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Selected AbstractsThe Arabidopsis class VIII myosin ATM2 is involved in endocytosisCYTOSKELETON, Issue 6 2008Amirali Sattarzadeh Abstract Members of the class XI of the myosin superfamily comprising higher plant, actin-based molecular motors have been shown to be involved in peroxisome and Golgi vesicle trafficking comparable to yeast and animal class V myosins. The tasks of the second class of myosins of higher plants, class VIII, are unclear. In this study the class VIII myosin ATM2 from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was selected for the examination of cargo specificity in vivo. Fluorescent protein-fusion plasmid constructs with fragments of the ATM2 cDNA were generated and used for Agrobacterium tumefaciens -based transient transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The resulting subcellular localization patterns were recorded by live imaging with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in epidermal leaf cells. Expression of a nearly full-length construct displayed labeling of filaments and vesicles, a head + neck fragment led to decoration of filaments only. However, expression of fluorescent protein-tagged C-terminal tail domain constructs labeled vesicular structures of different appearance. Most importantly, coexpression of different RFP/YFP-ATM2 tail fusion proteins showed colocalization and, hence, binding to the same type of vesicular target. Further coexpression experiments of RFP/YFP-ATM2 tail fusion proteins with the endosomal marker FYVE and the endosomal tracer FM4-64 demonstrated colocalization with endosomes. Colocalization was also detected by expression of the CFP-tagged membrane receptor BRI1 as marker, which is constantly recycled via endosomes. Occasionally the ATM2 tail targeted to sites at the plasma membrane closely resembling the pattern obtained upon expression of the YFP-ATM1 C-terminal tail. ATM1 is known for its localization at the plasma membrane at sites of plasmodesmata. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Belief-Independent Processes and the Generality Problem for ReliabilismDIALECTICA, Issue 1 2005Mark McEvoy The Generality Problem for process reliabilism is to outline a procedure for determining when two beliefs are produced by the same process, in such a way as to avoid, on the one hand, individuating process types so narrowly that each type is instantiated only once, or, on the other hand, individuating them so broadly that beliefs that have different epistemic statuses are subsumed under the same process type. In this paper, I offer a solution to the problem which takes belief-independent processes to be functions that take as inputs information about distal states of affairs, and produce beliefs as outputs. Processes are individuated narrowly, so as to avoid the latter aspect of the Generality problem, but, by holding process tokens to be of the same type when they take perceptually equivalent scenes as inputs, and produce beliefs of the same kind as outputs, the former aspect of the problem is avoided too. Having argued that this method of typing process tokens solves the Generality Problem, I then argue that my solution does not fall prey to objections that have been, or might be, raised for similar proposals. [source] Seismic behaviour of hybrid systems made of PR composite frames coupled with dissipative bracingsEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 6 2008C. Amadio Abstract The paper investigates the dynamic behaviour of hybrid systems made of partially restrained (PR) steel,concrete composite frames coupled with viscoelastic dissipative bracings. A numerical model that accounts for both the resisting mechanisms of the joint and the viscoelastic contribution of the dissipative bracing is introduced and briefly discussed. The model is first validated against experimental outcomes obtained on a one-storey two-bay composite frame with partial strength semi-rigid joints subjected to free vibrations. A number of time-history analyses under different earthquake ground motions and peak ground accelerations are then carried out on the same type of frame. The purpose is to investigate the influence of the type of beam-to-column connection and property of the viscoelastic bracing on the performance of the hybrid system. The inherent stiffness of the bare PR frame and the plastic hysteresis of the beam-to-column joints, which always lead to only limited damage in the joint, are found to provide a significant contribution to the overall structural performance even under destructive earthquakes. This remark leads to the conclusion that the viscoelastic bracing can be effectively used within the hybrid system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Direct amplification of nodD from community DNA reveals the genetic diversity of Rhizobium leguminosarum in soilENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2001Adolphe Zézé Sequences of nodD, a gene found only in rhizobia, were amplified from total community DNA isolated from a pasture soil. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers used, Y5 and Y6, match nodD from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii, R. leguminosarum biovar viciae and Sinorhizobium meliloti. The PCR product was cloned and yielded 68 clones that were identified by restriction pattern as derived from biovar trifolii[11 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) types] and 15 clones identified as viciae (seven RFLP types). These identifications were confirmed by sequencing. There were no clones related to S. meliloti nodD. For comparison, 122 strains were isolated from nodules of white clover (Trifolium repens) growing at the field site, and 134 from nodules on trap plants of T. repens inoculated with the soil. The nodule isolates were of four nodD RFLP types, with 77% being of a single type. All four of these patterns were also found among the clones from soil DNA, and the same type was the most abundant, although it made up only 34% of the trifolii -like clones. We conclude that clover selects specific genotypes from the available soil population, and that R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii was approximately five times more abundant than biovar viciae in this pasture soil, whereas S. meliloti was rare. [source] Reductive Activation of tripod Metal Compounds: Identification of Intermediates and Preparative Application,EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2008Jürgen Mautz Abstract [tripodCoCl2] {tripod = CH3C(CH2PPh2)3} when treated with KC8 in THF solution under an argon atmosphere produces a reactive species ["tripodCo0"] (A) which undergoes oxidative additions with stannanes, [tripodCo(H)2(SnBu3)] (4), formed, for example, by addition of Bu3SnH. Silanes, R3SiH, undergo the same type of reaction