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Same Tendency (same + tendency)
Selected AbstractsA path from Ih to C1 symmetry for C20 cage moleculeJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2005Zhigang Wang Abstract The symmetry of the C20 cage is studied based on the intrinsical relationship among point groups (Bradley, C. J.; Cracknell, A. P. The Mathematical Theory of Symmetry in Solids; Claredon Press: Oxford, 1972). The structure of the C20 cage with Ih symmetry is constructed, as are eight other structures with subgroup symmetry. A path from Ih symmetry to C1 symmetry is obtained for the closed-shell electronic state, and the structure with D2h symmetry is the most stable on this path. Using the D2h structure the correlation energy correction is studied on the condition of restricted excitation space at the CCSD(T) level. We obtain curves on the relation between the orbital numbers and the total energy at the CCSD(T), CCSD, and MP2 level, respectively. The results of these curves obtained from MP2 and CCSD(T) methods have the same tendency, while the results of CCSD gradually diverge with an increase in orbital numbers. When the orbitals used in the calculation reach 460, the total energy is ,759.644 hartree at MP2 level and is ,759.721 hartree by the CCSD(T) method. From the calculation results, we find that a large basis set can improve the reliability of the MP2 method, and to restrict excitation space is necessary when using the CCSD(T) method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 12: 1279,1283, 2005 [source] Nurses' use of time in a medical,surgical ward with all-RN staffingJOURNAL OF NURSING MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2001Dipl., S. Lundgren RN Aims, To investigate allocation of nursing time, organisation of nursing activities and whether or not allocation and organisation have changed over time. Background, In a ward that changed to all-RN staffing, the nurses were encouraged to implement a patient-focused philosophy. The nurses perceived that they had difficulty in using the time available efficiently. Methods, Non-participant observations were conducted with 2-year intervals. Ten consecutive weekdays were covered on two occasions. The study was carried out at a university hospital in Sweden. Findings, Between observations, a significant change in the organization of the direct care had occurred, and the same tendency was found in patient administration and general management. The organization of work changed from a partly fragmented to a more coherent one. The time used for direct care and administrative activities increased between the two observations, while indirect care, personal and service activities decreased. Conclusion, It can be suggested that the nurses used their time efficiently and, over time, they developed a more coherent way of organizing nursing activities. [source] Dual Tuning of Emission Color and Electron Injection Properties Through in-situ Chemical Reaction in a Conjugated Polymer Containing 9,10-PhenanthrenequinoneMACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 23 2009Zhiming Wang Abstract Three new polymers were obtained through an in situ chemical reaction of the matrix conjugated polymer (PPQF) with ortho- amine compounds. By controlling the conjugation degree of diamine compounds, the emission of PPQF was tuned from weak blue to bright blue, green, and orange for PFBQ, PFBP and PFNP, respectively. The photoluminescence efficiencies were also improved in the same tendency, and the LUMO levels were gradually decreased from ,2.76 and ,3.12 to ,3.40,eV, which was beneficial for electron injection and transport in electronic devices. Thus, a dual tuning for the emission color and electron injection properties were realized through an in situ chemical reaction, which is a novel strategy to design and construct new valuable polymers from one reactive matrix polymer. [source] c - fos and estrogen receptor gene expression pattern in the rat uterine epithelium during the estrous cycleMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2003C. Adriana Mendoza-Rodríguez Abstract Different studies in ovariectomized estrogen treated animals support the idea that c - fos plays a role in the proliferation of uterine epithelial cells. However, these studies invite us to reassess the role played by c - fos in epithelial cell types of the endometrium during the estrous cycle. The present study was undertaken to determine the c - fos and estrogen receptor (ER) gene expression pattern in the rat uterine epithelium during the estrous cycle in which natural and cyclic changes of steroid hormones occur, and correlate these changes with the proliferation status of this cellular types. Proliferation was assessed during the estrous cycle using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation to DNA. ER, and , proteins were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The regulation of c - fos gene expression in the uterus of intact animals during the estrous cycle was evaluated using both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) plasma levels were assessed by radioimmunoassay. The results indicated that luminal (LE) and glandular epithelia (GE) presented maximal proliferation during the metestrus (M) and the diestrus (D) days. However, during the proestrus (P) day only LE presented proliferation, and during the estrus (E) day only the stromal cells proliferated. A marked immunostaining for ER, was detected in both LE and GE cells during the early phases of the cycle but diminished on the P and the E day. In contrast, ER, was undetectable in both epithelia during all stages of the cycle. The highest c - fos mRNA level was detected in both epithelia on the M day, followed by a significant reduction during the other days of the cycle. The highest protein content was observed on the M and D days, and the minimal value was detected on the E day. The c-Fos protein level in LE was increased during M and D days, presenting a high correlation with the cellular proliferation pattern of this cell type. In conclusion, the overall results indicate that c-Fos protein presented a good correlation with uterine epithelial cell proliferation of LE. In the case of GE, the same tendency was observed, although no significant correlation was found. Both in LE and GE, c - fos mRNA did not strictly correlate with its protein levels. c - fos seems to have a postranscriptional regulation in uterine epithelial cells during the rat's estrous cycle. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 64: 379,388, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Optical properties of TiO2 thin films prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis from aqueous solutionsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 3-4 2010R. Ayouchi Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is known to have three different kinds of polymorphous crystalline forms: rutile, anatase, and brookite. The rutile phase is always formed at higher temperatures, while the anatase phase is formed at lower temperatures and transformed into rutile phase above 800 ºC. Various deposition techniques have been developed for depositing TiO2 thin films, including evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapour deposition and thermal oxidation of titanium. Among them, the Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique has many advantages, such as good conformal coverage, the possibility of epitaxial growth and the application to large area deposition. Also, this method is low cost and it is easy to control the deposition growth parameters. In the present work, TiO2 thin films have been deposited on p-Si (001) and fused silica substrates by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) method from aqueous solution containing titanium (IV) isopropoxide (Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4. As-deposited thin films show anatase polycrystalline structure, and rutile phase formed for films annealed at 750ºC. SEM images have confirmed a smooth and crack-free surface with low surface roughness. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) combined with 4 keV Ar+ depth profiling has shown that crystallized films correspond to TiO2. Residual carbon coming from the organic precursor solution is only detected at the surface of the film. Thin films deposited on fused silica were highly transparent (more than 85%), with an indirect optical band gap of 3,43 and 3,33 eV for as-deposited and annealed films, respectively, and refractive indexes in the range between 2.01,2.29. Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) also has been used to extract optical parameters. SE data fitted to triple-layer physical model revealed the same tendency to increase refractive index in annealed films. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Expression patterns of low temperature responsive genes in a dominant ABA-less-sensitive mutant line of common wheatPHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 4 2006Fuminori Kobayashi Abscisic acid (ABA) plays important role in mediating stress responses and in acquiring desiccation tolerance and dormancy of plant seeds. To study roles of ABA in cold acclimation and freezing tolerance in wheat, expression profiles of Cor/Lea and their putative transcription factor (TF) genes were analysed using a dominant mutation line of common wheat EH47-1 lacking seed dormancy. The mutant line was less sensitive to exogenous ABA than the original line as judged by the magnitude of ABA inhibition of seedling growth. Expression analysis of Cor/Lea and TF genes however, showed that more transcripts were present in ABA-treated seedlings of the mutant line. In developing caryopses, the same tendency was observed. The mutant line showed no changes in the cold acclimation ability, but it showed a higher level of freezing tolerance than the original line without cold acclimation. No significant differences were observed in the expression profiles of Cor/Lea and TF genes during cold acclimation between the two lines. Our results imply the presence of an unknown ABA-dependent cold responsive pathway, which enhances the basal level of freezing tolerance by a dominant mutation in EH47-1. [source] Shear stress nucleation in microcellular foaming processPOLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 6 2002Lee Chen The effect of shear stress on the foaming process has been studied using the Foaming Process Simulator developed previously. The polymer samples were saturated with gas in the test chamber. A rotor was used to apply shear stress to the polymer samples. Foams were obtained by releasing the pressure quickly. Polystyrene, filled and unfilled, was used as the material. The cell density was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. It was found that the cell density was significantly increased by introducing shear stress. The higher the shear stress, the more significant the effect. A cell stretch model has been developed to explain the cell nucleation enhancement with shear stress. The nucleation sites are stretched under the shear stress. The stretched nuclei are much easier to expand for cell formation owing to their larger surface areas and non-spherical shapes. The model prediction shows the same tendency of the effect of shear stress observed in the experiment. The key issue with shear stress nucleation is the transformation of mechanical shear energy into surface energy. [source] Myo -inositol prevents oxidative damage, inhibits oxygen radical generation and increases antioxidant enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 15 2009Wei-Dan Jiang Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary myo -inositol (MI) on the antioxidant status of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). A total of 1050 Jian carp (22.28±0.07 g) were randomly distributed into seven groups of three replicates each, feeding diets containing graded levels of MI (163.5, 232.7, 384.2, 535.8, 687.3, 838.8 and 990.3 mg kg,1 diet) for 60 days. Results indicated that the malondialdehyde content was the lowest for fish fed diets containing ,384.2 mg MI kg,1, and the highest for fish fed the MI-unsupplemented basal diet (P<0.05). The protein carbonyl content was decreased with increasing dietary MI levels up to 535.8 mg kg,1 diet, and no differences were found with a further increase in the MI concentration. The anti-superoxide anion capacity (ASA) and anti-hydroxyl radical capacity (AHR) were increased with increasing MI levels up to 535.8 mg kg,1 diet, and plateaued thereafter. The superoxide dismutase and glutathione- S -transferase activities showed the same tendency with the ASA