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Distribution by Scientific Domains

Psychology	75%

Selected Abstracts

French adaptation and preliminary validation of a questionnaire to evaluate understanding of informed consent documents in phase I biomedical research

FUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 1 2006
Adeline Paris
Abstract The content of informed consent documents (ICD) is a crucial element in the process of providing information to participants in biomedical research. Clear comprehension of the information, i.e. the ability to understand its meaning and its consequences, is of utmost importance. The objective of this study was to describe the different steps in the French adaptation and preliminary validation of the Qualité de Compréhension des Formulaires d'information et de consentement (QCFic) questionnaire (http://www.lyon.inserm.fr/cic-grenoble) based on the American Quality of Informed Consent (QuIC) questionnaire. Adaptation and preliminary validation of the QuIC for use in France was composed of five principal steps: translation, scientific validation, lexical validation, edition of gold-standard answers and a pilot study. Each stage was conducted by independent groups of experts, under the coordination of the study board. Thirteen questions were added and one was suppressed. Two steps were required for the scientific validation and for lexical validation, 21 modifications were proposed. Relative to gold-standard answers, the three experts gave the same answer for 24 questions and for nine other questions, two of the three gave identical answers, which were validated by the study board. Results of a pilot study showed a global QCFic score of 88.99 (84.13,90.92) and no specific commentary was made about the content of the questions, so no more modification needed to be made. A preliminary validated French questionnaire, the QCFic, is now available to evaluate the quality of an informed consent document in phase I clinical trials. It is quick and easy to use. [source]

Increased realism in eyewitness confidence judgements: the effect of dyadic collaboration

APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2003
Carl Martin Allwood
This study investigated to what extent, and under what circumstances, pair collaboration influences the realism in eyewitness confidence in event memory. The participants first saw a short film clip and then confidence rated their answers to questions on its content. A condition (the Individual,Pair condition) where individual effort preceded pair collaboration showed better calibration compared with a condition (the Simple Pair condition) where no individual effort took place. Furthermore, within the Individual,Pair condition, better calibration, and lower overconfidence, were found in the pair phase compared with the individual phase. The eyewitnesses in the Individual,Pair condition made more realistic judgements of the total number of questions answered correctly. In a control experiment no effect on realism in confidence was found when individuals performed the same task twice. The improved realism in the Individual,Pair condition may partly be explained in terms of the increased accuracy and lowered confidence found for such items where the pair members' had given different answers in the individual phase, and by a risky shift effect for such items where they had given the same answer. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Psychological Collectivism as a Moderator of the Impact of Supervisor,Subordinate Personality Similarity on Employees' Service Quality

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2003
C. Harry Hui
Des chercheurs ont démontré que le collectivisme psychologique joue un rôle modérateur dans la relation entre certains construits. Les caractéristiques situationnelles peuvent avoir différents impacts sur les individualistes et les collectivistes dont les attitudes et valeurs divergent face aux relations interpersonnelles. Les collectivistes accordent beaucoup d'importance aux relations harmonieuses avec autrui, et seraient démoralisés quand ces relations sont menacées ou qu'elles ne se développent pas. Les individualistes voient l'individu comme la base de la survie et sont moins affectés par un manque d'harmonie. Nous avions prévu que l'effet de la similitude de personnalité entre superviseur,subordonné sur la qualité des services qu'un employé offre serait plus grand pour les collectivistes que pour les individualistes. Cette hypothèse a été testée auprès de 605 représentants à la clientèle et 113 superviseurs pour qui la similitude de personnalité a été mesurée par le nombre d'items pour lesquels les deux parties ont donné la même réponse. Bien que le collectivisme psychologique n'a pas d'effet direct sur la qualité du service, une analyse de régression indique que cette variable entre en interaction avec la similitude de personnalité. Ce résultat donne plus de soutien au modèle du rôle modérateur du collectivisme psychologique. Researchers have found psychological collectivism (PC) to play a moderating role in relationships among certain constructs. Situational characteristics may have different impacts on individualists and collectivists, who have discrepant attitudes and values regarding interpersonal relationships. The collectivists strongly value harmonious relationships with others, and would be demoralised when such relationships are threatened or do not materialise at all. The individualists view the self as the basic unit of survival, and are less affected even if harmony is not guaranteed. On the basis of this PC-as-moderator perspective, we expected that the effect of supervisor,subordinate personality similarity on the quality of service an employee delivers would be stronger among collectivists than among individualists. This hypothesis was tested with 605 front-line customer service staff and 113 supervisors, whose personality similarity was indexed by the number of personality items to which both parties gave the same answers. Although psychological collectivism does not have direct effect on service quality, regression analysis shows that it interacts with personality similarity, lending further support to the PC-as-moderator model. [source]

Counterfactual Reasoning: Developing a Sense of "Nearest Possible World"

CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2010
Eva Rafetseder
This study investigated at what point in development 3- to 6-year-old children begin to demonstrate counterfactual reasoning by controlling for fortuitously correct answers that result from basic conditional reasoning. Basic conditional reasoning occurs when one applies typical regularities (such as "If ,whenever' it doesn't rain the street is dry") to counterfactual questions (such as "If it had not rained, would the street be wet or dry?") without regard to actual events (e.g., if street cleaners had just been washing the street). In counterfactual reasoning, however, the conditional reasoning must be constrained by actual events (according to the "nearest possible world"). In situations when counterfactual reasoning and basic conditional reasoning would yield the same answers, even the youngest children gave mostly correct answers. However, tasks in which the 2 reasoning strategies resulted in different answers proved unusually difficult even for the older children. [source]