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Selected AbstractsRepetition effect caused by repeated words between and within languageJAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2003Satoko Ikeda Abstract: When words are repeated at short and long lags, and subjects are required to recall them, the probability of recall increases as the distance between the repetitions increases. This spacing effect is assumed to relate to the way in which a word is identified in short-term memory. In the present study, words were repeated interlingually (between-language repetition), were repeated in the same language but in the different scripts (within-language repetition), and were repeated identically (identical repetition) to examine what differences of the repeated words affected the spacing effect. The results showed that the spacing effect was found in all the repetitions, and the proportion of recall in the between-language repetition was higher than that in the other repetitions at short and long lags. The independence and interdependence of each verbal system of two languages were discussed. [source] Parent-Adolescent Language Use and Relationships Among Immigrant Families With East Asian, Filipino, and Latin American BackgroundsJOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, Issue 2 2000Vivian Tseng This study examined differences in the quality of relationships between immigrant parents and their adolescent children as a function of the languages with which they speak to one another. Over 620 adolescents with East Asian, Filipino, and Latin American backgrounds completed measures on parent-adolescent language use and relationships. Adolescents who spoke in different languages with their parents reported less cohesion and discussion with their mothers and fathers than did their peers who spoke the same language with their parents. Adolescents who mutually communicated in the native language with their parents reported the highest levels of cohesion and discussion. Longitudinal analyses indicated that whereas language use did not predict differential changes in parent-adolescent relationships over a 2-year period, the quality of relationships did predict changes in language use. The associations between language use and relationships generally existed regardless of the families' ethnic and demographic backgrounds, and these associations did not vary across families of different backgrounds. [source] Learning Disabilities in Guatemala and Spain: A Cross-National Study of the Prevalence and Cognitive Processes Associated with Reading and Spelling DisabilitiesLEARNING DISABILITIES RESEARCH & PRACTICE, Issue 3 2007Juan E. Jiménez The main purposes of this research were twofold. We examined the samenesses about learning disabilities (LD) in Guatemala and Spain, two countries with the same language but cultural, political, and educational differences, first analyzing data about the prevalence of reading and spelling disabilities in Guatemala City and the Spanish region of the Canary Islands. The focus of the second study was to determine whether there are cross-national patterns of significant differences in cognitive processes associated with reading and spelling disabilities from a developmental approach in these two cultural contexts. We found some differences in the prevalence of specific LD in reading between both countries but we did not find significant differences between Guatemalan and Spanish reading-disabled children in cognitive processes that are involved in reading and spelling acquisition in spite of the cultural and educational differences between the two countries. [source] Security threats, linguistic homogeneity, and the necessary conditions for political unificationNATIONS AND NATIONALISM, Issue 1 2010RYAN D. GRIFFITHS ABSTRACT. The proposition that security threats can drive states to pool their sovereignty has been around for some time. The existence of these threats, according to William Riker, is a necessary condition for political unification. A less common argument centers on linguistic homogeneity; it asserts that states must be sufficiently similar and speak the same language before they can successfully imagine a common state. This paper tests both hypotheses in a large- N analysis that identifies all instances of voluntary political unification between 1816 and 2001. It takes the form of a falsification probe and examines whether any unification happened in the absence of either an external security threat or a common language. It finds that political unification has occurred in relatively tranquil settings, but that all unifying dyads have shared a common language. Security threats are not a necessary condition, but a common language may well be. [source] | ||||||||||