producing [tripodCo(H)2(SiR3)] (R = Et: 5a; R = Ph: 5b). The solid-state structures of all the compounds [tripodCo(H)2(ER3)] (E = Si, R = Ph; E = Sn, R = Ph, Bu) are rather similar. While they contain six-coordinate cobalt with the formal oxidation state of cobalt being +III the coordination geometry is not octahedral: the heteroelement E deviates from the position which it would have in octahedral coordination by around 40° while the other five ligands, three phosphorus and two hydrogen, have the expected interligand angles of around 90° and 180°, respectively. The deviation of the heteroelement E is such that it approaches the metal bonded hydrogen atoms leading to short H···E contacts of only about 190 pm (E = Si) and 230 pm (E = Sn), respectively. The generation of a reactive species ["tripodCo0"] (A) was transferred to the synthesis of a reactive tripodnickel(0) species by treating a THF solution of [(DME)NiBr2] with KC8 in the presence of tripod. This species reacts with two electron donor ligands L to produce the pseudo tetrahedral compounds [tripodNi(L)] {L = PPh3 (6), AsPh3 (7), cHexNC (8), tBuNC (9), C2H4 (10)}. The identity of the reactive nickel(0) species as unequivocally deduced from NMR experiments is [tripod4Ni3] (12). All compounds were characterised by the usual analytic techniques including X-ray analysis where applicable.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] Comparison of near-infrared emission spectroscopy and the Rancimat method for the determination of oxidative stabilityEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Fabiano B. Gonzaga Abstract This work presents a comparison between a new method for the determination of the oxidative stability of edible oils at frying temperatures, based on near-infrared emission spectroscopy (NIRES), and the Rancimat method at 110,,°C. In the NIRES-based method, the induction time (IT) is determined by means of the variation of the emission band at 2900,nm during heating at 160,,°C. The comparison between the IT values obtained with the two methods for 12,samples of edible oils shows some correlation for samples of the same type once there is an agreement on the sequence of highest to lowest IT values between the methods, but a poor correlation considering all samples (correlation coefficient of 0.78). This lack of correlation demonstrates that the results obtained with the Rancimat method cannot be used as an indication of the oxidative stability, or the resistance to degradation, of edible oils at frying temperatures. The difference in the heating temperatures used in the two methods leads to 20,36,times higher IT values for the Rancimat method in relation to the NIRES-based method, but with similar repeatabilities (2.0 and 2.8%, respectively). [source] A meso-level approach to the 3D numerical analysis of cracking and fracture of concrete materialsFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 12 2006A. CABALLERO ABSTRACT A meso-mechanical model for the numerical analysis of concrete specimens in 3D has been recently proposed. In this approach, concrete is represented as a composite material with the larger aggregates embedded in a mortar-plus-aggregates matrix. Both continuum-type components are considered linear elastic, while the possibilities of failure are provided with the systematic use of zero-thickness interface elements equipped with a cohesive fracture constitutive law. These elements are inserted along all potential crack planes in the mesh a priori of the analysis. In this paper, the basic features of the model are summarized, and then results of calculations are presented, which include uniaxial tension and compression loading of 14-aggregate cubical specimen along X, Y and Z axes. The results confirm the consistency of the approach with physical phenomena and well-known features of concrete behaviour, and show low scatter when different loading directions are considered. Those cases can also be considered as different specimens subjected to the same type of loading. [source] Recombinant glycodelin carrying the same type of glycan structures as contraceptive glycodelin-A can be produced in human kidney 293 cellsbut not in Chinese hamster ovary cellsFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 15 2000Ingrid M. Van den Nieuwenhof We have produced human recombinant glycodelin in human kidney 293 cells and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Structural analyses by lectin immunoassays and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry showed that recombinant human glycodelin produced in CHO cells contains only typical CHO-type glycans and is devoid of any of the N,N,- diacetyllactosediamine (lacdiNAc)-based chains previously identified in glycodelin-A (GdA). By contrast, human kidney 293 cells produced recombinant glycodelin with the same type of carbohydrate structures as GdA. The presence of a ,1,4- N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase functioning in the synthesis of lacdiNAc-based glycans in human kidney 293 cells is concluded to be the cause of the occurrence of lacdiNAc-based glycans on glycodelin produced in these cells. Furthermore, human kidney 293 cells were found to be particularly suited for the production of recombinant glycodelin when they were cultured in high glucose media. Lowering the glucose concentration and the addition of glucosamine resulted in higher relative amounts of oligomannosidic-type glycans and complex glycans with truncated antennae. Human glycodelin is an attractive candidate for the development of a contraceptive agent, and this study gives valuable information for selecting the proper expression system and cell culture conditions for the production of a correctly glycosylated recombinant form. [source] Towards non-linear inversion for characterization of time-lapse phenomena through numerical modellingGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 4 2003A. Abubakar ABSTRACT We compare two geophysical survey measurements of the same type made at different times in order to characterize the change in the geological medium during the elapsed time. The aim of this study is to develop a strategy using a full non-linear inversion algorithm as the interpretation tool. In this way, not only the location and the form of the changes are recovered, but also the changes in the material parameters of the geological medium can be estimated. In order to solve this fully non-linear problem, the so-called ,multiplicative regularized contrast source inversion' (MR-CSI) method is employed. The unique property of this iterative method is that it does not solve the forward problem at each iterative step. This makes it possible to use the non-linear inversion algorithm for large-scale computation problems. The numerical results show that by taking into account the non-linear nature of the