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    Selected Abstracts

    Analysis and comparison of morphological reconstructions of hippocampal field CA1 pyramidal cells

    HIPPOCAMPUS, Issue 3 2005
    José Ambros-Ingerson
    Abstract Morphological reconstructions have become a routine and valuable tool for neuroscientists. The accuracy of reconstructions is a matter of considerable interest given that they are widely used in computational studies of neural function. Despite their wide usage, comparisons of reconstructions obtained using various methodologies are lacking. We reviewed reconstructions of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells from five published studies and found marked differences in some of the most basic measurements. For four of the five studies means of total cell length clustered in the 11,479,13,417-,m range. The remaining study had a significantly larger value for this index at 16,992 ± 5,788 ,m. Surface area means varied more than 4-fold from 16,074 to 67,102 ,m2. Volume means varied more than 8-fold from 3,828 to 30,384 ,m3. Simulated passive input resistance means varied from 38.0 to 172.1 M,, reflecting the variability in cell dimensions. Estimates of the electrotonic length varied from 1.26 to 1.56. In two reconstructions used in previously published studies, simulated somatic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) varied 2,4-fold in amplitude, time to peak and half-width, for synaptic inputs at similar locations. Substantial jitter on the z -axis was identified as one likely source of the discrepancy in total cell length, while substantial differences in diameter measurements across studies, and sometimes within the same study, accounted for the variability in surface area and volume. While some part of the observed variability is surely due to the diversity of CA1 pyramidal cells, our analysis suggests that a substantial portion stemmed from methodological inconsistencies and from technological limitations. Suggestions are made for improving the quality and usefulness of morphological reconstructions. We conclude that reconstructions across studies have substantial variability in measures that are very relevant to neuronal function. Consequently, modelers are advised to use more than just one reconstructed cell in their simulations of neural function. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Effectiveness of nurse-led cardiac clinics in adult patients with a diagnosis of coronary heart disease

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE BASED HEALTHCARE, Issue 1 2005
    Tamara Page RN BN HyperbaricNursCert GradDipNSc(HighDep) MNSc
    Executive summary Background, Coronary heart disease is the major cause of illness and death in Western countries and this is likely to increase as the average age of the population rises. Consumers with established coronary heart disease are at the highest risk of experiencing further coronary events. Lifestyle measures can contribute significantly to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality in established coronary heart disease. Improved management of cardiac risk factors by providing education and referrals as required has been suggested as one way of maintaining quality care in patients with established coronary heart disease. There is a need to ascertain whether or not nurse-led clinics would be an effective adjunct for patients with coronary heart disease to supplement general practitioner advice and care. Objectives, The objective of this review was to present the best available evidence related to nurse-led cardiac clinics. Inclusion criteria, This review considered any randomised controlled trials that evaluated cardiac nurse-led clinics. In the absence of randomised controlled trials, other research designs such as non-randomised controlled trials and before and after studies were considered for inclusion. Participants were adults (18 years and older) with new or existing coronary heart disease. The interventions of interest to the review included education, assessment, consultation, referral and administrative structures. Outcomes measured included adverse event rates, readmissions, admissions, clinical and cost effectiveness, consumer satisfaction and compliance with therapy. Results, Based on the search terms used, 80 papers were initially identified and reviewed for inclusion; full reports of 24 of these papers were retrieved. There were no papers included that addressed cost effectiveness or adverse events; and none addressed the outcome of referrals. A critical appraisal of the 24 remaining papers identified a total of six randomised controlled trials that met the inclusion criteria. Two studies addressed nurse-led clinics for patients diagnosed with angina, one looked at medication administration and the other looked at educational plans. A further four studies compared secondary preventative care with a nurse-led clinic and general practitioner clinic. One specifically compared usual care versus shared care introduced by nurses for patients awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting. Of the remaining three studies, two have been combined in the results section, as they are an interim report and a final report of the same study. Because of inconsistencies in reporting styles and outcome measurements, meta-analysis could not be performed on all outcomes. However, a narrative summary of each study and comparisons of specific outcomes assessed from within each study has been developed. Although not all outcomes obtained statistical significance, nurse-led clinics were at least as effective as general practitioner clinics for most outcomes. Recommendations, The following recommendations are made: ,The use of nurse-led clinics is recommended for patients with coronary heart disease (Level II). ,Utilise nurse-led clinics to increase clinic attendance and follow-up rates (Level II). ,Nurse-led clinics are recommended for patients who require lifestyle changes to decrease their risk of adverse outcomes associated with coronary heart disease (Level II). [source]

    Prevalence and correlates of late-life depression compared between urban and rural populations in Korea

