Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Same Kind (same + kind)
Selected AbstractsBelief-Independent Processes and the Generality Problem for ReliabilismDIALECTICA, Issue 1 2005Mark McEvoy The Generality Problem for process reliabilism is to outline a procedure for determining when two beliefs are produced by the same process, in such a way as to avoid, on the one hand, individuating process types so narrowly that each type is instantiated only once, or, on the other hand, individuating them so broadly that beliefs that have different epistemic statuses are subsumed under the same process type. In this paper, I offer a solution to the problem which takes belief-independent processes to be functions that take as inputs information about distal states of affairs, and produce beliefs as outputs. Processes are individuated narrowly, so as to avoid the latter aspect of the Generality problem, but, by holding process tokens to be of the same type when they take perceptually equivalent scenes as inputs, and produce beliefs of the same kind as outputs, the former aspect of the problem is avoided too. Having argued that this method of typing process tokens solves the Generality Problem, I then argue that my solution does not fall prey to objections that have been, or might be, raised for similar proposals. [source] Generalizability of Cognitive Interview-Based Measures Across Cultural GroupsEDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT: ISSUES AND PRACTICE, Issue 2 2009Guillermo Solano-Flores We addressed the challenge of scoring cognitive interviews in research involving multiple cultural groups. We interviewed 123 fourth- and fifth-grade students from three cultural groups to probe how they related a mathematics item to their personal lives. Item meaningfulness,the tendency of students to relate the content and/or context of an item to activities in which they are actors,was scored from interview transcriptions with a procedure similar to the scoring of constructed-response tasks. Generalizability theory analyses revealed a small amount of score variation due to the main and interaction effect of rater but a sizeable magnitude of measurement error due to the interaction of person and question (context). Students from different groups tended to draw on different sets of contexts of their personal lives to make sense of the item. In spite of individual and potential cultural communication style differences, cognitive interviews can be reliably scored by well-trained raters with the same kind of rigor used in the scoring of constructed-response tasks. However, to make valid generalizations of cognitive interview-based measures, a considerable number of interview questions may be needed. Information obtained with cognitive interviews for a given cultural group may not be generalizable to other groups. [source] Synthesis and Characterisation of Coordination Polymers of CuII and ZnII with 1,3-Bis(1,2,3,4-tetrazol-2-yl)propane , Rotational Freedom of the Donor Group Favours Structural DiversificationEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 18 2004Robert Bronisz Abstract The novel bidentate ligand 1,3-bis(1,2,3,4-tetrazol-2-yl)propane (pbtz), which possesses a flexible spacer, was synthesised in order to investigate the influence of the flexibility of ligand molecules on the architecture of coordination polymers. For that purpose the reactions between pbtz and M(ClO4)2·6H2O salts (M = CuII and ZnII) were performed. The complexes [{Cu(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2], and [{Zn(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2·2EtOH], were characterised by IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy and their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. In both compounds the pbtz ligand molecules act as N4,N4, connectors bridging the central atoms, and the 2-substituted tetrazole rings coordinate in a monodentate fashion to the central atoms forming M(tetrazole)6 cores. [{Cu(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2], was isolated as a 1D coordination polymer. The copper(II) ions are triply bridged by ligand molecules, leading to the formation of infinite 1D chains. A highly unusual manner of bridging, with the tethering of two neighbouring central atoms by the same kind of ligand molecules, although possessing different conformations, is observed. In [{Zn(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2·2EtOH], the six-coordinate zinc(II) ions, which are bridged by single ligand molecules, serve as topological nodes, leading to the formation of a 3D ,-polonium-type network. The crystal structure of the ZnII complex contains only one such net solvated by ethanol molecules. A conformational analysis of the ligand molecules in both compounds demonstrates that the flexibility of the pbtz and the ability of the tetrazole rings in particular to adopt various, relative orientations is responsible for the diversity of the architectures of the obtained complexes. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] Transnational politics at the edges of sovereignty: social movements, crossings and the state at the US,Mexico borderGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 4 2001Hilary Cunningham This article documents the history of border crossings among a group of social movement activists located in southern Arizona. By comparing two types of US,Mexico border crossings separated ten years apart, the article explores how political groups become ,transnationalized' and in relation to what kinds of ,states'. By contrasting the shift from a state-centric movement to a transnational coalition, the case study analyses why, in the later period, political activists were no longer able to identify the same kind of state. In chronicling the disappearance of one kind of state formation and the emergence of a transnational one, this research argues that globalization,rather than simply reflecting a decline of the nation state,is a process entailing not only new forms of transnational political activism but also new forms of the state. [source] Theoretical and numerical analyses of convective instability in porous media with temperature-dependent viscosityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 10 2003Ge Lin Abstract Exact analytical solutions of the critical Rayleigh numbers have been obtained for a hydrothermal system consisting of a horizontal porous layer with temperature-dependent viscosity. The boundary conditions considered are constant temperature and zero vertical Darcy velocity at both the top and bottom of the layer. Not only can the derived analytical solutions be readily used to examine the effect of the temperature-dependent viscosity on the temperature-gradient driven convective flow, but also they can be used to validate the numerical methods such as the finite-element method and finite-difference method for dealing with the same kind of problem. The related analytical and numerical results demonstrated that the temperature-dependent viscosity destabilizes the temperature-gradient driven convective flow and therefore, may affect the ore body formation and mineralization in the upper crust of the Earth. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Linear PI control of batch exothermic reactors with temperature measurementINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBUST AND NONLINEAR CONTROL, Issue 3 2006Jose Alvarez-Ramirez Abstract A wide variety of speciality materials and fine chemicals such as plastics, pharmaceutical and microelectronics components are produced in batch reactors. The nonlinear, transient and finite-time features of the batch reactors give rise to complex process and control design problems. In particular, the safe operation of exothermic reactors depends on the adequate functioning of a temperature tracking controller, and to a good extent, the same is true for the attainment of a suitable compromise between productivity and product quality attributes. While the stabilization problem of continuous exothermic chemical reactors has been recently addressed with rigorous asymptotic-stability methods, the same kind of studies have not yet been performed for the finite-time batch reactor case. In this paper, the problem of designing a temperature tracking controller for an exothermic batch reactor, with n species and m reactions, is addressed under the following premises: (i) only the reactor temperature is measured, (ii) the (typically uncertain) reaction rate and heat exchange nonlinear functions are unknown, (iii) the controller must be linear and easy to tune, and (iv) the closed-loop reactor motion must be stable in a suitable sense. The combination of industrial-oriented inventory control concepts in conjunction with singular perturbation results yields a linear controller with a combined feedforward-PI feedback structure, antireset windup scheme, and conventional-like tuning rules. The controller: (i) tracks, arbitrarily fast and close, a prescribed temperature trajectory, with admissibly deviated concentration motions, and (ii) quickly recovers the behaviour of an exact model-based nonlinear I/O linearizing controller. The proposed design is put in perspective with the geometric and IMC nonlinear control approaches. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A contextual theory of learning and the learning organizationKNOWLEDGE AND PROCESS MANAGEMENT: THE JOURNAL OF CORPORATE TRANSFORMATION, Issue 1 2005Povl Erik JensenArticle first published online: 24 JAN 200 Learning and accumulation of new knowledge in an organization always require two transformation processes: one transformation process from data to information and another from information to (new) knowledge. This is so because only information, and not knowledge, can be shared and spread among the members of the organization. This article describes these transformations processes as social processes that take place in a concrete context. The processes lead from Data,Information,Knowledge,Action,Learning,New Knowledge. But not all these processes have the same progression or produce the same kind of results. One can differentiate between single-loop, double-loop and triple-loop learning. These findings are analysed for the consequences they provide for the learning individual and the learning organization. The qualitative difference between the learning organization and other organizations is shown to be the coordination and cooperation that the individuals perform in a close working relationship. Against this background achievements and shortcomings of attempts to become a learning organization are summarized. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Interaction Between Polymer Chains Covalently Fixed to Single-Walled Carbon NanotubesMACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 9 2006Hiromi Kitano Abstract Summary: A single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT), which had been oxidized with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid to afford polar groups at its ends, was incubated with an azo-type macroinitiator carrying dextran (DEX), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or poly(N -vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPy) chains at 70,°C. Similarly, the oxidized SWNT was incubated with 2,2,-azoisobutyronitrile and acrylic acid (HAA) or N -vinylpyrrolidone at 70,°C. Due to the large radical trapping ability of SWNT, the polymer chains corresponding to the cloven macroinitiator (PEG, DEX or PVPy) and