problem, interpretation of the time-lapse data can be significantly improved, compared with that obtained using linear inversion. [source] Tradeoffs and thresholds in the effects of nitrogen addition on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: evidence from inner Mongolia GrasslandsGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010YONGFEI BAI Abstract Nitrogen (N) deposition is widely considered an environmental problem that leads to biodiversity loss and reduced ecosystem resilience; but, N fertilization has also been used as a management tool for enhancing primary production and ground cover, thereby promoting the restoration of degraded lands. However, empirical evaluation of these contrasting impacts is lacking. We tested the dual effects of N enrichment on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning at different organizational levels (i.e., plant species, functional groups, and community) by adding N at 0, 1.75, 5.25, 10.5, 17.5, and 28.0 g N m,2 yr,1 for four years in two contrasting field sites in Inner Mongolia: an undisturbed mature grassland and a nearby degraded grassland of the same type. N addition had both quantitatively and qualitatively different effects on the two communities. In the mature community, N addition led to a large reduction in species richness, accompanied by increased dominance of early successional annuals and loss of perennial grasses and forbs at all N input rates. In the degraded community, however, N addition increased the productivity and dominance of perennial rhizomatous grasses, with only a slight reduction in species richness and no significant change in annual abundance. The mature grassland was much more sensitive to N-induced changes in community structure, likely as a result of higher soil moisture accentuating limitation by N alone. Our findings suggest that the critical threshold for N-induced species loss to mature Eurasian grasslands is below 1.75 g N m,2 yr,1, and that changes in aboveground biomass, species richness, and plant functional group composition to both mature and degraded ecosystems saturate at N addition rates of approximately 10.5 g N m,2 yr,1. This work highlights the tradeoffs that exist in assessing the total impact of N deposition on ecosystem function. [source] Comparison of DNA Complex Formation Behaviour for Two Closely Related Lexitropsin AnaloguesHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 5 2009Abstract Two closely related lexitropsin analogues that differ only in the form of the ,headgroup' functionality (CHO (for 1) vs. Ac (for 2)) have been studied in their DNA-binding capacity for the sequence d(GCATATATGC) using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. DNA-Complex formation for the CHO derivative was apparent from the observation of new NMR signals on titration of DNA with ligand. Detailed investigation and assignment of the data for a ligand/DNA-duplex ratio of 2,:,1 clearly delineated the structure as one associated with the ,minor groove' class of DNA complexes. The structure of the complex was determined on the basis of the acquired NMR data. Features characteristic of typical 2,:,1 minor-groove complexes were apparent. In a similar experimental approach, the Ac analogue ligand,DNA binding response was investigated. Despite the close similarity in chemical structure to the CHO case, the Ac analogue was found to produce NMR data of a much poorer quality. This was attributed to more rapid on/off chemical exchange equilibrium between ligand and DNA. From close analysis and comparison of the NMR data for the ,Ac' and ,CHO' headgroup ligand,DNA complexes, it was possible to ascertain that the same type of complex formed in each case but with different relative binding constants. Consideration of the nature and form of these complexes has been made with reference to a previously determined structure from our laboratory for the related lexitropsin analogue thiazotropsin A. [source] Structure, Characterization, and Metal-Complexation Properties of a New Tetraazamacrocycle Containing Two Phenolic Pendant ArmsHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 10 2004Xiuling Cui The new tetraazamacrocycle 2 (=2,2,-[[7-Methyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-triene-3,11-diyl]bis(methylene)]bis(4-bromophenol)) was synthesized and used as a ligand for different metal-ion complexes. The X-ray crystal structures of the complexes of the general formula [M(H- 2)]+NO,MeOH (M=Ni2+, Zn2+), in which only one of the two pendant phenolic OH groups of 2 is deprotonated, were determined. In both complexes, the coordination environment is of the [5+1] type, the four N-atoms of the macrocyclic framework defining a square-planar arrangement around the metal center, with similar NiN and ZnN distances of 1.961(9) to 2.157(9),Å and 2.021(9) to 2.284(8),Å, respectively. In contrast, the MO distances are markedly different, 2.060(6) and 2.449(8),Å in the NiII complex, and 2.027(7) and 2.941(9),Å in the ZnII complex. The UV/VIS spectra of the NiII and CuII complexes with ligand 2, and the EPR spectra of the CuII system, suggest the same type of structure for the complexes in solution as in the solid state. Theoretical studies by means of density functional theory (DFT) confirmed the experimental structures of the NiII and ZnII complexes, and led to a proposal of a similar structure for the corresponding CuII complex. The calculated EPR parameters for the latter and comparison with related data support this interpretation. The singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) in these systems is mainly made of a d orbital of Cu, with a strong antibonding (,*) contribution of the axially bound phenolate residue. [source] Familial chronic myeloproliferative disorders: the state of the art,HEMATOLOGICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Elisa Rumi Abstract Familial chronic myeloproliferative disorders are defined when in the same pedigree at least two relatives have a chronic myeloproliferative disorder (CMD) as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) or primary myelofibrosis (PMF). This condition should be distinguished from inherited disorders with Mendelian transmission and single haematopoietic lineage proliferation, named hereditary erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis. The recently discovered mutations in patients with CMD (V617F and exon 12 of JAK2 gene, MPL gene), and those identified in hereditary erythrocytosis and in hereditary thrombocytosis have improved our ability to discriminate these conditions. In familial CMD, the JAK2 mutations are acquired and occur as secondary genetic events. As both mutations of the JAK2 gene have been reported in the same pedigree, a genetic predisposition to the acquisition of the JAK2 mutations is supposed to be inherited. The prevalence of familial