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Salivary Flow Rate (salivary + flow_rate)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	100%

Kinds of Salivary Flow Rate

whole salivary flow rate

Selected Abstracts

Assessment of Salivary Flow Rate: Biologic Variation and Measure Error,

THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 10 2004
Peter H. Jongerius MD
Abstract Objective: To investigate the applicability of the swab method in the measurement of salivary flow rate in multiple-handicap drooling children. To quantify the measurement error of the procedure and the biologic variation in the population. Study Design: Cohort study. Methods: In a repeated measurements design, a baseline series of salivary flow rates were obtained from 45 children. The within-subject SD (SW) was calculated to express the measurements error according to a procedure introduced by Bland and Altman. Results: Two hundred twenty-four samples (mean 0.40 mL/min, SD 0.19 mL/min) were obtained and analyzed. The results of this study indicate that consistent scores were obtained at subsequent measurements, and good parity existed between the two measurements of salivary flow rate at each session. The SW could be estimated (0.11 mL/min), which was applied to quantify the specific variation of the salivary flow rate in our population. Conclusion: According to Bland and Altman, the SW, which is a quantification of the measurement error and biologic variation, was found to be a useful tool to evaluate the obtained baseline salivary flow rate measurements. The swab method can be used to evaluate salivary flow rates in drooling children with cerebral palsy during interventional studies that aim to reduce saliva production. [source]

Impaired mastication modifies the dynamics of bolus formation

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 3 2006
Claude Yven
Mastication is a complex sensory-motor activity whereby a food product is transformed into a bolus. Consumers mainly perceive the sensory properties of the food during the intra-oral manipulation of the product. Consequently, the quality of the chewing process could have consequences on the perception of sensory properties and food choice. By focusing on meat products, this study aimed to analyze the influence of dental status on (i) dynamic adaptation of the chewing behavior (evaluated by electromyography) to the changes in texture during bolus formation and (ii) bolus properties (mechanical resistance and saliva incorporation) obtained from meat of different initial textures. Two groups of subjects (dentate subjects and denture wearers), known to present highly different chewing efficiency, were compared. For both groups, salivary flow rates were evaluated at rest and after stimulation by chewing (paraffin and meat). The salivary flow rates, assessed during chewing of a nonedible matrix (paraffin), were a good predictor of salivary flow rates induced by meat chewing for both groups of subjects. Salivary flow rates were not affected by the dental status. In contrast, the chewing behavior varied between groups. For denture wearers, the chewing pattern was strongly impaired and not adapted to the changes in meat structure during bolus formation. Denture wearers swallowed less fragmented boli than dentate subjects, but boli had a similar level of moisture for both groups of subjects. [source]

Salivary flow and its relationship to oral signs and symptoms in patients with dry eyes

ORAL DISEASES, Issue 2 2004
M Koseki
Objectives:, The aim of this study was to investigate oral symptoms and clinical parameters in dry eye patients. Subjective reports of the sensation of a dry mouth, salivary flow rates, and clinical parameters of oral disease related to three different types of dry eye patients were examined. Subjects and methods:, There were 224 individuals, including dry eye patients and control subjects. The dry eye patients were classified into three types: patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS-DE), patients without SS-DE (non-SS-DE), and patients with Stevens,Johnson syndrome (SJS-DE). Salivary flow rates were measured using two kinds of sialometry. Subjective and objective oral symptoms and signs were also examined. Results and conclusion:, Over half of the dry eye patients complained of a dry mouth. The flow rates of their stimulated whole saliva and parotid saliva were significantly lower than those of the control groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The sensation of a dry mouth and changes in oral soft tissues, dental caries, and oral Candida frequently occurred in dry eye patients. [source]

Dental caries and salivary status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, related to the metabolic control of the disease

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 1 2006
Jolanta Siudikiene
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among type 1 diabetes mellitus, dental caries, and salivary status in children. The study comprised 68, 10,15-yr-old diabetics, and 68, age- and gender-matched non-diabetic controls. Diabetics were categorized into well-to-moderately controlled (HbA1c <,9.0%) and poorly controlled (HbA1c , 9.0%) groups. Caries was recorded by assessing lesion activity at non-cavitated and cavity levels. Teeth were examined visually for the presence of dental plaque. Saliva was analyzed for unstimulated and stimulated flow rates, buffer effect, mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and yeasts. Diabetics had fewer caries and plaque, lower salivary flow rates and buffer effect, and more frequent growth of yeasts than their non-diabetic controls. Well-to-moderately controlled diabetics had fewer decayed surfaces and lower counts of mutans streptococci and yeasts than poorly controlled diabetics, but the level of metabolic control of diabetes had no influence on salivary flow rates and buffer effect. High caries levels in diabetics were significantly associated with age, plaque score, and decreased unstimulated salivary flow rate, but were not associated with the level of metabolic control of diabetes. High caries experience in this study population could be related to plaque accumulation and/or to changes in saliva induced by diabetes mellitus. [source]