the propagating polymer chains (poly(acrylic acid) (HPAA) or PVPy) were covalently fixed to the surface of the SWNTs. The hydrophilic polymer-modified SWNTs could be stably dispersed in water. Furthermore, the SWNTs modified with PEG and DEX sedimented in the presence of free DEX and PEG, respectively, whereas there was no precipitation of the PEG- and DEX-modified SWNTs in the presence of the same kind of free polymer. This seemed to be related to the phase separation phenomena in water soluble DEX and PEG systems induced by the repulsive interaction between PEG and DEX molecules. However, the mixture of two kinds of polymer-modified SWNTs (PEG-SWNT and DEX-SWNT) did not show noticeable phase separation, probably due to steric hindrance for the efficient repulsive polymer-polymer interaction by fixation to the gigantic SWNTs. Furthermore, upon mixing the dispersions of HPAA-SWNT and PEG-SWNT or PVPy-SWNT, the turbidity of the dispersions gradually increased, while no increase in turbidity of the dispersion mixture was observed in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, indicating hydrogen bonding between the HPAA and PEG or PVPy chains on the surface of the SWNTs. The modification methods examined in this work would be promising to give various functions to SWNT. Susceptible processes of radical trap on SWNT surface. [source] Connectedness of digraphs and graphs under constraints on the conditional diameterNETWORKS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005X. Marcote Abstract Given a digraph G with minimum degree , and an integer 0, , , ,, consider every pair of vertex subsets V1 and V2 such that both the minimum out-degree of the induced subdigraph G[V1] and the minimum in-degree of G[V2] are at least ,. The conditional diameter D, of G is defined as the maximum of the distances d(V1, V2) between any two such vertex subsets. Clearly, D0 is the standard diameter and D0 , D1 , ··· , D, holds. In this article, we guarantee appropriate lower bounds for the connectivities and superconnectivities of a digraph G when D, , h(,,), h(,,) being a function of the parameter ,,,which is related to the shortest paths in G. As a corollary of these results, we give some constraints of the kind D, , h(,,), which assure that the digraph is maximally connected, maximally edge-connected, superconnected, or edge-superconnected, extending other previous results of the same kind. Similar statements can be obtained for a graph as a direct consequence of those for its associated symmetric digraph. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 45(2), 80,87 2005 [source] Human nature: a foundation for palliative careNURSING PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2 2008Beverly J. B. Whelton PhD MSN RN Abstract, The Aristotelian-Thomist philosopher holds that human intellectual knowledge is possible because of the order in the world and natural human capacities. It is the position of this paper that there is a shared human form or nature that unites all humanity as members of the same kind. Moral treatment is due to every human being because they are human, and is not based upon expression of abilities. Humans have substantial dynamic existence in the world, an existence which overflows in expressive relationships. As both patient and health professional are human, human nature forms the natural foundation of health care. This paper looks towards human nature for moral guidance. The therapeutic relationship is seen as a part of the interpersonal moral space formed by human relationality, which tends towards community , in this case, the healthcare system. The therapeutic relationship is also a source of moral responsibility, as illness makes the patient vulnerable, while knowledge and nursing capacities generate in the nurse a duty to care. Nursing theory serves to connect philosophical reflection and nursing practice. Imogene King's conceptual system and theory of Goal Attainment is the theory that follows from the perspective of human person being presented. This synthesis of philosophy and theory is developed with the goal of shedding light on healthcare decisions in palliative care. The article concludes with the acknowledgement that the complexity of contextualized individual decisions requires the insight and discipline of the moral practitioner, and provides some thoughts on how education, development, and refinement transform an individual into a nurse. [source] THE IDENTITY OF INDISCERNIBLES AND THE CO-LOCATION PROBLEMPACIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2006ROBIN JESHION The principle is not exactly popular. Michael Della Rocca tries to resurrect it by arguing that we must accept this principle, for otherwise we cannot explain the impossibility of completely overlapping indiscernible objects of the same kind that share all their parts and exist in the same place at the same time. I try to show that his argument goes wrong: we need not embrace the identity of indiscernibles to deal with the co-location problem. [source] The determination of membrane transport parameters with the cell pressure probe: theory suggests that unstirred layers have significant impactPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 12 2005MELVIN T. TYREE ABSTRACT A simulation model was written to compute the time-kinetics of turgor pressure, P, change in Chara corallina during cell pressure probe experiments. The model allowed for the contribution of a membrane plus zero, one, or two unstirred layers of any desired thickness. The hypothesis that a cell with an unstirred layer is a composite membrane that will follow the same kind of kinetics with or without unstirred layers was tested. Typical ,osmotic pulse' experiments yield biphasic curves with minimum or maximum