cases within CMD is at least 7.6%. The inheritance pattern of familial CMD is consistent with an autosomal dominant trait with decreased penetrance. The clinical presentation at diagnosis of patients with familial CMD does not differ from that of patients with sporadic CMD. In addition, patients with familial CMD develop the same type of complications (thrombosis and haemorrhage) and disease evolution (post-PV myelofibrosis, post-ET myelofibrosis and leukaemia) observed in patients with sporadic CMD. The 10-year survival is 83% for patients with familial PV, 100% for those with familial ET, and 30% for those with familial PMF. The aim of this review is to focus the state of the art of familial CMD and to offer an overview of inherited conditions causing erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A Multimethod Multitrait Validity Assessment of Self-Construal in Japan, Korea, and the United StatesHUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Issue 1 2005Mary J. Bresnahan A large number of previous studies have used self-construal to predict communication outcomes. Recent evidence, however, suggests that validity problems may exist in self-construal measurement. The current study conducted a multimethod multitrait (Campbell & Fiske, 1959) validation study of self-construal measures with data (total N= 578) collected in Korea (N= 200), Japan (N= 212), and the U.S. (N= 166). The data showed that the Singelis (1994) Self-Construal Scale, the Cross, Bacon, and Morris (2000) Relational Interdependent Self-Construal Scale (RISC), and the Kuhn and McPartland (1954) Twenty Statements Test (TST) lacked convergent and discriminant validity, both pan-culturally and within each of the three countries included in the study. Scores on the TST were not significantly related to scores on the self-construal scales, and the various self-construal measures correlated more highly with measures of communication directness than with alternative measures of the same type of self-construal. Substantial method effects were also observed. The results were tested for both 2- and 3-dimensional models of self-construal and for refined scales and scales with all items retained. The results of all analyses were inconsistent with the claim that self-construal measures are construct valid. [source] Diffusion Characteristics of VOCs IndoorsIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2010Shin-ichi Shibata Student Member Abstract Diffusion characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated indoors using tin oxide gas sensors. The chemicals cause various kinds of symptoms in humans, for example, the sick house syndrome. In this study, eight sensors were installed in a vertical direction and on a plane surface. These sensors were of the same type. The VOC is placed in a generation source, and the sensor output increases as the chemical diffuses. The sensor output becomes higher as the concentration increases. The following chemicals were tried as air pollutants: formaldehyde, toluene, and xylene. The sensor output changes in short, quick steps by slight fluctuations of the wind velocity. Therefore, the differential characteristic of the sensor output was adopted and the noise component was removed as far as possible. A threshold time tth to the characteristic was set up. It is assumed that the examining chemical reaches the installed sensor point in a time greater than this time. The new speed of arrival is proposed using the threshold time. The speed s [cm/min] is indicated using the distance d and the reaching time tth, namely, s = d/tth. Here, d means the distance between the sensor position and the polluting source. As a result, the speed for the sensor that is installed near the ceiling (at a height of 260 cm from the floor) is the highest. And, it became obvious that s was larger for the chemical with a smaller molecule. The speed of formaldehyde for the sensor installed near the ceiling was 700 cm/min and that for the sensor installed at the height of 100 cm from the floor was 370 cm/min. There is almost a two times difference in the speed. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Traffic flow continuum modeling by hypersingular boundary integral equationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2010Luis M. Romero Abstract The quantity of data necessary in order to study traffic in dense urban areas through a traffic network, and the large volume of information that is provided as a result, causes managerial difficulties for the said model. A study of this kind is expensive and complex, with many sources of error connected to each step carried out. A simplification like the continuous medium is a reasonable approximation and, for certain dimensions of the actual problem, may be an alternative to be kept in mind. The hypotheses of the continuous model introduce errors comparable to those associated with geometric inaccuracies in the transport network, with the grouping of hundreds of streets in one same type of link and therefore having the same functional characteristics, with the centralization of all journey departure points and destinations in discrete centroids and with the uncertainty produced by a huge origin/destination matrix that is quickly phased out, etc. In the course of this work, a new model for characterizing traffic in dense network cities as a continuous medium, the diffusion,advection model, is put forward. The model is approached by means of the boundary element method, which has the fundamental characteristic of only requiring the contour of the problem to be discretized, thereby reducing the complexity and need for information into one order versus other more widespread methods, such as finite differences and the finite element method. On the other hand, the boundary elements method tends to give a more complex mathematical formulation. In order to validate the proposed technique, three examples in their fullest form are resolved with a known analytic solution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Analysis and implementation issues for the numerical approximation of parabolic equations with random coefficientsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 6-7 2009F. Nobile Abstract We consider the problem of numerically approximating statistical moments of the solution of a time-dependent linear parabolic partial differential equation (PDE), whose coefficients and/or forcing terms are spatially correlated random fields. The stochastic coefficients of the PDE are approximated by truncated Karhunen,Loève expansions driven by a finite number of uncorrelated random variables. After approximating the stochastic coefficients, the original stochastic PDE turns into a new deterministic parametric PDE of the same type, the dimension of the parameter set being equal to the number of random variables