Caries clinical trial of a remineralising toothpaste in radiation patients

GERODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2008
Athena Papas
Objectives:, The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a specially formulated remineralising toothpaste in controlling caries in a high-risk population: head and neck radiation patients. Design:, The study compared the performance of the remineralising toothpaste with a conventional fluoride dentifrice using double-blind randomisation. Materials and methods:,Test products: The products compared contained equivalent quantities of fluoride (1100 p.p.m.). The dual-phase remineralising toothpaste, Enamelon®, also delivered soluble calcium and phosphate ions, essential components of teeth, from separate phases. Both groups had all caries restored at baseline and used a fluoride rinse daily. Subjects: Fifty-seven subjects who received radiation to the head and neck causing saliva hypofunction, entered the study, while 44 completed the 10,12 month visit. Measurements: Examinations included coronal and root caries using the Pitts Diagnostic Criteria, salivary flow rate, plaque and gingival indices and microbiological counts over a 1-year period. Results:, The average net increment per year for root caries per subject was 0.04 (±.052) in subjects completing the study using the remineralising toothpaste and 1.65 (±0.51) for root caries in subjects completing the study using the conventional fluoride dentifrice. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.03), suggesting lower net root surface increment/year for the remineralising toothpaste relative to the conventional toothpaste. No significant differences were noted on coronal surfaces. Conclusion:, The results indicate that the remineralising toothpaste provides a significant benefit in preventing and remineralising root caries in high-risk patients. [source]

Health-related quality of life in patients with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome and Xerostomia: a comparative study

GERODONTOLOGY, Issue 1 2002
Jocelyne Rostron
Abstract Objective: To compare the health status of groups of Primary Sjögren's and Xerostomia patients, using the Medical Outcomes Short Form 36 (SF-36). The SF-36 is a generic measure, divided into eight domains, used in the assessment of health-related quality of life. Patients and methods: The SF-36 was given to 2 groups: Group 1 comprised 43 patients diagnosed with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (1SS) and an unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UFR) of <0.1 ml/min). Group 2 (n = 40) reported Xerosiomia but had an UFR >0.2 ml/min. Sub groups of patients in Groups 1 and 2 were compared with community normative data, for the SF-36 Results: There were trends to suggest lower SF36 scores for 1SS patients but there were no significant differences between the mean domain scores of Groups 1 and 2. 1SS and Xerostomia patients registered lower mean scores across all 8 domains, compared with normative community data. Conclusion: The SF-36 was unable to detect significant differences between subjects with 1SS and Xerostomia but a larger sample size is required to confirm these findings. The results of this limited study suggest that a disease-specific measure is required to assess the impact 1SS on health-related Quality of life (QOL). [source]

Detection of Mild Hyposalivation in Elderly People Based on the Chewing Time of Specifically Designed Disc Tests: Diagnostic Accuracy

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 4 2009
DrOdont, Isabelle Madinier DDS
OBJECTIVES: To compare sialometry with chewing time (including swallowing) of specifically designed disc tests. DESIGN: Index test versus reference standard (sialometry; 60 patients); reliability study (10 patients). SETTING: Outpatient dental clinic and geriatric ward, Nice University Hospital, France. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty adults and 30 older patients (mean ages 47 and 84). INTERVENTION: Index test assessment in patients with and without hyposalivation. MEASUREMENTS: Data from medical files, interviews and oral examination were collected. Sialometry (stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR) mL/min) and disc chewing times (seconds) were measured. RESULTS: Sialometry was too long and was inappropriate for five of the 30 older persons. Chewing times were negatively correlated to sialometry results (Spearman correlation coefficient (R)=0.77, P<.001). The threshold to diagnose hyposalivation (SSFR <1 mL/min) was 40 seconds (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)=0.921, 100% sensitivity, 72% specificity). Twenty-seven subjects with a SSFR less than 1.5 mL/min had a chewing time longer than 40 seconds, suggesting that mild hyposalivation and eating difficulties were related (AUC=0.941, 93% sensitivity, 88% specificity). Mean chewing time was greater with xerostomia (51.9 vs 30.7 seconds, P<.001) but not with dental pain (39.5 vs 39.9, P=.96). Masticatory percentage (e.g., pairs of antagonistic teeth) had no effect on chewing time (SSFR <1 mL/min, AUC=0.921; SSFR <1.5 mL/min, AUC=0.950). Reliability was better for the disc test than for sialometry (intraclass correlation 0.85 vs 0.70). CONCLUSION: This disc test was conceived to detect mild hyposalivation in geriatric patients with impaired dental health. Early detection of hyposalivation could help to suppress or avoid xerostomia-inducing drugs and to prevent oral infections and dental caries. [source]

