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Scanned Images (scanned + image)

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Medical Sciences33%

Selected Abstracts

Digit ratios (2D:4D) determined by computer-assisted analysis are more reliable than those using physical measurements, photocopies, and printed scans

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Heather C. Allaway
Prenatal androgens influence the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) of hands with men having lower ratios than women. Numerous methods are used to assess 2D:4D including, physical measurements with calipers, and measurements made from photocopies, scanned images, digital photographs, radiographs, and scaled tubes. Although each method appears relatively reliable, agreement upon a gold standard is necessary to better explore the putative effects of prenatal androgens. Our objective was to assess the level of intra and interobserver reliability when evaluating 2D:4D using four techniques: (1) physical measurements, (2) photocopies, (3) printed scanned images, and (4) computer-assisted image analysis. Physical measurements, photocopies, and printed scanned images were measured with Vernier calipers. Scanned images were also measured with computer-based calipers. Measurements were made in 30 men and 30 women at two different time points, by three experienced observers. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess the level of reliability. Intraobserver reliability was best for computer-assisted (0.957), followed by photocopies (0.939), physical measurements (0.925), and printed scans (0.842; P = 0.015). Interobserver reliability was also greatest for computer-assisted (0.892), followed by photocopies (0.858), physical measurements (0.795), and printed scans (0.761; P = 0.001). Mean 2D:4D from physical measurements were higher than all other techniques (P < 0.0001). Digit ratios determined from computer-assisted, physical measurements, and printed scans were more reliable in men than women (P = 0.009, P = 0.017, and P = 0.012, respectively). In summary, 2D:4D determined from computer-assisted analysis yielded the most accurate and consistent measurements among observers. Investigations of 2D:4D should use computer-assisted measurements over alternate methods whenever possible. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Model Based Evaluation of Bridge Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar

COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2008
Kimberly Belli
Interpretation of the radar signal is typically performed through preliminary filtering techniques and interpretation is based on viewing numerous signals in the form of a scan. Although anomalies can be evident in the scanned image, quantification and interpretation of the main issue remain ambiguous. This article presents the ambiguity and common methods of interpretation based on response amplitude and travel time. An integrated medium is developed and used as a forward modeling tool to generate a realistic radar reflection of a reinforced concrete bridge deck with defects. A healthy deck reflection is obtained from a separate model and is combined with an inverse solution to quantifiably estimate unknown subsurface properties such as layer thickness and dielectric constants of subsurface materials evident in the realistic radar trace as well as. The forward modeling tool and associated model based assessment provides an objective computational alternative to the interpretation of scanned images. [source]

Facial templates: a new perspective in three dimensions

ORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2006
CH Kau
Structured Abstract Authors ,, Kau CH, Zhurov A, Richmond S, Cronin A, Savio C, Mallorie C Purpose ,, This paper describes the use of adult facial template in gender-specific facial analysis. Subjects and Methods ,, Eighty adults, mean age 24.5, were selected for the study. Laser-scanned images of the subjects were obtained under a reproducible and controlled environment with two Minolta Vivid 900 (Osaka, Japan) optical laser-scanning devices assembled as a stereo-pair. A set of left and right scanned images was taken for each subject and each scan took an average of 2.5 s. These scanned images were processed and merged to form a composite three-dimensional soft tissue reproduction of the subjects using commercially available reverse modelling software. The differences in facial morphology were measured using shell deviation colour maps. The facial template was used to compare differences between males vs. females groups and two subjects with facial disproportions. Results ,, The difference between the male and female facial templates was 1.28 ± 1.02 mm. The areas of greatest deviation were at the nasal, zygomatic area and lower jaw line. The results of the surface deviation maps between the templates and subjects with facial disproportion showed that the results could be applied for orthodontic diagnosis. Conclusions ,, The construction of the adult facial templates provides an interesting perspective into measuring changes in groups of patients and also acts as a useful template for the comparison of skeletal disproportion. [source]

Digit ratios (2D:4D) determined by computer-assisted analysis are more reliable than those using physical measurements, photocopies, and printed scans

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Heather C. Allaway
Prenatal androgens influence the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) of hands with men having lower ratios than women. Numerous methods are used to assess 2D:4D including, physical measurements with calipers, and measurements made from photocopies, scanned images, digital photographs, radiographs, and scaled tubes. Although each method appears relatively reliable, agreement upon a gold standard is necessary to better explore the putative effects of prenatal androgens. Our objective was to assess the level of intra and interobserver reliability when evaluating 2D:4D using four techniques: (1) physical measurements, (2) photocopies, (3) printed scanned images, and (4) computer-assisted image analysis. Physical measurements, photocopies, and printed scanned images were measured with Vernier calipers. Scanned images were also measured with computer-based calipers. Measurements were made in 30 men and 30 women at two different time points, by three experienced observers. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess the level of reliability. Intraobserver reliability was best for computer-assisted (0.957), followed by photocopies (0.939), physical measurements (0.925), and printed scans (0.842; P = 0.015). Interobserver reliability was also greatest for computer-assisted (0.892), followed by photocopies (0.858), physical measurements (0.795), and printed scans (0.761; P = 0.001). Mean 2D:4D from physical measurements were higher than all other techniques (P < 0.0001). Digit ratios determined from computer-assisted, physical measurements, and printed scans were more reliable in men than women (P = 0.009, P = 0.017, and P = 0.012, respectively). In summary, 2D:4D determined from computer-assisted analysis yielded the most accurate and consistent measurements among observers. Investigations of 2D:4D should use computer-assisted measurements over alternate methods whenever possible. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

2436: A critical look at meibometry as a means to monitor Meibomian gland function

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010
P VERSURA
Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic performance of meibometry in classifying and quantifying Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD) Methods Ninety-six patients with MGD (138 eyes, 62 women, 34 men) and 30 normal control subjects(55 eyes)were enrolled. Eighty six eyes were classified as high delivery (HD)-MGD (meibomian seborrhea/hypersecretory MGD), 52 as low delivery (LD)-MGD on the basis of expression quality scores and morphological signs. Direct Meibometry (DM) measurements were made with an MB550 Meibometer (Courage-Khazaka GmbH). Standard curves were constructed relating arbitrary Meibometer optical density units (AU). Integrated Meibometry (IM) was performed on scanned images of the lipid blots. Symptoms were scored by OSDI,Schirmer test I, Break Up Time (BUT), tear osmolarity (Tearlab, Ocusense), conjunctival scraping cytology were performed. Statistical analysis used SPSS 14.0 and MedCalc 5.0 Results AU values plotted on a log scale correlated highly with the lipid equivalent values (R2= 0.913). Significant differences were found between control subjects vs all MGD patients and between HD vs LD-MGD patients for all the parameters evaluated. In particular: controls: 300+/-121 AU (0.04+/-0.015 microliter), LD-MGD: 218+/-122 AU (0.03+/-0.015) and HD-MGD: 564+/-115 AU (0.07+0.015) (median+/-SD). Significant correlation was found DM vs IM (r=0.691,p<0.0001) and DM was shown to be correlated with BUT, OSDI score, scraping score and tear osmolarity, especially in LD-MGD patients. The selected DM diagnostic cut off for LD-MGD was <275 AU (sens 73, spec 60, PPV 63) and for HD-MGD was >450 AU; (sens 86, spec 87, PPV 91) Conclusion Meibometry is confirmed to be a reliable method to distinguish normal subjects from MGD subgroups with a good degree of accuracy [source]