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Salivary Levels (salivary + level)
Selected AbstractsEffects of Stress and Alcohol on Subjective State in HumansALCOHOLISM, Issue 6 2002Anna H. V. Söderpalm Background: There is increasing evidence that stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation interact with drugs of abuse and influence drug-taking behaviors. Both studies with laboratory animals and survey data with alcohol users suggest that acute or chronic stressful events increase alcohol intake. One mechanism for the increase in alcohol intake may be that stress alters the subjective effects produced by the drug in ways that enhance the reinforcing properties of alcohol. Therefore, in this study we determined whether an acute social stressor alters subjective responses to ethanol in humans. The stressor was a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test, an arithmetic task that increases cortisol levels. Methods: Twenty male volunteers participated in two laboratory sessions, in which they performed the Trier Social Stress Test on one session and no task on the other session, immediately before consuming a beverage that contained ethanol (0.8 g/kg in juice) or placebo (juice alone). Eleven subjects received ethanol on both sessions, and nine subjects received placebo on both sessions. Primary dependent measures were self-report questionnaires of mood states. Salivary levels of cortisol were obtained to confirm the effectiveness of the stress procedure. Results: Stress alone produced stimulant-like subjective effects. In the group who received ethanol, stress increased sedative-like effects and decreased stimulant-like effects. Conclusions: At this relatively high dose of ethanol, stress increased sedative effects of alcohol and did not increase desire for more alcohol. It is possible that in some individuals, the increased sedative effects after stress may increase the likelihood of consuming more alcohol. The effects of stress on consumption at this, or lower, doses of alcohol remain to be determined. [source] Detection of pemphigus desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 autoantibodies and pemphigoid BP180 autoantibodies in saliva and comparison with serum valuesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2006Dimitrios Andreadis Although there is much literature on the detection of pemphigus and pemphigoid autoantibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum, nothing is known about their presence in saliva. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary levels of these autoantibodies in pemphigus and pemphigoid patients. Autoantibodies against desmoglein3, desmoglein1, and BP180 were assayed, by ELISA, in serum and saliva samples of patients and healthy controls. The titres of autoantibodies against Dsg1/3 found in both serum and saliva of pemphigus patients showed a statistically significant correlation, suggesting that saliva may be a useful biological material for diagnostic purposes, in monitoring disease activity, as well as for the early detection of relapses. By contrast, the titres of autoantibodies against BP180 in the serum and saliva of bullous pemphigoid patients were not statistically related, and further study of the usefulness of the BP180 ELISA for saliva in this disease is needed. In addition, based on our results, the BP180 ELISA with a recombinant NC16a epitope failed to detect the autoantibodies against BP180 in the serum and saliva of mucous membrane pemphigoid patients. [source] Probiotics and oral health effects in childrenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 1 2008SVANTE TWETMAN Background., Probiotics are living micro-organisms added to food which beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Objective., This paper aims to present a general background on probiotics and its health effects in children, and to examine the evidence for oral colonization and the possible impact on oral health in children and young adults. Methods., For delivery and general health effects, recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and other relevant papers were used. Concerning oral installation and oral effects, a broad search for publications in English was conducted through February 2007 in PubMed. Studies describing an installation or intervention trial in humans with a controlled design and an oral endpoint measure were considered. Fourteen papers with dental focus were identified, of which two were narrative reviews. Results., Only one study of dental interest was conducted in children. Four papers dealt with oral installation of probiotic bacteria, and although detectable levels were found in saliva shortly after intake, the studies failed to demonstrate a long-term installation. Seven papers evaluated the effect of lactobacilli- or bifidobacteria-derived probiotics on the salivary levels of caries-associated bacteria in placebo-controlled designs. All but one reported a hampering effect on mutans streptococci and/or yeast. The single study carried out in early childhood reported a significant caries reduction in 3- to 4-year-old children after 7 months of daily consumption of probiotic milk. Conclusion., Bacteriotheraphy in the form of probiotic bacteria with an inhibitory effect on oral pathogens is a promising concept, especially in childhood, but this may not necessarily lead to improved oral health. Further placebo controlled trials that assess carefully selected and defined probiotic strains using standardized outcomes are needed before any clinical recommendations can be made. [source] Salivary microbial levels in relation to periodontal status and caries developmentJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2010Y. Iwano Iwano Y, Sugano N, Matsumoto K, Nishihara R, Iizuka T, Yoshinuma N, Ito K. Salivary microbial levels in relation to periodontal status and caries development. J Periodont Res 2010; 45: 165,169. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective:, Although an inverse relationship between caries and periodontal disease has been suggested, some studies have reported a positive correlation between periodontal disease and the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMF) index. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between caries and periodontal disease. Material and Methods:, We assessed the clinical parameters and salivary levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans using real-time polymerase chain reaction in 40 subjects with varying degrees of caries and periodontal disease. Results:, The salivary levels of S. mutans were significantly higher in the periodontally healthy group than in the periodontitis group. The salivary levels of P. gingivalis were significantly higher in the caries-free group than in the periodontally healthy group with caries. The salivary levels of S. mutans were significantly increased after the initial periodontal treatment. Conclusions:, This study showed that an inverse relationship exists between periodontitis and caries in terms of the clinical and bacteriological findings. [source] Salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8) levels and gelatinase (MMP-9) activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2000Hanna-Leena Collin We studied the salivary levels and activities of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-8 and -9 in 45 type 2 diabetic patients and 77 control subjects. The patients' mean glycosylated haemoglobin (HbAlc) was 8.7%, indicating an unsatisfactory metabolic control of the disease. The MMP levels were further related to the clinical and microbiological periodontal findings as well as to salivary flow rate and other factors. The salivary flow rate, albumin and amylase concentrations were similar in type 2 diabetic patients to those in the control group. The mean gingival and periodontal pocket indexes were higher in the diabetes group. The number of potential periodontopathogenic bacteria was lower, however, in the diabetic than in the control group. Zymography and immunoblotting revealed that the major MMPs in the type 2 diabetic patients' saliva were MMP-8 and MMP-9. Salivary MMP levels and activities in type 2 diabetic patients were in general similar to those in the control group. However, the correlation coefficients using multiple regression analysis revealed that gingival bleeding, pocket depths and HbAlc were associated with increased MMP-8 levels which, in turn, were negatively predicted by elevated plasma lipid peroxide levels in the diabetic group. Our data on salivary MMP-8 and -9 do not support the concept of generalized neutrophil dysfunction in unbalanced diabetes. Moreover, plasma lipid peroxidation levels reflecting the increased oxidative burden, which is generated mainly by triggered neutrophils, do not indicate neutrophil dysfunction due to diabetes, but may rather be related to the increased tissue damage in an uncontrolled disease. However, advanced periodontitis in type 2 diabetes seems to be related to elevated salivary MMP-8 levels which might be useful in monitoring periodontal disease in diabetes. [source] Detection of Epstein,Barr virus in saliva by real-time PCRMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2004M. Idesawa The purpose of this investigation was to assess the salivary levels of Epstein,Barr virus (EBV) in patients with periodontitis using real-time PCR. EBV was detected in 16 out of 33 (48.5%) periodontitis patients and in 3 out of 20(15%) healthy subjects. The baseline mean values for bleeding on probing in EBV-positive patients were significantly higher than those in EBV-negative patients. A significant decrease in EBV levels was observed after initial periodontal treatment. Our findings indicate that levels of EBV in saliva may reflect the status of periodontal inflammation. [source] Immunoglobulins in saliva of preterm and full-term infants.MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 200318 months of age, A longitudinal study from 0 The aim of this longitudinal study was to determine salivary levels of total IgA, IgG and IgM in 84 preterm and 214 full-term infants, from birth to 18 months of age. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from each infant at birth, and subsequently at 3-monthly intervals. Immunoglobulin levels were estimated using an ELISA technique. At birth, IgA was detected in 147/214 (69%) full-term infants but only 47/84 (56%) preterm infants (P < 0.01). In the case of IgG, 61% of full-term and 56% of preterm infants showed detectable levels, whereas IgM was found in 71% and 73%, respectively. Levels of IgA and IgG rose from birth to 18 months, whereas IgM levels did not change significantly. Increases in salivary levels of IgA were associated with introduction of solid foods (P < 0.001), as well as tooth eruption (P < 0.001). Our results indicate that the majority of full-term and preterm infants are orally immunocompetent at birth. [source] Factors influencing oral colonization of mutans streptococci in young childrenAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007V. Law Abstract This paper aims to critically review current knowledge about the key factors involved in oral colonization of the cariogenic group of bacteria, mutans streptococci (MS) in young children. MS, consisting mainly of the species Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are commonly cultured from the mouths of infants, with prevalence of infection ranging from around 30 per cent in 3 month old predentate children to over 80 per cent in 24 month old children with primary teeth. MS is usually transmitted to children through their mothers, and the risk of transmission increases with high maternal salivary levels of MS and frequent inoculation. Factors that affect the colonization of MS may be divided into bacterial virulence, host-related and environmental factors. Complex interaction among these factors determine the success and timing of MS colonization in the child. As clinical studies have shown that caries risk is correlated with age at which initial MS colonization occurred, strategies for the prevention of dental caries should include timely control of colonization of the cariogenic bacteria in the mouths of young children. [source] | ||||||||||