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Saliva Samples (saliva + sample)
Kinds of Saliva Samples Selected AbstractsCLINICAL STUDY: A comparison of exposure to carcinogens among roll-your-own and factory-made cigarette smokersADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Lion Shahab ABSTRACT Consumption of roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco is rising, but little is known about its in vivo delivery of toxins relative to factory-made (FM) cigarettes. To start to address this issue, this study compared the concentrations of metabolites of recognized human carcinogens in smokers of RYO tobacco and FM cigarettes. We opportunistically recruited 127 FM and 28 RYO cigarette smokers in central London and collected saliva and urine samples. Saliva samples were assayed for cotinine while urinary samples were assayed for 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP) and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), metabolic markers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco-specific N -nitrosamines, respectively. Data on socio-demographic, anthropometric and puffing characteristics were also obtained. Both unadjusted and adjusted analyses (controlling for age, sex, body mass index, puff flow, puff duration and cotinine) showed no difference in metabolic markers between RYO and FM cigarette smokers. However, significant main effects for cotinine levels and sex were observed in adjusted analyses. Greater levels of cotinine were associated with a greater concentration of both 1-HOP (B = 0.002, P = 0.037) and NNAL (B = 0.002, P < 0.001). In addition, women had significantly greater concentrations of urinary 1-HOP (B = 0.679, P = 0.004) and total NNAL metabolites (B = 0.117, P = 0.024) than men, irrespective of the type of cigarettes smoked. More research is now needed to confirm these findings and gender-specific effects in a larger, representative sample. However, results do not support the common belief that RYO cigarettes are less harmful than manufactured cigarettes. [source] Effect of exercise, aging and functional capacity on acute secretory immunoglobulin A response in elderly people over 75 years of ageGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2009Yuzuru Sakamoto Background: Age-associated decline in immune function and regulation, referred to as immunosenescence, brings about an increased incidence of infectious diseases in the aged; however, there are few data on the effect of aging and exercise on mucosal immune function in elderly people. Moreover, there is no evidence on whether the change in functional capacity affects mucosal immunity in elderly people. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of exercise, aging and functional capacity on mucosal immune function in elderly people over 75 years of age. Methods: The subjects were 92 community-dwelling elderly women aged over 75 years who lived in a rural community in Miyagi Prefecture. The subjects periodically performed approximately 20 min of low intensity exercise. Saliva samples were collected before and after exercise, and saliva flow (SF), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration (SIgA-C) and SIgA secretion rate (SIgA-SR) were determined. The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (TMIG-IC) was used to measure functional capacity. Results: In comparison with before exercise, SF, SIgA-C and SIgA-SR were significantly increased after exercise in elderly subjects. In addition, when low and high value groups of resting SIgA levels were compared, acute SIgA responses were observed only in the low value group; however, there was no significant effect of aging and decline in functional capacity on exercise-induced SIgA response. Conclusion: These results suggest that resting SIgA levels influence the mucosal immune function response to exercise in elderly people over 75 years of age. [source] Oral colonization by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 after exposure to probioticsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 5 2009ESBER ÇAGLAR Objective., The aim of this study was to investigate whether Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 can be detected in the oral cavity after discontinuation of administration of a product prepared with this bacterium. Materials and Methods., The study consisted of three 2-week periods: clearance period, intervention period, and post-treatment period. Twenty-five volunteers consumed a chewable tablet of L. reuteri ATCC 55730 (108 cfu/tablet) during a 14-day trial period. Saliva samples were collected and cultured onto MRS agar after a clearance period of 2 weeks and then daily after a 2-week intervention period for as long as L. reuteri was found. Lactobacillus reuteri colonies were analysed in saliva samples. The analysis was performed using selective media for L. reuteri followed by confirmation using the specific detection of reuterin produced by L. reuteri. Results., The number of L. reuteri carriers decreased gradually, and after 1 week only 8% of the subjects harboured the bacterium. After 5 weeks, L. reuteri was not detected in any of the subjects. Conclusion., Consuming L. reuteri for 2 weeks does not seem to be sufficient for permanent colonization of L. reuteri in the oral cavity. [source] Sex Differences in Salivary Cortisol Levels Following Naltrexone Administration,JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOBEHAVIORAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2000Laura Cousino Klein Effects of endogenous opioid peptide blockade by naltrexone on salivary Cortisol levels were examined in healthy men (n= 8) and women (n= 6). Participants received naltrexone (100 mg) during one laboratory session and a placebo pill during another