introduced. After proving that the solution of the parametric PDE problem is analytic with respect to the parameters, we consider global polynomial approximations based on tensor product, total degree or sparse polynomial spaces and constructed by either a Stochastic Galerkin or a Stochastic Collocation approach. We derive convergence rates for the different cases and present numerical results that show how these approaches are a valid alternative to the more traditional Monte Carlo Method for this class of problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Typology in action: applying typological insights in the study of translationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS, Issue 1 2008Luna Filipovi tipología; camino y manera de movimiento; transcriptos; traducción This paper provides arguments in favour of using Talmy's cognitive typology in the study of translation. I contrasted English motion expressions with those in Spanish and Serbo-Croatian. English and Spanish belong to two opposing types in the typology, and Serbo-Croatian is classified as the same type as English. I illustrate the effects that different lexicalization patterns can have in a specific context of translation, namely that of translating police interviews with witnesses and suspects from Spanish into English. I also explain the intratypological contrasts that affect translation in the case of English vs. Serbo-Croatian. I propose a number of underlying principles to be used in translation and foreign language teaching. Este articulo se trata de la importancia que una tipología lingüística tiene en el análisis de traducción. Hemos comparado los originales de dos libros en serbo-croato y dos en ingles y correspondientes traducciones de estos textos en ingles y serbo-croato. Otros materiales que hemos usado en nuestra discusión son los transcriptos originales de los interrogaciones de testigos que hablan español como lengua madre y las traducciones en inglés hechos por la parte de los intérpretes. Español e ingles marcan los dos puntos más extremos en la clasificación semántica de idiomas, mientras serbo-croato estaba clasificado en el mismo grupo con ingles. Esta clasificación tipológica es basada sobre la manera en que se lexicalizan los campos universales de experiencia humana. En este caso, hablamos de la manera de movimiento. Los resultados muestran que en español, siguiendo las predicciones de la tipología, las construcciones con los verbos de dirección son los típicos y la frecuencia y la variedad de los verbos de manera de movimiento es marginada y limitada. En ingles, que "prefiere" el uso de los verbos de manera de movimiento, las traducciones a veces tienen la información de la manera que no existe en los textos originales. Así se cambia el contenido original de las descripciones que han presentado los testigos en español. Serbo-croato tiene puntas in común con ingles y español, y por eso, que nosotros mostramos, se puede posicionar entre los otros dos idiomas en la tipología. Otros temas presentes en la nuestra discusión son la diferencia entre las construcciones sintácticos en los tres idiomas que crean problemas en la traducción y los excepciones en el uso de los verbos de movimiento que se encuentran en serbo-croato. La conclusión es que este tipo de investigación aplicada interdisciplinaria puede ayudar a entender la importancia que tiene el idioma en contextos varios. En esa manera tal vez se puede mejorar el proceso de traducción e interrogación de testigos en una comunidad multilingual y facilitar el proceso de comunicación en general. [source] Fabrication of Crescent-Shaped Optical Antennas,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 17 2005S. Shumaker-Parry Metal crescent-shaped nanoparticles (see Figure) that are expected to be efficient optical antennas with highly enhanced and localized near-fields are described. The particle-fabrication process combines colloidal templating, metal-film deposition, and ion-beam milling. The crescents exhibit multiple plasmon resonances in the visible and near-infrared that are of the same type as have been proposed for the development of an effective left-handed material. [source] Absorption kinetics of oxygen scavengersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Gaurav Tewari The oxygen (O2) absorption kinetics of six commercial O2 scavengers were studied. The scavengers were placed in bags which were filled with 240 mL of air, 4.5 L N2 + 15 mL of air, or 3.5 L CO2 + 9 mL of air. The O2 concentration in each bag was measured at hourly intervals for 8 h. The effects of variability among individual scavengers, initial O2 concentrations of 20% or 500 ppm (0.05%), temperatures of 25, 12, 2 or ,1.5 °C, and scavenger capacity on the O2 absorption rate were determined. In addition, the effect of placing scavengers within over-wrapped trays within bags, was examined. Rates of O2 absorption varied by factors of up to 2 between individual O2 scavengers of the same type, but rates of absorption by groups of four scavengers of the same type were similar. Low temperatures gave longer O2 half-life when compared with those at higher temperatures, e.g. O2 half-lives of 7.1 and 1.0 h at ,1.5 and 25 °C, respectively, were obtained for one scavenger type. Shorter O2 half-lives were obtained in air than in N2 atmospheres at the same temperature, e.g. O2 half-lives of 1.0 and 3.3 h in air and N2 at 25 °C, respectively, were obtained for one scavenger type. The O2 absorption reactions were of first order for both high and low initial O2 concentrations. However, O2 concentration was the primary limiting factor for O2 absorption in atmospheres having O2 concentration of 500 ppm because of the dominance of diffusion. Scavengers, when placed within over-wrapped trays within bags had up to 12 times longer O2 half-lives, indicating that the O2 permeable film acts as an O2 barrier when pack atmosphere has low O2 concentrations. To obtain consistent and reproducible results, it is recommended that multiple scavengers be used in a packaging system. The appropriate number should be based on scavenger type, desired O2 absorption rate, storage temperature, and pack atmosphere (air/N2/CO2). [source] Auxiliary functions for molecular integrals with Slater-type orbitals.