different microstructures showed different patterns of subsurface cracking. [source] Cytomorphological study of soft tissue neoplasms: role of fluorescent immunocytochemistry in diagnosisCYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2005B. Rekhi Objectives:, Exact categorization of soft tissue tumours (STTs) on smears requires application of various ancillary techniques. This study was aimed at evaluating the role of fluorescent immunocytochemistry (FICC) in cyto-diagnosis of 30 STT cases. Methods:, Thirty cases of soft tissue tumours were included in the present study. All cases were subjected to routine Giemsa and Papanicolaou stain. Extra smears were made and kept for fluorescent immunostaining. A panel of cytoskeletal antibodies, tagged with FITC (Fluorescein isothyocynate), was employed in all these cases. Fluorescent immunostained smears were examined under Zeiss Confocal Laser scanning microscope, using double immunofluorescence (red-green). Finally, all cases were subjected to biopsy and again immunoperoxidase staining. Results:, Among the 30 cases in the present study, unaided cytological diagnoses ranged from ,spindle cell' tumour in four (13.3%) cases, benign and malignant spindle cell tumour in 17 (56.6%) cases, to malignant mesenchymal tumour in nine (30%) cases. FICC helped in further correct categorization of 25/30 (83.3%) cases viz. leiomyoma (three), benign neurogenic tumour (six), schwannoma (one), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (three), synovial sarcoma (two), rhabdomyosarcoma (two), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (five) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (three). Aggressive fibromatosis was found to be a missed diagnosis in two cases. Overall concordance between cyto-diagnosis with FICC, and histopathology results was 83.3% (P < 0.05). Conclusion:, Fluorescent immunocytochemistry is a significant ancillary technique for making a rapid and specific diagnosis of STT, as required for their timely management. Incorporation of a wide panel of antibody markers with clinico-cytological correlation is recommended in forming an exact diagnosis in these cases. [source] Network structure of projections extending from peripheral neurons in the tunic of ascidian larvaDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 8 2010Hiroshi Q. Terakubo Abstract In ascidian Ciona intestinalis, a subset of trunk epidermal neurons were shown to possess external network of neural projections. To characterize a more complete network in naturally hatched (chorionated) larvae, we visualized the structure with a confocal laser scanning microscope. High resolution images revealed the huge network consisting of several subnetworks in whole-larval tunic. We named this network the ASNET (ascidian dendritic network in tunic). The ASNET was dynamically generated and collapsed during larval stages. Interestingly, one of the subnetworks found around apical trunk epidermal neurons was bilaterally asymmetric. In caudal epidermal neurons, transmission electron microscopy revealed that 9+2 axonemes were accompanied by a vesicle-containing mass in the ASNET arbor, but the distal end of the arbor contained only the vesicle-containing fibrous mass and no 9+2 axonemes. The characteristics of the ASNET suggest that it forms a unique outer body network in the ascidian larval tunic. Developmental Dynamics 239:2278,2287, 2010.© 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cytotoxicity and sealing properties of four classes of endodontic sealers evaluated by succinic dehydrogenase activity and confocal laser scanning microscopyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2004Serge Bouillaguet The objectives of this study were to evaluate the cytotoxicity and sealing properties of four classes of endodontic sealers (PCS/Kerr, RoekoSeal/Roeko, TopSeal/Dentsply, and EndoREZ/Ultradent). For cytotoxicity testing (MTT method), the materials were either placed immediately in contact with cultured cells or 24 h after setting, then evaluated at three subsequent time points (24 h, 48 h, or 1 wk). For the leakage study, extracted human roots were obturated with acrylic cones and sealers and immersed for 48 h into rhodamine-labeled lipopolysaccharide. The roots were then observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope to estimate (semiquantitatively) the presence of the rhodamine-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inside the canal. The results showed that cytotoxicity generally increased with time, and that most materials pose significant cytotoxic risks, particularly in the freshly mixed condition. Further, all materials showed significant leakage although there was large variation among teeth. Overall, the silicon-based material (Roeko Seal) was less cytotoxic and more effective in sealing root canals against LPS leakage than other materials. [source] The porcine snout , an in vitro model for human lips?EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2005U. Jacobi Abstract:, The morphology and histology of test sites commonly used to study the penetration of lip products differ significantly from those of the human lip itself. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the porcine snout could serve as an equivalent in vitro model for human lips. The lips of human test subjects and biopsies of porcine snout tissue were compared using histological and microscopic techniques. Using a dermatological laser scanning microscope, the penetration of topically applied fluorescent sodium fluorescein was investigated in vivo on human lips and in vitro on the porcine snout. Biopsies from the in vitro experiments were studied using fluorescence microscopy. Some parts of the porcine snout show a similar morphology and histology as human lips. The stratum corneum (SC) and the epidermis of the porcine snout are thicker than those of human tissue. Both in vivo and in vitro, the topically applied fluorescent dye was detected only on the skin surface and within the uppermost SC layer. These results indicate that porcine snout can be used as an in vitro model for human lips in penetration studies. Both human and porcine tissues exhibit an efficient barrier against the penetration of topically applied substances. [source] Selective detection of superoxide anion radicals generated from macrophages by using a novel fluorescent probeFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 7 2007Jing Jing Gao Quantitation of superoxide radical (O,2,·) production at the site of radical generation remains challenging. A simple method to detect nanomolar to micromolar levels of superoxide radical in aqueous solution has been developed and optimized. This method is based on the efficient trapping of O2,· using a novel fluorescent probe (2-chloro-1,3-dibenzothiazolinecyclohexene), coupled with a spectra character-signaling increase event. A high-specificity and high-sensitivity fluorescent probe was synthesized in-house and used to image O2,· in living cells. Better selectivity for O2,· over competing cellular reactive oxygen species and some biological compounds illustrates the advantages of our method. Under optimal conditions, the linear calibration range for superoxide anion radicals was 5.03 × 10,9,3.33 × 10,6 m. The detection limit was 1.68 × 10,9 m. Fluorescence images of probe-stained macrophages stimulated with 4,-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate were obtained successfully using a confocal laser scanning microscope. [source] Spectral imaging fluorescence microscopyGENES TO CELLS, Issue 9 2002Tokuko Haraguchi The spectral resolution of fluorescence microscope images in living cells is achieved by using a confocal laser scanning microscope equipped with grating optics. This capability of temporal and spectral resolution is especially useful for detecting spectral changes of a fluorescent dye; for example, those associated with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Using the spectral imaging fluorescence microscope system, it is also possible to resolve emitted signals from fluorescent dyes that have spectra largely overlapping with each other, such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). [source] In-vivo diagnosis and non-inasive monitoring of Imiquimod 5% cream for non-melanoma skin cancer using confocal laser scanning microscopyLASER PHYSICS LETTERS, Issue 10 2008S. Dietterle Abstract Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy with increasing incidence rates worldwide. A number of established treatments are available, including surgical excision. The emergence of new non-invasive treatment modalities has prompted the development of non-invasive optical devices for therapeutic monitoring and evaluating treatment efficacy. This study was aimed to evaluate the clinical applicability of a fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscope (CFLSM) for non-invasive therapeutic monitoring of basal cell carcinoma treated with Imiquimod (Aldara®) as topical immune-response modifier. Eight participants with a diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were enrolled in this investigation. Sequential evaluation during treatment with Imiquimod showed progressive normalization of the confocal histomorphologic parameters in correlation with normal skin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was able to identify characteristic features of BCC and allowed the visualization of therapeutic effects over time. Thus our results indicate the clinical applicability of CFLSM imaging to evaluate treatment efficacy in vivo and non-invasively. (© 2008 by Astro Ltd., Published exclusively by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) [source] Single photon fluorescent microlithography for live-cell imagingMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 1 2010Darío Kunik Abstract Using fluorescent dyes to trigger the polymerization of a commercial polyurethane resin allows a rapid fabrication of micrometer and submicrometer