Oral sensorial complaints, salivary flow rate and mucosal lesions in the institutionalized elderly

JOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 2 2010
I. GLAZAR
Summary, The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of oral sensorial complaints, salivary flow rate and oral mucosal lesions in the institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly. The study included 280 institutionalized and 61 non- institutionalized elderly people. Dry mouth, burning mouth sensations, taste disturbances, salivary flow rate and oral mucosal lesions were assessed and compared between groups. A greater number of the institutionalized elderly had dry mouth (P = 0·001) and taste disturbance (P = 0·035) compared to non-institutionalized elderly. The institutionalized elderly also had significantly lower salivary flow rate (P < 0·0001). Positive correlation was found between salivary flow rate and perception of dry mouth in the institutionalized elderly (rs = 0·26; P < 0·05), as well as in the non-institutionalized elderly (rs = 0·35; P < 0·05). Moreover, positive correlation was observed between salivary flow rate and the sensation of burning mouth in the institutionalized elderly (rs = 0·13; P < 0·05) and non-institutionalized elderly (rs = 0·31; P < 0·05). The number of institutionalized elderly people with oral mucosal diseases was higher compared with non-institutionalized ones (P = 0·01). The most common oral mucosal lesions in both groups were related to wearing dentures. It can be concluded that the institutionalized elderly are significantly affected with oral sensorial complaints, including dry mouth and taste disturbance, as well as decreased salivary flow rate and oral mucosal diseases compared with the non-institutionalized elderly. [source]

Salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8) levels and gelatinase (MMP-9) activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

JOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2000
Hanna-Leena Collin
We studied the salivary levels and activities of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-8 and -9 in 45 type 2 diabetic patients and 77 control subjects. The patients' mean glycosylated haemoglobin (HbAlc) was 8.7%, indicating an unsatisfactory metabolic control of the disease. The MMP levels were further related to the clinical and microbiological periodontal findings as well as to salivary flow rate and other factors. The salivary flow rate, albumin and amylase concentrations were similar in type 2 diabetic patients to those in the control group. The mean gingival and periodontal pocket indexes were higher in the diabetes group. The number of potential periodontopathogenic bacteria was lower, however, in the diabetic than in the control group. Zymography and immunoblotting revealed that the major MMPs in the type 2 diabetic patients' saliva were MMP-8 and MMP-9. Salivary MMP levels and activities in type 2 diabetic patients were in general similar to those in the control group. However, the correlation coefficients using multiple regression analysis revealed that gingival bleeding, pocket depths and HbAlc were associated with increased MMP-8 levels which, in turn, were negatively predicted by elevated plasma lipid peroxide levels in the diabetic group. Our data on salivary MMP-8 and -9 do not support the concept of generalized neutrophil dysfunction in unbalanced diabetes. Moreover, plasma lipid peroxidation levels reflecting the increased oxidative burden, which is generated mainly by triggered neutrophils, do not indicate neutrophil dysfunction due to diabetes, but may rather be related to the increased tissue damage in an uncontrolled disease. However, advanced periodontitis in type 2 diabetes seems to be related to elevated salivary MMP-8 levels which might be useful in monitoring periodontal disease in diabetes. [source]