session. Drug order was counterbalanced across participants. Saliva samples were collected 24 hr after each pill was administered. Among women, salivary Cortisol levels significantly increased following naltrexone administration compared with a placebo pill. Naltrexone administration did not alter salivary Cortisol levels in men. Results suggest sex differences in neuroendocrine sensitivity to opioid blockade, a finding that may hold significance with regard to the treatment of alcohol addiction with naltrexone. [source] Comparison of salivary calmodulin binding proteins in Sjögren's syndrome and healthy individualsJOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 3 2007Fanasy P. Deming Background:, Reduction in salivary secretion is the hallmark of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin binding proteins (CaMBPs) play a key role in the secretory process of saliva. Recent studies have suggested that SS-B, an autoantibody associated with SS, is a CaMBP. This finding suggests that CaMBP may contribute to the loss of saliva in SS. To better understand the role(s) of these proteins in SS, the purpose of this study was to compare salivary CaMBPs in Sjögren's patients and controls. Methods:, Saliva samples were collected from 20 patients and 20 age-, race-, and gender-matched controls. CaM overlay was used to identify CaMBPs in saliva of patients and controls. Results:, Higher number of salivary CaMBPs was observed among patients than controls. Conclusions:, The increased number of salivary CaMBPs in SS may suggest a potential role for these proteins in the pathogenesis of the disease. [source] Association between oral lichenoid reactions and amalgam restorationsJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 10 2008S Pezelj-Ribari Abstract Background The aim of this study was to perform a clinical assessment of the association between oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) and amalgam restorations and to determine the salivary concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 before and after replacement of the amalgam restorations. Methods The study included 20 patients with OLR and 20 healthy volunteers, who were examined between 2001 and 2005 at the Oral Medicine Unit of the Medical Faculty University of Rijeka. All patients were skin patch tested by an experienced physician. Saliva samples were collected, prepared and analysed for IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Sixteen out of 20 patch-tested patients showed a sensitization to inorganic mercury or amalgam. Total replacement of all amalgam fillings was carried out on 20 patients with fillings based on composite resin, gold, porcelain or a combination of these. Sixteen out of 20 patients showed complete healing of OLR; three patients had marked improvement, whereas one patient showed no improvement. Levels of IL-6 detected before replacement were significantly higher than IL-6 levels following the replacement (P = 0.003). The IL-8 levels measured before replacement procedure were significantly higher than the IL-8 levels after replacement of the fillings (P < 0.001). Conclusions On the basis of clinical observations, restorative therapy resulted in tissue healing. Following the replacement of amalgam fillings with fillings based on other restorative materials, levels of both IL-6 and IL-8 shifted towards normal, as measured in healthy subjects. [source] Cortisol reactions in five-year-olds to parent,child interaction: the moderating role of ego-resiliencyTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 7 2007Sanny Smeekens Background:, This study with five-year-olds is the first to examine whether low-quality interactions with parents elicit physiological stress in children beyond toddlerhood, as evident from elevated cortisol levels in their saliva. It was hypothesised that particularly children with low levels of ego-resiliency ,a personality construct reflecting the capacity to cope with stress , would show cortisol increases during low-quality parent,child interactions. Method:, In a sample of 101 five-year-old children (62 boys), parent,child interaction was observed at home during parent,child discourse that involved the recollection and discussion of emotional events that happened to the child in the past. Saliva samples to assess cortisol levels were collected before and 20 minutes after the parent,child discourse task. The children's teacher rated child ego-resiliency using a Dutch translation of the California Child Q-set (CCQ; Block & Block, 1980). Results:, One of the two parent,child interaction factors that emerged from a principal component analysis, namely negative parent,child interactions, was significantly related to the children's cortisol reaction; more negative parent,child interactions elicited significantly stronger cortisol reactions. The other parent,child interaction factor that was found, i.e., effective guidance, was not significantly related to children's cortisol reaction. As predicted, children low on ego-resiliency showed increases in cortisol during negative interactions with their parents, whereas high ego-resilient children did not. Conclusions:, The association between negative parent,child interactions and cortisol elevations in children may point to a likely mechanism through which negative parent,child interactions contribute to negative developmental outcomes as the repeated exposure to high levels of cortisol have earlier been found to negatively affect children's development and functioning in various areas. [source] Cortisol Reactivity Is Positively Related to Executive Function in Preschool Children Attending Head StartCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2005Clancy Blair This study examined relations among cortisol