sized fluorescent structures by one-photon absorption. Here, we show that standard He,Ne lasers emitting at 632.8 nm can be used to start the photopolymerization and that very low laser power is required. This procedure allows the fabrication of fiduciary fluorescent references on standard glass coverslips, mica sheets, or gold-coated coverslips for laser scanning or standard fluorescent microscopy. The biocompatibility of the polymerized resin with cells in culture was tested by growing Xenopus melanophores and a standard laser scanning microscope was used to demonstrate that it is possible to use equipment readily available in several laboratories. We show that fluorescent structure with less than 10 nm in height may be used as references in fluorescence microscopy allowing a smooth environment for cell growth. Different dyes were tested and the conditions for one-photon polymerization were outlined. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Analysis of fluorescence from algae fossils of the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo formation of China by confocal laser scanning microscopeMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 4 2006Huimei Chi Abstract Chinese algae fossils can provide unique information about the evolution of the early life. Thin sections of Neoproterozoic algae fossils, from Guizhou, China, were studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and algae fossils were fluorescenced at different wavelengths when excited by laser light of 488 nm, 476 nm, and 568 nm wavelength. When illuminated by 488 nm laser light, images of the algae fossils were sharper and better defined than when illuminated by 476 nm and 568 nm laser light. The algae fossils fluoresce at a wide range of emission wavelengths. The three-dimensional images of the fluorescent algae fossils were compared with the transmission images taken by light microscope. We found that the fluorescence image of the confocal laser scanning microscope in a single optical section could pass for the transmission image taken by a light microscope. We collected images at different sample depths and made a three-dimensional reconstruction of the algae fossils. And on the basis of the reconstruction of the three-dimensional fluorescent images, we conclude that the two algae fossils in our present study are red algae. Microsc. Res. Tech. 69:253,259, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] MMIC's characterization by very near-field techniqueMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 3 2004L. Nativel Abstract This paper shows a method to characterize microwave circuits using a near-field scanning microscope. Applied on various samples, it shows good resolution and weak disturbance for ICs operating with very common microwave components. Here, it is applied in an industrial surrounding to characterize the Bluetooth CMOS power amplifier. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 209,213, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20096 [source] Mitochondrial organization in prepubertal goat oocytes during in vitro maturation and fertilizationMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2006Esther Velilla Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate mitochondrial distribution during in vitro maturation (at 0, 15, 20, and 27 hr of IVM) and fertilization of prepubertal goat oocytes compared to mitochondrial distribution of ovulated and in vitro fertilized oocytes from adult goats. Oocytes from prepubertal goats were recovered from a slaughterhouse and were matured in M199 with hormones and serum for 27 hr. Ovulated oocytes were collected from gonadotrophin-treated Murciana goats. Frozen-thawed spermatozoa were selected by centrifugation in Percoll gradient and were capacitated in DMH with 20% steer serum for 1 hr. Ovulated and IVM-oocytes were inseminated in DMH medium with steer serum and calcium lactate for 20 hr. Oocytes and presumptive zygotes were stained with Mitotraker Green FM and observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. Ultrastructural morphology of oocytes and presumptive zygotes were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Prepubertal goat oocytes at germinal vesicle stage (GV) presented mitochondria localized in the cortical and perinuclear region. IVM-oocytes at metaphase II presented mitochondria peripheral polarized to the region opposite were the metaphase spindle is positioned and within the polar body. Ovulated oocytes presented peripheral mitochondria distribution and mitochondrial aggregation around the MII spindle. At 20 hr post-insemination, mitochondria were distributed around the two synchronous pronuclei (2PN rpar; in zygotes ovulated oocytes whereas in prepubertal 2PN-zygotes mitochondria presented a peripheral polarized distribution. Images by TEM detected that immature prepubertal goat oocytes that are less electrodense and present fewer cristae than in vitro matured prepubertal goat oocytes; these are characterized by being associated to swollen vesicles. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 73: 617,626, 2006 © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] An immunohistochemical study on a tetanus fatal case using toxin fragment C (TTC).NEUROPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Should it be a useful diagnostic tool? A 65-year-old man fell in his garden and sustained a right pre-radial cutaneous laceration associated with a Colles' fracture. His status for tetanus immunization was uncertain; so a course of antitetanus treatment was immediately started. Two days after admission the man suddenly developed severe nucal pain, rigidity and dysphagia. A brain CT scan was negative. His condition progressively worsened and then he developed trismus. Cultures from the wound were negative for Clostridium tetani; the CSF analysis was negative. On the 9th day after admission, the man died. A presumptive clinical diagnosis of tetanus was made. Autopsy was performed 24 h after death. An immunohistochemical study was conducted with an antibody directed against tetanus toxin fragment C (TTC). By immunohistochemical evaluation, large motor neurons in the ventral horn were immunopositive for TTC. High power magnification of the ventral horn of spinal cord gray matter samples showed TTC immunoreactivity in motor neuron axons and cell bodies, using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The correct diagnosis could be established on the basis of pathological examination with TTC immunostaining. [source] Upregulation of immunoreactivity of endothelin-1 and ,-SMA in PDL microvasculature following acute tooth loading: an immunohistochemical study in the marmosetORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2003MR Sims Structured Abstract Authors , Sims MR, Ashworth JF, Sampson WJ Objectives , To test the hypothesis that a continuous mechanical tooth load would elevate immunoreactivity of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (,-SMA) in the periodontal ligament (PDL) microvasculature. Design , A randomized control study employing 1.5 h of loading to first molars. Setting and Sample Population , Orthodontic Research Laboratory, Dental School, Adelaide University. Four young adult, male marmoset monkeys were consecutively anaesthetized and treated. Experimental Variable , An external telescoping frame applied a jaw closing load (120,200 g) transmitted occlusally, via a rubber pad, to randomly assigned mandibular left or right first molars. Contralateral molars were used as controls. Outcome Measure , Undemineralized, midsagittal, mandibular molar slices, ,150 ,m thick were immunolabelled with ET-1 and ,-SMA antibodies and examined in a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) for vascular endothelium and smooth muscle immunolabelling. Results , Three categories of post-capillary-sized venule endothelial cell immunolabelling occurred: endothelium labelled solely with ET-1; endothelium labelled solely with ,-SMA; endothelium labelled with both ET-1 and ,-SMA. In endothelial cells, the ,-SMA showed a moderate cytoplasmic distribution with dense peripheral concentration. Loading increased arteriole ,-SMA actin labelling. Conclusion , Scattered expression of ET-1 is the default state in primate PDL endothelial cells. Increased antigenicity of endothelial cells to both ET-1 and ,-SMA, and of arteriolar smooth muscle to ,-SMA, is a response to shear and compression loads. [source] Effects of molding conditions on transcription molding of microscale prism patterns using ultra-high-speed injection moldingPOLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 9 2006H. Yokoi In this study, we performed a series of molding tests to investigate the potential of microscale transcription of polymer by ultra-high-speed injection molding (UHSIM). During the tests, the injection speed was varied up to a maximum of 995 mm/s. Polymethyl methacrylate was molded under various injection molding conditions, including cavity vacuum pumping process, so as to replicate an electroformed nickel stamper exhibiting V-grooves with a pitch of 50 ,m. Surface configurations of molded samples were observed and measured using a laser scanning microscope. The transcription ratio (TR) is defined as the ratio of the depths of V-grooves in both the molded samples and the stamper. An excellent average TR of 0.97 was performed when molding at an injection rate of 800 cm3/s (injection speed of 995 mm/s), mold temperature of 80°C, and holding pressure of 120 MPa. In addition, the effect of vacuum on transcription molding was investigated in detail; the result proved that vacuum is an important factor in the enhancement of transcription fidelity. The strong influence of injection rate on the TR indicates the applicability of UHSIM to the field of transcription molding of polymers. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:1140,1146, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers. [source] Quantitative analyses of anatomical and electrotonic structures of local spiking interneurons by three-dimensional morphometry in crayfishTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2001Ryou Hikosaka Abstract We quantitatively investigated the three-dimensional structure of the dendrites of local spiking interneurons using a confocal laser scanning microscope in the terminal abdominal ganglion of crayfish. We also studied their passive membrane properties electrophysiologically using the single-electrode current clamp techniques to analyze their electrotonic structure. All of the local spiking interneurons examined in this study lacked distinctive axonal structure and had a monopolar cell body that was connected with a fine primary process to a thick main segment. Numerous fine secondary processes projected from the main segment in the ganglionic neuropile. The average anatomical length of a secondary process from the main segment to its terminal was 261.9 ± 15.2 ,m. The average input resistance and membrane time constant of local spiking interneurons, obtained from their voltage responses to intracellular injection of step current pulses in the main segment, were 15.2 ± 1.6 M, and 13.9 ± 1.9 msec, respectively. Calculation of the electrotonic length of dendritic processes based on morphological and physiological data obtained in this study revealed that the average electrotonic length of secondary processes in local spiking interneurons was significantly longer than in local nonspiking interneurons, although both types of local interneurons showed apparently similar anaxonic structure. The steady-state voltage attenuation factors for the secondary processes of local spiking interneurons were significantly greater than those of local nonspiking interneurons in both centrifugal and centripetal directions. The larger electrotonic structure of local spiking interneurons compared to that of nonspiking interneurons appears to be compensated for by their excitable dendritic membrane. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:269,284, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) is associated with microtubules and with mitochondria in the cytoplasm of prothoracic gland cells of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera)ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2009Xanthe Vafopoulou Abstract We have shown previously that EcR in larval Rhodnius is present in the cytoplasm of various cell types and undergoes daily cycling in abundance in the cytoplasm (Vafopoulou and Steel, 2006. Cell Tissue Res 323:443,455). It is unknown which organelles are associated with EcR. Here, we report that cytoplasmic EcR in prothoracic gland cells is associated with both microtubules and mitochondria, and discuss the implications for both nuclear and non-genomic actions of EcR. EcR was localized immunohistochemically using several antibodies to EcR of Manduca and Drosophila and a confocal laser scanning microscope. Double labels were made to visualize EcR and (1) microtubules (using an antibody to tyrosylated ,-tubulin) and (2) mitochondria (using a fluorescent MitoTracker probe), both after stabilization of microtubules with taxol. EcR co-localized with both tubulin and mitochondria. All the different EcR antibodies produced similar co-localization patterns. EcR was seen in the perinuclear aggregation of mitochondria, indicating that mitochondria are targets of ecdysone, which could influence mitochondrial gene transcription. EcR was also distributed throughout the microtubule network. Co-localization of EcR with tubulin or mitochondria was maintained after depolymerization of microtubules with colchicine. Treatment with taxol resulted in accumulation of EcR in the cytoplasm and simultaneous depletion of EcR from the nucleus, suggesting that microtubules may be involved in targeted intracellular transport of EcR to the nucleus (genomic action) or may play a role in rapid ecdysone signal transduction in the extranuclear compartment, i.e., in non-genomic actions of ecdysone. These findings align EcR more closely with steroid hormone receptors in vertebrates. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Microscopic imaging of extended tissue volumesCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 12 2004Ian LeGrice Summary 1.,Detailed information about three-dimensional structure is key to understanding biological function. 2.,Confocal laser microscopy has made it possible to reconstruct three-dimensional organization with exquisite resolution at cellular and subcellular levels. 3.,There have been few attempts to acquire large image volumes using the confocal laser scanning microscope. 4.,Previously, we have used manual techniques to construct extended volumes (several mm in extent, at 1.5 µm voxel size) of myocardial tissue. 5.,We are now developing equipment and efficient automated methods for acquiring extended morphometric databases using confocal laser scanning microscopy. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||