Oral yeast carriage in patients with advanced cancer

MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2002
A. N. Davies
The aim of this study was to investigate oral yeast carriage amongst patients with advanced cancer. Oral rinse samples were obtained from 120 subjects. Yeasts were isolated using Sabouraud's dextrose agar and CHROMagarÔ Candida, and were identified using a combination of the API 20 C AUX yeast identification system, species-specific PCR and 26S rDNA gene sequencing. Oral yeast carriage was present in 66% of subjects. The frequency of isolation of individual species was: Candida albicans, 46%; Candida glabrata, 18%; Candida dubliniensis, 5%; others, <,5%. The increasing isolation of non- Candida albicans species is clinically important, since these species are often more resistant to antifungal drugs. Oral yeast carriage was associated with denture wearing (P = 0.006), and low stimulated whole salivary flow rate (P = 0.009). Identification of these risk factors offers new strategies for the prevention of oral candidosis in this group of patients. [source]

Salivary anticandidal activity and saliva composition in an HIV-infected cohort

MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2001
A. L. Lin
This study investigated salivary anticandidal activity and salivary composition in stimulated whole saliva of 18 advanced HIV-infected patients and compared these values to healthy controls. Stimulated whole saliva from HIV-infected patients showed decreased anticandidal activity. The flow rate was reduced by 40% as compared with controls. The saliva flow rate for HIV-infected patients who had recoverable yeast in their saliva was reduced as compared to HIV-infected patients without recoverable yeast. For HIV-infected patients, the saliva concentrations of lactoferrin, secretory IgA and Cl, were increased while the secretion rate of lysozyme, total protein and K+ were reduced. There was no difference in any parameter as a function of taking the antifungal drug fluconazole. There was no association between salivary anticandidal activity and any salivary component. This study shows reduced anticandidal activity and salivary flow rate in HIV-infected patients. These alterations may contribute to their increased incidence of oral candidal infections. [source]

Stimulated whole salivary flow rate and composition in menopausal women with oral dryness feeling

ORAL DISEASES, Issue 3 2007
F Agha-Hosseini
The aim of this study was to compare stimulated whole saliva flow rate and composition of menopausal women with/without oral dryness (OD) feeling. A case,control study was carried out in 42 selected menopausal women aged 52,73 years with or without OD feeling (21 as case and 21 as control) conducted at the Clinic of Oral Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Paraffin-stimulated saliva samples were obtained by expectoration. The stimulated whole saliva composition was measured by a spectrophotometer [magnesium (Mg+2), calcium (Ca+2), chloride (Cl,), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and total protein], flame-photometry [sodium (Na+)] and ion selective electrode (ISE) [potassium (K+)] methods. No significant differences were found in stimulated whole saliva flow rate, Mg+2, Cl,, Pi, Na+, K+ and total protein concentrations between the two groups, but the mean calcium concentration was significantly higher in cases than in controls (P = 0.003). It seems that the level of salivary calcium concentration may be higher in menopausal women with OD feeling than in the control group. [source]

Pilocarpine treatment in a mixed cohort of xerostomic patients

ORAL DISEASES, Issue 1 2007
DJ Aframian
Objective:, To compare the effect of a single 5-mg dose of pilocarpine hydrochloride on the salivary flow rate in three groups of xerostomic patients. Subjects and methods:, Forty-five patients were divided into three groups according to the etiology of their xerostomia: (i) radiotherapy; (ii) Sjögren's syndrome; and (iii) sialosis and xerogenic medications. Following the oral administration of a 5-mg pilocarpine hydrochloride tablet blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and saliva secretion rates were monitored hourly for 3 h and adverse events were reported. Results:, The most significant and persistent elevation of salivary flow rate was observed in the sialosis/drug-induced group followed by the Sjögren's syndrome group. The radiotherapy group presented a significant elevation of salivary secretion rate after 1 and 2 h, but returned to baseline at 3 h. No significant changes in vital signs were reported, except for low diastolic pressure measured at 1 h in the radiotherapy group. Several adverse events were recorded throughout the trial; however, only one patient withdrew from the study. Conclusion:, Treatment with pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets may improve saliva secretion in patients taking xerogenic medications and/or suffering from metabolic sialosis expanding the beneficial potential of this sialogogue. [source]

The distribution of oral mucosal pH values in healthy saliva secretors

ORAL DISEASES, Issue 4 2006
DJ Aframian
Objectives:, To establish the normal range of oral mucosal pH and to correlate these measurements to salivary flow rate in healthy individuals according to age and gender. Subjects and methods:, Measurements of pH levels using a flat pH meter and salivary secretion rates were established in eight mucosal sites from a total of 50 healthy individuals. Results:, The mean pH (±s.d.) of all sites was 6.78 ± 0.04 with significant differences between mean pH values in the palate (7.34 ± 0.38), the floor of the mouth (6.5 ± 0.3), the buccal mucosa (6.28 ± 0.36) and the tongue (6.8 ± 0.26). A significant correlation was found between age and pH at palatal and tongue sites but no gender effects were noted. Conclusions:, This method is easy and relatively quick to manipulate, and may offer many diagnostic possibilities for oral related diseases and disorders such as oral malodour, mouth breathing, dysgeusia, acidic diet consumption and gastrointestinal disorders affecting the mouth. [source]