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2008Abstract The Gauss transform of Slater-type orbitals is used to express several types of molecular integrals involving these functions in terms of simple auxiliary functions. After reviewing this transform and the way it can be combined with the shift operator technique, a master formula for overlap integrals is derived and used to obtain multipolar moments associated to fragments of two-center distributions and overlaps of derivatives of Slater functions. Moreover, it is proved that integrals involving two-center distributions and irregular harmonics placed at arbitrary points (which determine the electrostatic potential, field and field gradient, as well as higher order derivatives of the potential) can be expressed in terms of auxiliary functions of the same type as those appearing in the overlap. The recurrence relations and series expansions of these functions are thoroughly studied, and algorithms for their calculation are presented. The usefulness and efficiency of this procedure are tested by developing two independent codes: one for the derivatives of the overlap integrals with respect to the centers of the functions, and another for derivatives of the potential (electrostatic field, field gradient, and so forth) at arbitrary points. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008 [source] Theoretical study of adsorption of methyl tert -butyl ether on broken clay minerals surfacesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2005A. Michalkova Abstract The interactions between methyl tert -butyl ether (MTBE) and differently defected tetrahedral and octahedral fragments of clay minerals containing Si4+, Al3+, and Mg2+ central cations have been studied at the B3LYP and MP2 levels of theory in conjunction with the 6-31G(d) basis set. MTBE interacts with defect clay structures due to the formation of multiple CH,O and OH,O hydrogen bonds. Interactions of MTBE with systems containing different types of defected mineral fragments were found to vary. Systems containing the same type of defected mineral fragment with different central cation interact almost the same way with MTBE. The formation of hydrogen bonds leads to changes in the geometrical parameters and to the polarization of MTBE. The values of the interaction energies depend on the charge of the mineral fragment. They amount to 5 kcal/mol,35 kcal/mol. MTBE interacts more preferably with octahedral fragments than with tetrahedral fragments that contain an Al3+ central cation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005 [source] Emigration from China: A Sending Country PerspectiveINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 3 2003Xiang Biao This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the policies pursued by the People's Republic of China (PRC) regarding the emigration of Chinese nationals. Most of the available literature on migration management has focused on receiving countries. With a few exceptions, little attention has been directed at migration management policies pursued in countries of origin. In the case of the PRC, policies regarding overseas Chinese have been fairly well documented and researched, but very little has been written about how the Chinese authorities manage ongoing emigration flows. This gap becomes particularly salient as the importance of the "partnership with the countries of origin" in devising migration policies is being increasingly acknowledged by receiving countries in Europe (Commission of the European Communities, 2000). Over the last 20 years, there have been significant changes in the Chinese Government's policies and perspectives on emigration. But, just like most other governments, the Chinese authorities do not have a single blanket policy covering all categories of emigrants. Emigration is normally managed on a case-by-case basis and the Government's attitude toward the same type of emigration may vary depending on different cases and circumstances. Because of this, this article examines China's major emigration-related policy spheres one by one. Specifically, six issues will be discussed: (1) exit control; (2) diaspora policy; (3) student migration; (4) labour export; (5) regulations on emigration agencies and, finally (6) the Government's response to human smuggling. This article shows both the coherence and the fragmentation in China's policies toward emigration. The coherence is due to the fact that all the policies are inherently linked to China's overall economic and social development strategy. The emigration management regime is sometimes fragmented partly because emigration consists of different streams and is handled by different Government departments, partly because some emigration issues (such as regulations on emigration agents) are very new for the Chinese Government and the authorities are still exploring them. Overall, the Chinese authorities increasingly see emigration as a means to enhance China's integration to the world and are keen to avoid conflicts with the international community over migration issues. At the same time, China's emigration policies need to be more balanced, in particular, the emigration of unskilled labour should be given more priority. [source] Stabilization of soft clay in irrigation projects,IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE, Issue 2 2005M. M. Mubeen stabilisation de chaux; utilisation d'argile molle; déchet de pierre pulvérisée; ouvrage d'irrigation Abstract Clay,lime improvement is an effective means to improve soft clay soil. Lime stabilization especially improves the strength and the workability of the clay soil. In addition, lime improvement provides more resistance to the soil structure and to the effect of weather on the soil structure. This study has investigated lime stabilization of soft clay and the possibility of utilizing waste rock powder produced in crusher plants as a supplemental material for lime stabilization in order to increase the strength of the soil structure. The purpose of the study was to apply the results especially in irrigation projects in order to avoid the problems of soft clay on irrigation structures in Sri Lanka. However, the results and conclusions can be considered for other regions, where the same type of soft clay problems exists. The Dutch Oostvaardersplassen (OVP) soft clay, which has a high plasticity, low shear strength and high natural water content, was chosen for the investigations. The results of unconfined compressive strength for different water contents of clay and also for different lime and waste rock powder contents show an excellent increase in strength and workability. The waste rock powder proved to increase the effect of lime stabilization. The strength improvement caused by waste rock powder is more significant for those soils which have a low clay content. Since in irrigation projects a wide range of clay soils exist, this investigation may be useful to utilize waste rock powder in order to improve the quality and the durability of the foundation of irrigation structures in the long run. Therefore the application of lime and rock material improvement on soft clay in irrigation projects may be a useful approach to stabilize soft soils and improve medium-scale shallow foundation irrigation structures and road and canal embankments, including repairing canal leaks. It has also been found that by applying this method in irrigation projects in Sri Lanka, the stabilization cost for structures on soft clay can be significantly reduced compared to other methods. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. L'amélioration de l'argile avec de la chaux est une moyenne effective pour améliorer la terre de l'argile molle. Spécialement la stabilisation de chaux améliore la force et la maniabilité de la terre argileuse. De plus l'amélioration de chaux fournit plus de résistance à la structure de la terre avec l'effet du temps sur la structure de la terre pendant les conditions atmosphériques différentes. Dans cette étude on a examiné la stabilisation de chaux dans l'argile molle et la possibilité de utiliser des déchets de pierre pulvérisée, obtenus par pulvériser des usines, comme une matérielle supplémentaire pour la stabilisation de chaux afin que la force de la structure de la terre s'améliore. L'objective de cette étude était d'appliquer les résultats spécialement dans des projets d'irrigation pour éviter des problèmes de l'argile molle dans des structures d'irrigation en Sri Lanka. Les résultats et les conclusions peuvent être considérés pour d'autres régions, ayant le même problème de l'argile molle. Les Oostvaarderplassen (OVP) en Hollande ont de l'argile molle ayant une plasticité haute, une résistance au cisaillement basse et un haut pourcentage de l'eau naturelle. C'est pour ça les Oostvaardersplassen ont été choisis pour accomplir la recherche. Les résultats de la force de pression indéfinie pour des teneurs en eau différents dans l'argile, aussi pour les teneurs en chaux différents et des déchets de pierres pulvérisées montrent une augmentation excellente de la force et de la maniabilité. Les déchets de pierre pulvérisée se révèlent d'augmenter l'effet de la stabilisation de chaux. L'amélioration de la force, causée par les déchets de pierre pulvérisée, est plus significative pour ces terres ayant un teneur d'argile bas. Parce que les projets d'irrigation ont beaucoup de la terre d'argile cette recherche peut être utile pour user des déchets de pierre pulvérisée pour améliorer la qualité et la durabilité de la fondation des structures d'irrigation à long terme. C'est pourquoi l'application du matériel de chaux et de pierre sur de l'argile molle dans des projets d'irrigation peut être une approche utile pour stabiliser des terres molles et peut améliorer des structures de fondations d'irrigation dans des eaux pas profondes, dans des remblais de chemins et de canaux, inclus dans des réparations des fuites de canaux. Aussi on a révélé qu'en appliquant ce méthode dans des projets d'irrigation en Sri Lanka les coûts de la stabilisation des structures sur de l'argile molle peuvent être réduits d'une manière importante comparée avec d'autres méthodes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Evaluation of Drought-Related Traits and Screening Methods at Different Developmental Stages in Spring BarleyJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008F. Szira Abstract Despite intensive research and breeding efforts, the physiological and quantitative genetic bases of drought tolerance are still poorly understood. The comparison of results obtained from different sources is also complex, because different testing methods may lead to controversial conclusions. This report discusses various drought stress experiments (hydroponics and in soil) in which the plant tolerance was studied at different developmental stages. Tests were performed in the germination, seedling and adult plant stages on the parental lines of five well-known barley-mapping populations. The results suggest that drought tolerance is a stage-specific trait and changes during the life cycle. The effect of drought stress depended not only on the duration and intensity of water deficiency, but also on the developmental phase in which it began. To induce the same type of stress and to obtain comparable tolerance information from the replications, it is recommended that drought stress should be induced at the same growth stage. Correlations between the traits, commonly associated with improved drought resistance (high relative water content under stress, proline accumulation, osmoregulation) with stress tolerance indexes, are also presented, while the advantages and disadvantages of the most frequently used screening methods are discussed. [source] High-resolution synchrotron radiation studies on natural and thermally annealed scleractinian coral biomineralsJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2007J. Stolarski The structural phase transition from aragonite to calcite in biogenic samples extracted from the skeletons of selected scleractinian corals has been studied by synchrotron radiation diffraction. Biogenic aragonite samples were extracted en bloc without pulverization from two ecologically different scleractinian taxa: Desmophyllum (deep-water, solitary and azooxanthellate) and Favia (shallow-water, colonial, zooxanthellate). It was found that natural (not pulverized) samples contribute to narrow Bragg peaks with ,d/d values as low as 1 × 10,3, which allows the exploitation of the high resolution of synchrotron radiation diffraction. A precise determination of the lattice parameters of biogenic scleractinian coral aragonite shows the same type of changes of the a, b, c lattice parameter ratios as that reported for aragonite extracted from other invertebrates [Pokroy, Quintana, Caspi, Berner & Zolotoyabko (2004). Nat. Mater.3, 900,902]. It is believed that the crystal structure of biogenic samples is influenced by interactions with organic molecules that are initially present in the biomineralization hydrogel. The calcite phase obtained by annealing the coral samples has a considerably different unit-cell volume and lattice parameter ratio c/a as compared with reference geological calcite and annealed synthetic aragonite. The internal strain in the calcite structure obtained by thermal annealing of the biomineral samples is about two times larger than that found in the natural aragonite structure. This effect is observed despite slow heating and cooling of the sample. [source] Evaluation of trimedlure dispensers by a method based on thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography,mass spectrometryJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 9-10 2008C. Alfaro Abstract Knowledge about the behaviour of trimedlure (TML) dispensers is essential to ensure the efficacy of monitoring and control methods based on TML as attractant. There are several commercially available TML dispensers, and each of them has a different useful life and TML release profile. Their emission is also affected differently by environmental factors. Even the same type of dispenser sometimes shows an important variability in the TML release rate. Because of the importance of methods based on TML lures in