Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Scoring Scale (scoring + scale)
Selected AbstractsOn the reliability of a dental OSCE, using SEM: effect of different daysEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 3 2008M. Schoonheim-Klein Abstract Aim:, The first aim was to study the reliability of a dental objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) administered over multiple days, and the second was to assess the number of test stations required for a sufficiently reliable decision in three score interpretation perspectives of a dental OSCE administered over multiple days. Materials and methods:, In four OSCE administrations, 463 students of the year 2005 and 2006 took the summative OSCE after a dental course in comprehensive dentistry. The OSCE had 16,18 5-min stations (scores 1,10), and was administered per OSCE on four different days of 1 week. ANOVA was used to test for examinee performance variation across days. Generalizability theory was used for reliability analyses. Reliability was studied from three interpretation perspectives: for relative (norm) decisions, for absolute (domain) and pass,fail (mastery) decisions. As an indicator of reproducibility of test scores in this dental OSCE, the standard error of measurement (SEM) was used. The benchmark of SEM was set at <0.51. This is corresponding to a 95% confidence interval (CI) of <1 on the original scoring scale that ranged from 1 to 10. Results:, The mean weighted total OSCE score was 7.14 on a 10-point scale. With the pass,fail score set at 6.2 for the four OSCE, 90% of the 463 students passed. There was no significant increase in scores over the different days the OSCE was administered. ,Wished' variance owing to students was 6.3%. Variance owing to interaction between student and stations and residual error was 66.3%, more than two times larger than variance owing to stations' difficulty (27.4%). The SEM norm was 0.42 with a CI of ±0.83 and the SEM domain was 0.50, with a CI of ±0.98. In order to make reliable relative decisions (SEM <0.51), the use of minimal 12 stations is necessary, and for reliable absolute and pass,fail decisions, the use of minimal 17 stations is necessary in this dental OSCE. Conclusions:, It appeared reliable, when testing large numbers of students, to administer the OSCE on different days. In order to make reliable decisions for this dental OSCE, minimum 17 stations are needed. Clearly, wide sampling of stations is at the heart of obtaining reliable scores in OSCE, also in dental education. [source] Effectiveness in cleaning oval-shaped root canals using Anatomic Endodontic Technology, ProFile and manual instrumentation: a scanning electron microscopic studyINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005O. Zmener Abstract Aim, To compare in vitro the cleanliness of root canal walls in oval-shaped root canals following automated or manual instrumentation. Methodology, Forty-five oval-shaped single-rooted maxillary and mandibular premolars with straight canals were divided into three groups of 15. Automated canal preparation was performed using Anatomic Endodontic Technology (AET, group 1) and the ProFile system (group 2). Manual instrumentation (group 3) was performed with K-Flexofiles. Irrigation was performed using alternately 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, followed by rinsing with saline. The roots were split longitudinally into halves and the canals examined at ×200 and ×400 in a scanning electron microscope. The presence of debris and smear layer was recorded at distances of 1, 5 and 10 mm from the working length using a three-step scoring scale and a 300 ,m square grid. Mean scores for debris and smear layer were calculated and statistically analysed for significance (P < 0.05) between and within groups, using the Kruskal,Wallis nonparametric anova and Dunn's tests. Results, At 1, 5 and 10-mm levels the root canals prepared with AET had significantly less surface debris and smear layer on the canal walls compared with canals prepared with ProFile or manual instrumentation. For all three groups significantly lower mean smear layer scores (P < 0.05) were recorded at 5 and 10-mm levels compared with the 1 mm level. Significantly lower mean debris scores (P < 0.05) were also recorded at 5 and 10-mm levels for the AET group whereas no significant differences were found between the three levels for the ProFile and manual instrumentation groups. Conclusions, Although better instrumentation scores were obtained in canals prepared with AET, complete cleanliness was not achieved by any of the techniques and instruments investigated. [source] Effects of rotary instruments and ultrasonic irrigation on debris and smear layer scores: a scanning electron microscopic studyINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 7 2002B. E. Mayer Abstract Aim This study evaluated debris and smear layer scores after two types of instruments manufactured from different alloys were used to ultrasonically activate irrigants during canal preparation. The influence of two rotary preparation techniques on cleanliness of the shaped canals was also studied. Methodology Apical stops were prepared to size 45 in 42 single-canalled extracted premolars and canines, which were divided into six equal groups. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were prepared by ProFile .04 (PF) while groups 4, 5 and 6 were prepared by Lightspeed (LS). All groups were irrigated using 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Irrigants in groups 2 and 5 were ultrasonically activated using a size 15 steel K-file and by a blunt flexible nickel,titanium wire in groups 3 and 6. Groups 1 and 4 served as negative controls. Roots were split and canal walls examined at 15×, 200× and 400× magnification in an SEM. Smear layer and debris scores were recorded at 3, 6 and 9 mm levels using a 5-step scoring scale and a 200-µm grid. Means were tested for significance using nonparametric Mann,Whitney U and Kruskal,Wallis tests. Results Debris and smear layer scores for the six groups varied from 1.98 ± 1.04 to 3.47 ± 0.97 and from 1.37 ± 0.4 to 2.36 ± 0.99, respectively. Although all groups had significantly higher smear layer and debris scores at the 3 mm levels compared to the 9 mm levels (P < 0.05), no significant differences were recorded due to the ultrasonic energy transmitted by the two alloys. Conclusion Ultrasonically activated irrigants did not reduce debris or smear layer scores. This finding was not influenced by the material nor by the design of the instrument used to transmit ultrasonic activation. [source] Emergence behaviour in children: defining the incidence of excitement and agitation following anaesthesiaPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 5 2002JENNIFER W. COLE MD Background: Children display a variety of behaviour during anaesthetic recovery. The purpose of this study was to study the frequency and duration of emergence behaviour in children following anaesthesia and the factors that alter the incidence of various emergence behaviour following anaesthesia. Methods: A prospective study of children who required outpatient lower abdominal surgery was designed to determine an incidence and duration of emergence agitation. We developed a 5-point scoring scale to study the postanaesthetic behaviour in these children. The scale included behaviour from asleep (score=1) to disorientation and severe restlessness (score=5). Children were scored by a blinded observer every 10 min during the first hour of recovery or until discharge from same day surgery. Results: We found 27 of 260 children experienced a period of severe restlessness and disorientation (score 5) during anaesthesia emergence. Thirty percent of the children (79/260) experienced a period of inconsolable crying or severe restlessness (score 4 or 5) following anaesthesia. The frequency of this behaviour was greatest on arrival in the recovery room, but many children who arrived asleep in the recovery room later experienced a period of agitation or inconsolable crying. Conclusions: Repeated assessments of behaviour following anaesthetic recovery are required to define an incidence and duration of emergence agitation. Emergence agitation occurs most frequently in the initial 10 min of recovery, but many children who arrive asleep experience agitation later during recovery. [source] EFFECT OF NAPROXEN, A NON-SELECTIVE CYCLO-OXYGENASE INHIBITOR, ON PENTYLENETETRAZOL-INDUCED KINDLING IN MICECLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 7 2005Ashish Dhir SUMMARY 1.,Epilepsy is one of the major neurological disorders of the brain, affecting approximately 0.5,1.0% of the population worldwide. Various neurotransmitter abnormalities, especially of GABA and glutamate, have been reported to play a key role in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. 2.,Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of prostaglandins and, as such, is a key target for many anti-inflammatory drugs. Cyclo-oxygenase has been reported to play a significant role in neurodegeneration. Recent studies have reported that COX plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. 3.,The aim of the present study was to explore the possible role of COX and the effect of COX inhibitors in epilepsy. 4.,Kindling is a chronic model of epilepsy. In the present study, kindling was induced in mice by chronic administration of a subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 40 mg/kg) on every other day for a period of 15 days. Naproxen was administered daily 45 min before PTZ or vehicle. The kindling score was recorded after PTZ administration. Seizure severity was measured according to a prevalidated scoring scale. Biochemical estimations were performed immediately after recording behavioural parameters on the 16th day of PTZ treatment. 5.,Chronic treatment with PTZ significantly induced kindling in mice. Pretreatment with the non-selective COX inhibitor naproxen (7 and 14 mg/kg, i.p.) showed significant protection against PTZ-induced kindling in mice. Biochemical analysis revealed that chronic treatment with PTZ significantly increased lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels (NO levels), but decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in brain homogenates. 6.,In conclusion, the results of the present study strongly suggest that COX plays an important role in the pathophysiology of PTZ-induced kindling in mice and that COX inhibitors could be a useful neuroprotective strategy for the treatment of epilepsy. [source] | ||||||||||