capacity. Catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reducase activities were improved with increasing MI levels up to 838.8, 384.2 and 687.3 mg kg,1 diet, respectively, and remained nearly constant thereafter. These results suggested that MI could inhibit oxygen radical generation, increase enzymatic antioxidant capacity and prevent oxidative damage of carp. Dietary MI requirements for ASA and AHR activities of juvenile Jian carp were 567.94 and 517.22 mg MI kg,1 diet respectively. [source] Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth performance, digestive capacity and amino acid metabolism of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2009Yong Liu Abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of protein levels on the growth performance, digestive capacity and amino acid metabolism of juvenile Jian carp. Brown fish meal was used as the sole protein source in the present study. Six isoenergetic experimental diets containing 14.4 MJ kg,1 of digestible energy and 220,495 g crude protein kg,1 diets were fed to triplicate groups of 50 fish with a mean initial weight of 16.67 ± 0.01 g for 45 days. Per cent weight gain (PWG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) improved with an increase in the dietary protein levels up to 330 g kg,1 diet. The condition factor, relative gut length, intestinal folds height, hepatopancreas and intestine protein content improved with an increase in the protein levels up to 330,385 g kg,1 diet. Trypsin, creatinkinase, Na+, K+ -ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activities generally followed the same tendency as that of growth parameters. Amylase and ,-glutamyl transpeptidase (,-GT) activities were negatively correlated with increasing protein levels from 220 to 330 g kg,1 diet, and no differences were found thereafter. Lipase activity was unaffected by protein levels. Lactobacillus amount was increased with protein levels up to 275 g kg,1 diet, while Aeromonas amount followed the opposite pattern. Escherichia coli amount was not influenced by dietary protein levels. Glutamate,oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activities in the hepatopancreas and plasma ammonia concentration (PAC) were not influenced by protein levels between 220 and 275 g kg,1 diet, but significantly increased with increasing protein levels from 275 to 440 g kg,1 diet, and remained similar thereafter. Glutamate,pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities significantly increased with protein levels >275 g kg,1 diet. Based on the broken-line model, the dietary protein requirement for PWG of Jian carp (16.7,55.0 g) was estimated to be 341 g kg,1 diet with a digestible energy of 14.4 MJ kg,1 diet. [source] Three times more days depressed than manic or hypomanic in both bipolar I and bipolar II disorder,BIPOLAR DISORDERS, Issue 5 2007Ralph W Kupka Objectives:, To assess the proportion of time spent in mania, depression and euthymia in a large cohort of bipolar subjects studied longitudinally, and to investigate depression/mania ratios in patients with bipolar I versus bipolar II disorder. Methods:, Clinician-adjusted self-ratings of mood were completed daily for one year for naturalistically treated outpatients with bipolar I (n = 405) or bipolar II (n = 102) disorder. Ratings were analyzed for mean time spent euthymic, depressed, manic, hypomanic, and cycling, and the percentages of time spent ill were compared between the two groups. Results:, Percentages of time spent ill for bipolar I versus II patients were: euthymia 47.7% versus 50.2%; depression 36.0% versus 37.0%; hypomania 11.5% versus 9.8%; mania 1.0% versus 0.2%; and cycling 3.7% versus 2.8%. The depression/mania ratio was 2.9 in the bipolar I and 3.8 in bipolar II sub-groups. Conclusions:, Depression represents the predominant abnormal mood state for treated outpatients with bipolar I and II disorder. In contrast to other studies, we found that depression/mania ratios were of a similar magnitude, suggesting the same tendency towards mood instability in both sub-groups. [source] Increased nitric oxide production in nasal epithelial cells from allergic patients , RT-PCR analysis and direct imaging by a fluorescence indicator: DAF-2 DA*CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 6 2001S. Takeno Background Nitric oxide (NO) is believed to participate in the regulation of airway clearance and non-specific cellular immunity. Recent studies have suggested that airway epithelial cells of allergic and non-allergic individuals may differ in their ability to produce this molecule. Objective The aim of this study was to detect the difference in NO production in human nasal epithelial cells between normal subjects and patients with perennial allergic rhinitis (AR), and to assess the relationship between the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms and the severity of the disease. Methods Nasal epithelial cells were obtained from the inferior turbinate. The expression of mRNAs encoding constitutive endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) was studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Direct NO production in living cells was visualized and quantified by a fluorescent indicator, DAF-2 DA. Results RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that AR patients with a RAST score of 5 or 6 showed significant increases in the levels of iNOS mRNA and slight reductions in those of eNOS mRNA. Patients with a RAST score of 2,4 also revealed the same tendency however, the difference was not significant. DAF-2 DA imaging demonstrated that epithelial cells, especially the ciliated cells, produced a larger amount of NO than non-epithelial inflammatory cells. Preincubation with L-NAME resulted in an approximate 40% decrease in both groups. Conclusion These results directly indicate that nasal epithelial cells of AR patients overall produce higher levels of NO through the concomitant expression of different NOS isoforms. Continuous NO production by the epithelial cells in normal subjects further support the hypothesis that NO derived from epithelium may play dual roles in the regulation of nasal airway clearance and in the host defense. In addition, the use of DAF-2 DA provides a reliable method to visualize and quantify the direct NO production of living cells. [source] | ||||||||||||||||