the control of the Mediterranean fruit fly and the influence of the TML dispenser on the efficacy of these control methods, we developed a non-destructive flow-through system to measure the TML release rate. This volatile collection method (VCM) adsorbs TML vapour on a Tenax TA desorption tube, and TML is quantified by Thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Two types of TML dispensers, a polymeric (Aralure) and a mesoporous (Epalure), were field aged during 3 months. The TML release rates of these dispensers were determined by both, VCM and solvent extraction method. In this study, the correlation between both measurement methods is shown. A field trial has also been carried out to correlate trap catches and TML emission of each type of tested dispenser. The VCM allows a quick and accurate evaluation of the current behaviour of commercial dispensers along their useful life. It also allows comparing the TML release rate between different dispensers. We believe that the VCM can be useful for dispenser manufacturers to determine seasonal dispenser performance before a new product is introduced in the market, and to rapidly verify TML dispenser release when field-aged dispenser efficacy is in question. Thus, it can be employed as a quality control of commercial dispensers. [source] Ovipositional discrimination by Microplitis rufiventris females between healthy and granulosis virus-infected Spodoptera littoralis larvaeJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2004E. M. Hegazi Abstract: Ovipositional choice tests by Microplitis rufiventris females (Hym., Braconidae) between granulosis virus-infected (GVI) and non-infected (NI) Spodoptera littoralis larvae (Lep., Noctuidae), were assessed using discriminatory methods for re-isolating the NI and virus-infected hosts after removing the female parasitoid. When M. rufiventris females were given a choice between NI and GVI S. littoralis hosts, the adult females exhibited marked preference (P < 0.01) for the NI (i.e. higher quality) hosts. In this case, M. rufiventris females and S. littoralis GV (SlGV) did not significantly compete for the same type of host larvae and are, generally, compatible. However, when the choice was given between two low qualities of S. littoralis hosts, i.e. virus-free previously parasitized hosts and viral-infected hosts a significant preference (P < 0.01) of the parasitoid females for the GVI larvae was observed. In this case, the parasitoid would be at a disadvantage when competing with GV for the same host. However, the parasitoid could be used as an additional tool for the dissemination of biocontrol viruses within different pest populations, i.e. hosts other than S. littoralis. Importantly, the results showed different strategies of parasitoid female in egg-laying management. When M. rufiventris female was given a choice between healthy and SlGVI hosts, the female deposited more eggs than when she was given a choice between two low qualities of host larvae. The results of the study may have implications in pest management strategies using M. rufiventris and SlGV against S. littoralis larvae. [source] Territorial song and song neighbourhoods in the Scarlet Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinusJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2000Jochen Martens Throughout the range of the Scarlet Rosefinch, its territorial song consists of 3,9 (usually 4,5) elements, of which there are 5 different types. The differences lie in the way the pitch of the element changes in time (frequency "slope") and the width of the frequency band. Within a given type of song, the various elements can be present in almost any combination. Therefore, so many song types can be formed that the songs in even small parts of the species' area are clearly distinct from one another. Despite this capacity for variation, however, by chance identical songs may be sung in widely separated parts of the area, in some cases by different subspecies. The species has not developed large-scale dialects or regiolects based on a song tradition acquired during an early imprinting phase. Scarlet Rosefinches tend to breed in small colonies, groups of up to about 15 pairs characterized by the same type of song (song neighbourhoods, formed by the development of a microlect). Microlects develop by a founder effect. When males, near one-year old or older, join one another to form isolated colonies after arrival in the breeding region, they adopt ("learn") the song type that will eventually characterize the colony from the first male to arrive at the site. After the colony has been founded, in most cases each male uses only one type of song during a breeding season, with practically no variation of the temporal and frequency parameters. Singing the same type of song, the members of a colony accept one another sufficiently to allow the breeding territories to be closely packed. It appears that a long-lasting capacity for acoustic learning, in combination with colony-like breeding and great ecological flexibility, has allowed the Scarlet Rosefinch to become the most successful species of the genus Carpodacus. [source] Effect of dentine smear layer on the performance of self-etching adhesive systems: A micro-tensile bond strength studyJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, Issue 1 2010Pisol Senawongse Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the smear layer on the micro-tensile bond strength when two self-etching adhesives were used with different techniques. Flat dentine surfaces were prepared using either medium grit diamond burs or tungsten carbide burs. Ten specimens from each prepared surfaces were subjected for smear layer evaluation under SEM. Forty specimens from each of the prepared surfaces were further divided into two groups, bonded with either Clearfil SE Bond (SE) or Clearfil S3 Bond (S3) using one of four applications (as manufacturer's instructions, agitation, reapplication, and increased application time), restored with composites and subjected to a micro-tensile bond strength test. Smear layers created with diamond burs were thicker than those created with tungsten carbide burs. Surfaces prepared with tungsten carbide burs produced a higher bond strength than those prepared with diamond burs and the same type of adhesive resin. SE demonstrated a higher bond strength than S3 for all surfaces. S3 applied with the agitation technique demonstrated a higher bond strength to dentine prepared with tungsten carbide and diamond burs than that applied with other techniques. SE applied with increased time on dentine treated with carbide burs produced the highest bond strength. In conclusion, a thick smear layer decreased bond strength to dentine, and this might be improved by modification of application technique. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||