pressures, Pmin(max), at time tmin(max) and a solute exponential decay with halftime . These observed data were then used to compute composite membrane properties, namely the parameters Lp = the hydraulic conductance, , = reflection coefficient and Ps = solute permeability using theoretical equations. Using the simulation model, it was possible to fit an experimental data set to the same values of Pmin(max), tmin(max) and incorporating different, likely values of unstirred layer thickness, where each thickness requires a unique set of plasmalemma membrane values of Lp, , and Ps. We conclude that it is not possible to compute plasmalemma membrane properties from cell pressure probe experiments without independent knowledge of the unstirred layer thickness. [source] Crystallization and chemi-crystallization of recycled photodegraded polyethylenesPOLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 4 2005I.H. Craig Test bars (3 mm thick) made from a high-density polyethylene (HDPE), a low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) were injection-molded from virgin polymer and from blends containing recycled photodegraded polymer of the same kind. The molded bars were then subjected to ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Crystallinity measurements were made at different depths from the exposed surface using differential scanning calorimetry. The effects caused by processing and photodegradation were separated by comparing thermograms obtained in the initial DSC run and in a reheating run, respectively. Chemi-crystallization was produced by UV exposure. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular scission and photo-initiated molecular defects. Scission accounts for the observed chemi-crystallization, whereas the molecular defects inhibit crystallization and eventually limit chemi-crystallization. After remelting, crystallization of the photodegraded materials is influenced both by the molecular mass distribution and by the defect content of the material. The changes in crystallization behavior caused by photodegradation are different for the three polyethylenes. The results obtained using blends that included photodegraded recyclate were consistent with this material acting as a pro-degradent. The recyclability of the materials is discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:588,595, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers [source] The Trinitarian Metaphysics of Jonathan Edwards and Nicolas MalebrancheTHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 2 2002Jasper Reid This paper explores both the striking similarities and also the differences between Jonathan Edwards and Nicolas Malebranche's philosophical views on the Holy Trinity and, in particular, the ways in which they both gave important roles to specific Persons of the Trinity in the various different branches of their respective metaphysical systems,ontological, epistemological and ethical. It is shown that Edwards and Malebranche were in very close agreement on ontological questions pertaining to the Trinity, both with respect to the internal, triune nature of the divine substance (characterising the Three Persons as the divine power, as the consubstantial idea of God which was generated as He eternally reflected on Himself, and as the mutual love which proceeded between the Father and this idea), and also with respect to the various roles these Three Persons played in the creation of the world. In epistemology, Malebranche postulated an illuminating union between the mind of man and the divine Word, insisting on an absolutely direct involvement of the Second Person in all human cognition, both intellectual and sensible. On this point Edwards did differ, endorsing instead an empiricist epistemology which left no room for such a direct union with the Word. However, when it came to ethics, Edwards and Malebranche both gave the Third Person an utterly central role, postulating much the same kind of union as Malebranche alone had postulated in the epistemological case, only now between the will of man and the Holy Spirit. [source] IMPOSSIBLE WORLDS AND PROPOSITIONS: AGAINST THE PARITY THESISTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 240 2010Francesco Berto Accounts of propositions as sets of possible worlds have been criticized for conflating distinct impossible propositions. In response to this problem, some have proposed to introduce impossible worlds to represent distinct impossibilities, endorsing the thesis that impossible worlds must be of the same kind; this has been called the parity thesis. I show that this thesis faces problems, and propose a hybrid account which rejects it: possible worlds are taken as concrete Lewisian worlds, and impossibilities are represented as set-theoretic constructions out of them. This hybrid account (1) distinguishes many intuitively distinct impossible propositions; (2) identifies impossible propositions with extensional constructions; (3) avoids resorting to primitive modality, at least so far as Lewisian modal realism does. [source] Transfer appropriate processing for prospective memory testsAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 7 2000Beat Meier Transfer appropriate processing (TAP) is the assumption that retrospective memory test performance reflects the overlap between study and test phase processing. In a task analysis, we identify a similar sequential-type of processing overlap in prospective memory (ProM) situations. In addition, ProM test performance can also involve a concurrent overlap between processes engaged for an ongoing task and those required for recognizing relevant cues. A review of the ProM literature shows consistent TAP effects due to sequential processing overlap manipulations, but inconclusive findings for concurrent processing overlap manipulations. We examined the latter in a new experiment with young adult participants. The ongoing task required either semantic or perceptual processing of words, and the ProM task required either semantic or perceptual processing of words. Consistent with TAP, performance was higher when the ongoing task and the ProM task required the same kind of processing (i.e. semantic,semantic, perceptual,perceptual) rather than different kinds of processing (i.e. semantic,perceptual, perceptual,semantic). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Active/Exploratory Training Promotes Transfer Even in Learners with Low Motivation and Cognitive AbilityAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Nina Keith Active training approaches encourage self-directed exploration, whereas guided training stresses direct instruction and external guidance during training. The present research investigated interactions of individual-difference variables,motivation and cognitive ability,and training approach on performance in tasks that are similar to training tasks (analogical transfer) and tasks that are novel and distinct from training tasks (adaptive transfer). In accordance with a resource allocation framework (Kanfer & Ackerman, 1989), we expected effects of individual differences on transfer performance to be reduced after active/exploratory training compared with guided training, because participants of exploratory training engage in the same kind of metacognitive processing during training and transfer. Consequently, attentional demands are reduced during transfer, whereas for participants of guided training the transfer situation imposes high attentional demands. Experiment 1 (N= 37) taught a word processing program and Experiment 2 (N= 110) taught a presentation program using either active/exploratory or guided training. Consistent with previous research, training methods were equally effective for analogical transfer but active/exploratory training led to better adaptive transfer. In addition, interaction hypotheses were supported. Contrary to common recommendations, results suggest that active/exploratory training is suitable for promoting transfer even in learners with relatively low motivation and ability. La formation active stimule la recherche personnelle tandis que la formation dirigée accentue la transmission de directives et de conseils. Cette étude porte sur les interactions de variables relevant de différences individuelles (la motivation et les aptitudes cognitives) avec le type de formation sur la performance dans des tâches similaires aux tâches apprises (transfert analogique) et dans des tâches qui sont différentes de celles apprises (transfert adaptatif). A partir d'un modèle d'allocation de ressources (Kanfer & Ackerman, 1989), on s'attendait à ce que l'action des différences individuelles sur la performance suite au transfert soit atténuée à la suite d'une formation centrée sur l'exploration active, en comparaison de la formation dirigée, cela parce que les stagiaires bénéficiant d'une formation active font appel à la même catégorie de processus métacognitifs lors de la formation et du transfert. Par conséquent, une moindre attention est nécessaire durant le transfert, tandis que pour les stagiaires soumis à la formation dirigée, la situation de transfert exige une forte attention. La première expérience (N = 37) portait sur l'apprentissage d'un logiciel de traitement de textes et la deuxième sur l'apprentissage d'un logiciel de préparation d'un exposé utilisant soit une formation active, soit une formation dirigée. En accord avec les recherches antérieures, ces méthodes de formation sont d'une efficacité analogue en ce qui concerne le transfert analogique; mais la formation active permet un meilleur transfert adaptatif. De plus, les hypothèses sur les interactions ont été confirmées. A l'encontre des recommandations habituelles, nos résultats montrent que la formation active est favorable au transfert même quand les stagiaires présentent des aptitudes et des motivations relativement faibles. [source] The Poverty of AnalysisARISTOTELIAN SOCIETY SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME, Issue 1 2009David Papineau I argue that philosophy is like science in three interesting and non-obvious ways. First, the claims made by philosophy are synthetic, not analytic: philosophical claims, just like scientific claims, are not guaranteed by the structure of the concepts they involve. Second, philosophical knowledge is a posteriori, not a priori: the claims established by philosophers depend on the same kind of empirical support as scientific theories. And finally, the central questions of philosophy concern actuality rather than necessity: philosophy is primarily aimed at understanding the actual world studied by science, not some further realm of metaphysical modality. [source] "Atlantic Revolution" or Local Difficulty: Aspects of Revolt in Brazil, 1780,1880AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, Issue 3 2010Dick Geary It has become commonplace to argue that the ideals of the Enlightenment, the American War of Independence and the French Revolution inspired revolutionary struggles on both sides of the Atlantic and even played an increasing role in the inspiration of slave revolts in the Americas. This paper tests this hypothesis against two kinds of upheaval, namely slave revolt in Brazil between 1780 and 1850 and artisan protest in the so-called Praiera Rising in Brazilian Recife in 1848/9, seen by Hobsbawm and others (including some Brazilian historians) as a South American variant of the Parisian upheavals of the same year. The analysis of slave revolts in this paper, on the other hand, concludes that