Assessment of Salivary Flow Rate: Biologic Variation and Measure Error,

Clinical and histologic evidence of salivary gland restoration supports the efficacy of rituximab treatment in Sjögren's syndrome,

ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 11 2009
J. Pijpe
Objective To assess the effect of rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) therapy on the (immuno)histopathology of parotid tissue in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and the correlation of histologic findings with the flow rate and composition of parotid saliva. Methods In a phase II study, an incisional parotid biopsy specimen was obtained from 5 patients with primary SS before and 12 weeks after rituximab treatment (4 infusions of 375 mg/m2). The relative amount of parotid parenchyma, lymphocytic infiltrate, and fat, and the presence/quantity of germinal centers and lymphoepithelial duct lesions were evaluated. Immunohistochemical characterization was performed to analyze the B:T cell ratio of the lymphocytic infiltrate (CD20, CD79a, CD3) and cellular proliferation in the acinar parenchyma (by double immunohistologic labeling for cytokeratin 14 and Ki-67). Histologic data were assessed for correlations with the parotid flow rate and saliva composition. Results Four patients showed an increased salivary flow rate and normalization of the initially increased salivary sodium concentration. Following rituximab treatment, the lymphocytic infiltrate was reduced, with a decreased B:T cell ratio and (partial) disappearance of germinal centers. The amount and extent of lymphoepithelial lesions decreased in 3 patients and was completely absent in 2 patients. The initially increased proliferation of acinar parenchyma in response to inflammation was reduced in all patients. Conclusion Sequential parotid biopsy specimens obtained from patients with primary SS before and after rituximab treatment demonstrated histopathologic evidence of reduced glandular inflammation and redifferentiation of lymphoepithelial duct lesions to regular striated ducts as a putative morphologic correlate of increased parotid flow and normalization of the salivary sodium content. These histopathologic findings in a few patients underline the efficacy of B cell depletion and indicate the potential for glandular restoration in SS. [source]

The effects of saliva on the erosive potential of three different wines

AUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009
HS Brand
Abstract Background:, The erosive potential of wine on teeth may be modified by the buffering capacity of saliva. This potential effect was studied for three different wines in vitro and in vivo. Methods:, The buffering capacity was studied in vitro by stepwise addition of small volumes of a dry white wine, a medium sweet white wine and a red wine to collected stimulated saliva. In vivo, this was studied by six volunteers vigorously rinsing 5 mL of each wine in their mouth for 15 to 45 seconds. Changes in salivary flow rate and pH were measured during a period of 10 minutes after rinsing with 5 mL wine. Results:, pH values < 5.5 were observed in vitro after addition of 0.2 mL dry white wine and medium sweet wine and after 0.3 mL red wine to 1 mL saliva. During rinsing with all wines, the intra-oral pH decreased to below 4 within 15 seconds and remained below this value for at least 45 seconds. After expectoration, the salivary pH remained significantly low for two to six minutes, despite a doubling of the flow rate observed during the first two minutes. Conclusions:, Vigorously rinsing wine induced a decrease in intra-oral pH of significant degree and duration, which increases the risk of developing dental erosion. [source]

Impaired mastication modifies the dynamics of bolus formation

Dental caries and salivary status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, related to the metabolic control of the disease

Salivary gland function in persons with ectodermal dysplasias

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2003
Hilde Nordgarden
Ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) constitute a group of conditions comprising developmental defects in two or more of the following tissues: hair, teeth, nails, and sweat glands. The aim of the present study was to contribute to a better understanding of salivary gland involvement in EDs. An ED group (n = 39, median age 12 yr; 24 males, 15 females) and a healthy age- and sex-matched control group were studied. Citric acid stimulated submandibular and parotid salivary flow rates and salivary concentrations, and output of total protein, acidic proline-rich proteins and histatins were analysed. The associations between quantitative and qualitative salivary parameters were also studied. In the ED group, 13 persons (33%) demonstrated a significantly reduced secretion of submandibular and/or parotid saliva, in addition to a low unstimulated and/or chewing-stimulated whole salivary flow. In the ED group as a whole, a reduced median secretory rate of submandibular saliva was found, whereas the median concentrations of some protein parameters were increased. However, the overall output of proteins was normal or reduced. Submandibular glands seemed to be more affected than parotid glands in EDs. In conclusion, salivary secretory tests are recommended in persons with known or suspected EDs. [source]