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 5 2002
    Jae-Min Kim
    Abstract Background The aetiology of late-life depression has received relatively little research in developing countries. Urban and rural populations have rarely been sampled in the same study. Objectives To investigate demographic factors associated with depression and depressive symptoms in an urban and rural sample of older Korean people. Methods A community survey of residents aged 65 or over was conducted in an urban and a rural area within Kwangju, South Korea. The Korean Form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS) was administered. Associations with demographic, socio-economic factors and cognitive function (MMSE) were investigated for depression categorised according to a previously validated cut-off. Results The sample comprised 485 urban-dwelling and 649 rural-dwelling participants. No difference was found between urban and rural samples for prevalence rates of depression. However associations with independent variables varied between the areas. In the urban sample, increased age, low education, manual occupation and current rented accommodation were independently associated with depression. Only low education was associated with depression in the rural sample. The interaction with sample area was strongest for age (p,<,0.01) and persisted after further adjustment for cognitive function. Conclusions Adverse socio-economic status was strongly associated with depression and appeared to operate across the life-course. While no evidence was found for urban,rural differences in prevalence rates of depression, factors associated with depression differed between these populations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Greening of the Tooth,Amalgam Interface during Extended 10% Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching of Tetracycline-Stained Teeth: A Case Report

    JOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, Issue 1 2002
    VAN B. HAYWOOD DMD
    ABSTRACT At-home bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide in a custom-fitted tray has been shown to have some minor effects on certain brands of amalgam, pertaining to mercury release, but generally, effects on amalgam are not considered clinically significant. However, in this case report, a greening of the tooth structure in certain areas immediately adjacent to amalgam restorations in the maxillary and mandibular first molars occurred during tooth whitening. Other amalgam restorations in mandibular and maxillary second molars in the same mouth did not demonstrate any green discoloration of the teeth. Upon removal of the affected amalgam restorations, recurrent decay was present in the areas of tooth greening but not in other areas adjacent to the restoration. The teeth were restored with posterior composite restorations. Whether the green discoloration was a result of some loss of material from a particular brand of amalgam, indicating leakage, or indicative of original or recurrent tooth decay is unclear in this single-patient situation. Other patients in the same study did not demonstrate this occurrence. Dentists should be ready to replace amalgam restorations should this green discoloration in adjacent tooth structure occur during bleaching, in case decay is present. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The unusual discoloration cited suggests that amalgam restorations in potentially esthetic areas, including the lingual of anterior teeth, should be replaced prior to bleaching, to avoid the problem of difficult stain removal or translucency allowing restoration visibility following bleaching. [source]

    Daytime sleepiness during Ramadan intermittent fasting: polysomnographic and quantitative waking EEG study

    JOURNAL OF SLEEP RESEARCH, Issue 2 2003
    Rachida Roky
    Summary During the lunar month of Ramadan, Muslims abstain from eating, drinking and smoking from sunrise to sunset. We reported previously that Ramadan provokes a shortening in nocturnal total sleep time by 40 min, an increase in sleep latency, and a decrease in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration during Ramadan. During the same study, the effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on daytime sleepiness were also investigated in eight healthy young male subjects using a quantitative waking electroencephalograph (EEG) analysis following the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) procedure. This procedure was combined with subjective alertness and mood ratings and was conducted during four successive experimental sessions: (1) baseline (BL) 15 days before Ramadan, (2) beginning of Ramadan (R11) on the 11th day of Ramadan, (3) end of Ramadan (R25) on the 25th day of Ramadan, (4) recovery 2 weeks after Ramadan (AR). During each session, four 20-min nap opportunities (MSLTs) were given at 10:00, 12:00, 14:00 and 16:00 h and were preceded by rectal temperature readings. Nocturnal sleep was recorded before each daytime session. Subjective daytime alertness did not change in R25 but decreased in R11 at 12:00 h, and subjective mood decreased at 16:00 h, both in R11 and R25. During the MSLT, mean sleep latency decreased by an average of 2 min in R11 (especially at 10:00 and 16:00 h) and 6 min in R25 (especially at 10:00 and 12:00 h) compared with BL. There was an increase in the daily mean of waking EEG absolute power in the theta (5.5,8.5 Hz) frequency band. Significant correlations were found between sleep latency during the MSLT and the waking EEG absolute power of the fast alpha (10.5,12.5 Hz), sigma (11.5,15.5 Hz) and beta (12.5,30 Hz) frequency bands. Sleep latency was also related to rectal temperature. In conclusion, Ramadan diurnal fasting induced an increase in subjective and objective daytime sleepiness associated with changes in diurnal rectal temperature. [source]

    Telomerization of acrylic acid with mercaptans: Part 2.

    POLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2001
    Kinetics of the synthesis of star-shaped macromolecules of acrylic acid
    Abstract The telomerization of acrylic acid with a polyfunctional transfer agent initiated by 2,2,-azobisisobutyronitrile, was first investigated in an organic medium (THF) at 65,°C. Transfer constants (CT) for three mercaptans, ethylene glycol bisthioglycolate, trimethylolpropane tris(2-mercaptoacetate) and pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) of about 6.1, 6.3 and 7.3, respectively, were determined. From these results, it followed that a well-defined star poly(acrylic acid) could not be synthesized via telomerization of acrylic acid in THF. Nevertheless, the same study was performed with the tetrafunctional transfer agent in water/THF mixtures. This work emphasized that the nature of the solvent plays an important role in determining the transfer constant. Thus, the value of CT for the tetrafunctional transfer agent decreased from 7.3 in THF to 1, the ,ideal' case for telomerization (CT,,,1), for the mixture of solvents water/THF (80%, 20%, v/v). With this route, it seems that acrylic acid star-shaped macromolecules could be synthesized via telomerization. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry [source]