they were rarely inspired by Western discourse, as they were overwhelmingly the work of African slaves, who relied on African , or to be more precise , Afro-Brazilian traditions, including local cults and African Islam. In so far as there was an "Atlantic Revolution" in this case, therefore, it came from the South and not the North Atlantic. In the case of the Praiera the paper further demonstrates that the demands of free and freed Brazilian artisans for "work for all Brazilians" and the "nationalisation of the retail trade" were not inspired by the same kind of radical, anti-merchant ideology as their Parisian counterparts but were primarily driven by hostility to the competition of both slave artisans and an influx of Portuguese craftsmen. This difference it explains by the different meaning of labour in slave and non-slave society. [source] Facultative apomixis and hybridization in arctic Potentilla section Niveae (Rosaceae) from SvalbardBOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 4 2003JORUN NYLÉHN The degree of sexual seed set and the ability to cross were investigated in three taxa of Potentilla section Niveae (P. chamissonis, P. insularis and P. nivea) from the Svalbard Archipelago. Emasculated and bagged flowers had little or no seed set, while 71% of the emasculated, bagged and pollinated flowers had some. The taxa are interpreted as pseudogamous apomicts. Parental plants and offspring were subjected to isozyme analysis. Most of the offspring were clones of the mother plant, but 1.7% had bands from the pollen donor. The sexual offspring were all produced by mother plants of P. insularis, which is interpreted as a facultative apomict. Surprisingly, crosses between different taxa gave higher seed to ovule ratios and numbers of sexually produced offspring than crosses within taxa. Some of the sexually produced hybrid offspring had the same kind of hairs on the petioles as their mother taxon, showing that hybrids may not be intermediate in hair characters, which are considered important in the delimitation of these taxa. The results of the present study indicate very close relationships among the investigated plants. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 142, 373,381. [source] Incremental Organizational Change in a Transforming Society: Managing Turbulence in Hungary in the 1990sJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 3 2000Laszlo Czaban The rapid liberalization of the former state socialist economies of Eastern Europe coupled with privatization were thought by many in the early 1990s likely to generate effective capitalist firms quite quickly. However, the radical institutional transformation and collapse of Soviet markets resulted in considerable uncertainty for most companies which, together with high sunk costs and lack of resources, inhibited organizational restructuring and strategic change. Despite high levels of foreign ownership and control by the mid-1990s, many Hungarian companies continued to produce much the same kinds of products for mostly the same customers with inputs from mostly the same suppliers as in 1990. While most had reduced employment substantially, and many had disposed of ancillary organizational units, the bulk of the companies considered here had not greatly altered their work systems and overall organizational structures. In the few enterprises where the production process had been extensively reorganized by 1996, this was funded and directed by foreign firms who had taken them over. These foreign firm-controlled companies also tended to have new top managers from outside the enterprise. They additionally introduced new products more often than Hungarian firms, albeit within rather narrow product lines that usually dominated the domestic market. Overall, most of the enterprises studied were still doing much the same set of activities in the mid-1990s, though with fewer staff, as at the start of the decade, and privatization per se had not led to major shifts in enterprise structure and strategy, nor did it seem likely to do so in the foreseeable future. [source] Progressive labour policy, ageing Marxism and unrepentant early capitalism in the Chinese industrial revolutionBUSINESS ETHICS: A EUROPEAN REVIEW, Issue 2 2001Orlan Lee The institutional guarantees of modern labour law, that provide the keystone of progressive liberalism, are often only reactionary to the entrenched concepts of socialist law. Adoption of institutions of "workers rights", and employment protection based upon contract, inevitably nullify the ideological promise of the inalienable "right to work". China, among the last bastions of theoretical Marxist socialism, and among the first socialist countries ready to accept that it has been in desperate need of reforming uneconomical state enterprises, seems willing to sacrifice ideological purity for economic development. Yet, if economic turnaround requires enterprise rationalisation in a market economy, it is understandable that Chinese labour requires the same kinds of protection against unbridled capitalism as progressive labour movements elsewhere. Doubtless, for those who have enjoyed no such institutional guarantees in the past, official commitment to improvement of labour conditions is better than no acknowledgment of need for reform of social policy whatever. Yet, the real question for students of social change is "Are these legislated reforms effective policy guides for local administration and the courts?""|Or are they merely regulations for licensing compliance , primarily for foreign invested enterprises?". In brief, "... to what extent are the new ,workers' rights' realistically attainable sources of judicial remedies for individual workers?" [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||