Oral status of 35 subjects with eating disorders , A 1-year study

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2000
Rolf Öhrn
The aim was to record changes over time in the oral status of subjects with diagnosed eating disorders. The outpatient psychiatrist had referred to the hospital dental clinic 35 women (19,47 yr, median 27 yr) with eating disorders, diagnosed according to DSM III-R criteria. At the baseline examination, dental, medical and dietary histories were taken, and intra-oral clinical and radiographic examinations were supplemented by intra-oral photographs, study casts and salivary analysis. The subjects were re-examined 1 yr later. Together, the investigators assessed progression of tooth wear blindly by comparing coded study casts from the baseline and 12-month examinations. Progression of erosive tooth wear was recorded in almost half of the subjects. Several subjects had low unstimulated salivary flow rates (<0.1 ml/min) and very high counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, both at baseline and 1 yr later. The flow rates for paraffin-stimulated saliva at baseline were significantly lower for subjects with progression of erosive tooth wear than for those without. Because of the increased susceptibility to both caries and erosion, patients with eating disorders should be encouraged to have regular dental check-ups. Test of salivary flow may serve as an indicator of patients' risk of progression of erosive tooth wear. [source]

Influence of aging on candidal growth and adhesion regulatory agents in saliva

JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 6 2001
Toyohiro Tanida
Abstract: Although oral candidiasis is frequently seen in the elderly, the factors determining candidal growth have insufficiently been explored. Hence, we examined the influence of aging on candidal adhesion and growth-inhibitory agents in saliva in 45 healthy volunteers and 60 patients with oral candidiasis. Both non-stimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates (SFRs) in the healthy controls decreased with aging. A gradual decrease of SFRs with aging was also observed in the patients, and the SFR levels were markedly lower than those in the controls. Although the salivary glucose levels were almost constant in all age groups, secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin levels in saliva were significantly decreased statistically with age, and a marginal age-associated decrease in transferrin levels was also observed. In addition, the generation of superoxide from neutrophils in saliva and their Candida killing activity decreased with age, and these phenomena were more apparent in the patients. Furthermore, a larger number of Candida adhered to oral keratinocytes obtained from the elderly healthy controls than to those obtained from young controls. Correspondingly, keratinocytes from the aged controls showed more concanavalin-A binding sites than those from the young controls. However, oral Candida did not increase with increasing age in the controls, although an age-associated increase of oral Candida was observed in the patients. Taken together, these results indicate that the decreases of SFRs and salivary anti-candidal factors, suppression of salivary neutrophil function and the increase of candidal adhesion sites on keratinocytes predispose elderly individuals to oral candidiasis. [source]

Safety and effectiveness of topical dry mouth products containing olive oil, betaine, and xylitol in reducing xerostomia for polypharmacy-induced dry mouth

JOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 10 2007
J. A. SHIP
summary, Polypharmacy is a common cause of salivary hypofunction, producing symptoms of dry mouth or xerostomia, especially among older populations. As the number of older people continues to increase, polypharmacy-induced salivary hypofunction is becoming an increasing problem. Many over-the-counter products are available for relieving symptoms of dry mouth, but few have been tested in controlled clinical investigations. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a group of topical dry mouth products (toothpaste, mouth rinse, mouth spray and gel) containing olive oil, betaine and xylitol. Forty adults were entered into this single-blinded, open-label, cross-over clinical study and 39 completed all the visits. Subjects were randomly assigned at baseline to using the novel topical dry mouth products daily for 1 week, or to maintain their normal dry mouth routine care. After 1 week, they were crossed over to the other dry mouth regimen. The results demonstrated that the use of the novel topical dry mouth products increased significantly unstimulated whole salivary flow rates, reduced complaints of xerostomia and improved xerostomia-associated quality of life. No clinically significant adverse events were observed. These data suggest that the daily use of topical dry mouth products containing olive oil, betaine and xylitol is safe and effective in relieving symptoms of dry mouth in a population with polypharmacy-induced xerostomia. [source]