reactivity and measures of cognitive function and social behavior in 4- to 5-year-old children (N=169) attending Head Start. Saliva samples for the assay of cortisol were collected at the beginning, middle, and end of an approximately 45-min testing session. Moderate increase in cortisol followed by down-regulation of this increase was positively associated with measures of executive function, self-regulation, and letter knowledge but not with measures of receptive vocabulary, emotion knowledge, or false belief understanding. Regression analysis indicates that executive function accounted for the association between cortisol reactivity and self-regulation and letter knowledge. [source] Caffeine levels in saliva: associations with psychosocial factors and behavioural effectsHUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, Issue 7 2001Carolyn Brice Abstract The present study had two main aims. The first was to examine associations between psychosocial factors, health-related behaviours, regular level of caffeine consumption, time of day and levels of caffeine in saliva following acute caffeine challenges. The second aim was to determine whether individual differences in changes in performance following ingestion of caffeine were related to levels of caffeine in saliva. One hundred and forty-four young adults participated in the study. Questionnaires were administered prior to the study to measure psychosocial characteristics, health-related behaviours and habitual levels of caffeine consumption. Two double-blind acute caffeine challenges were then carried out 1 week apart. Volunteers were given either placebo or 1.5 or 3,mg/kg of caffeine on each occasion. The challenges were carried out at 8,:,00, 11,:,00, 14,:,00 or 18,:,00,h so that the impact of time of day could be assessed. In the week between the two challenges the volunteers consumed either caffeinated or decaffeinated products. This allowed investigation of the effects of caffeine withdrawal on caffeine metabolism. Prior to each caffeine challenge volunteers performed a range of tasks, and a baseline saliva sample was taken. The tasks were repeated 1,h after ingestion of the caffeine, with saliva samples being taken at the start and end of the 1,h test battery. The results showed that the level of caffeine in the saliva was a good indicator of the dose of caffeine consumed and of compliance with the withdrawal manipulation. Caffeine levels were not influenced by time of day, habitual caffeine consumption, psychosocial factors or health-related behaviours. Individual differences in caffeine levels in saliva were not related to the individual variation in the effects of caffeine on performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Gonadal steroids and salivary IgA in healthy young women and menAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Sari M. Van Anders Empirical evidence from clinical, nonhuman animal, and in vitro studies point to links between immune function and gonadal steroids, including potential androgenic immunosuppression and estrogenic immunoenhancement. This study was designed to test links between steroids and one marker of mucosal humoral immunity,immunoglobulin A (IgA) in healthy individuals, to facilitate comparisons with other species and clinical populations, as there are few existing studies with healthy humans that also allow gender/sex investigations. Participants (86 women, 91 men) provided a saliva sample for measurement of testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and IgA. Results showed that E2 was significantly and positively correlated with IgA in women, and group analyses by E2 quartile showed that this association was linear. No significant correlations or nonlinear associations were seen between T and IgA in men or women, or E2 and IgA in men. Evidence from this study indicates that IgA and E2 are significantly associated in healthy premenopausal women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Transient detection of E1-containing adenovirus in saliva after the delivery of a first-generation adenoviral vector to human parotid gland,THE JOURNAL OF GENE MEDICINE, Issue 1 2010Changyu Zheng Abstract Background Radiation-induced salivary hypofunction is a common side-effect of treatment for head and neck cancers. Patients suffer significant morbidity and there is no suitable conventional therapy. We are conducting a Phase I clinical trial, using a first-generation serotype 5 adenoviral (Ad5) vector encoding human aquaporin-1 (AdhAQP1) to treat such patients. One week after the administration of AdhAQP1 to an enrolled, generally healthy patient, E1-containing adenovirus was detected in parotid saliva. Methods The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactuion (PCR) was used to measure the Ad5 E1 gene and AdhAQP1 in saliva and serum. PCR and sequencing were used to characterize viral/vector DNA extracted from saliva. The presence of infectious adenovirus was assessed by the inoculation of A549 cells with aliquots of saliva. Serum Ad5 neutralizing antibodies were measured by the inhibition of 293-cell transduction with an Ad5 vector encoding luciferase. Multiple clinical evaluations were performed. Results On day 7 after AdhAQP1 delivery, low levels of the Ad5 E1 gene were detected in parotid saliva (82 copies/µl). In addition, significant levels of AdhAQP1 were also detected (1.5 × 103 copies/µl). The patient was asymptomatic and subsequent analysis of parotid saliva samples prior to day 7 and after day 7 until day 42 was negative for both virus and vector. No virus or vector was detected in serum at any time. Detailed PCR analyses of DNA extracted from the day 7 parotid saliva sample suggested the absence of a recombination event, and no infectious virus was found. Conclusions The patient most likely had a latent Ad5 infection in the targeted parotid gland that was activated after gene transfer and was without clinical consequence. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Toll-like receptor 2 variants are associated with acute reactive arthritisARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 11 2008Florence W. L. Tsui Objective We previously reported a recent outbreak of salmonellosis in which some individuals developed complications of the enteric infection. The objective of this study was to identify genetic variants that might predispose infected individuals to develop articular and/or extraarticular sequelae after Salmonella enteritidis infection. Methods The entire exposed cohort was invited to participate in the study by sending a saliva sample for DNA analysis. Seventy-five Salmonella -infected subjects for whom there was clinical information agreed to participate and were stratified into 4 groups. Group 1 patients had arthritis and extraarticular features, group 2 patients had arthritis alone, group 3 patients had extraarticular features alone, and group 4 patients had neither. DNA samples from an uninfected cohort of 91 normal subjects were also genotyped. Genotyping was performed using 2 Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) (rs5743708 and rs5743704) and 2 TLR-4 (rs4986790 and rs4986791) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Statistical analyses were carried out using chi-square tests. Results There was no association of TLR-4 exonic variants with any clinical events that were reported as accompanying the Salmonella infection. In contrast, compared with normal controls, one of the rare TLR-2 SNPs (rs5743708, R753Q) was associated with the development of arthritis and extraarticular features (P = 0.015 by chi-square test). The TLR-2 variant 753Q was not detected in any of the infected individuals with an uncomplicated course. Another TLR-2 variant, 631H, was associated with articular symptoms in infected males (P = 0.03 by chi-square test). Conclusion In this outbreak, genetic variants of TLR-2, but not TLR-4, were associated with acute reactive arthritis following infection with S enteritidis. [source] Hypothalamic,pituitary,adrenal axis and smoking and drinking onset among adolescents: the longitudinal cohort TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS)ADDICTION, Issue 11 2009Anja C. Huizink ABSTRACT Aims We examined within a prospective longitudinal study whether cortisol levels were associated with smoking or drinking behaviours, taking parental substance use into account. Design The influence of parental substance use on cortisol levels of their adolescent offspring at age 10,12 years was examined. Next, cortisol levels of adolescents who initiated smoking or drinking at the first data collection (age 10,12) were compared to non-users. Finally, we examined whether cortisol levels could predict new onset and frequency of smoking and drinking 2 years later. Setting and participants First and second assessment data of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) were used, including 1768 Dutch adolescents aged 10,12 years, who were followed-up across a period of 2 years. Measurements Cortisol was measured in saliva samples at awakening, 30 minutes later, and at 8 p.m. at age 10,12. Self-reported substance use at age 10,12 and 13,14, and parental self-reported substance use were used. Findings Only maternal substance use was related to slightly lower adolescent cortisol levels at 8 p.m. Both maternal and paternal substance use were associated with adolescent smoking and drinking at age 13,14, although fathers' use only predicted the amount used and not the chance of ever use. Finally, higher cortisol levels were related moderately to current smoking and future frequency of smoking, but not to alcohol use. Conclusions In a general population, parental heavy substance use does not seem to affect cortisol levels consistently in their offspring. We found some evidence for higher, instead of lower, hypothalamic,pituitary,adrenal axis activity as a predictor of smoking in early adolescence. [source] Hypothalamic,pituitary,adrenal axis activity and early onset of cannabis useADDICTION, Issue 11 2006Anja C. Huizink ABSTRACT Aims To identify early onset cannabis users by measuring basal hypothalamic,pituitary,adrenal (HPA) axis activity, which may be a risk factor for early onset substance use when showing low activity. Design In a prospective cohort study, adolescents who initiated cannabis use at an early age (9,12 years), those who initiated at a later age (13,14 years) and those who did not use cannabis by the age of 14 were compared with respect to HPA axis activity. Setting and participants Data were used from the first and second assessment wave of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS), that included 1768 Dutch young adolescents aged 10,12 years who were followed-up across a period of 2 years. Measurements Cortisol was measured in saliva samples at awakening, 30 minutes later and at 8 p.m. at age 10,12. Self-reported age at first cannabis use was used. Findings The early onset group had lower cortisol levels 30 minutes after awakening than the late onset group (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86,0.99). Furthermore, compared to non-users, the early and late onset cannabis users had higher levels of cortisol at 8 p.m. (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03,1.53 and OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01,1.45, respectively). Conclusions Some evidence was found for HPA axis hypo-activity at awakening in adolescents with early onset of cannabis use compared to late onset users, which might indicate an increased risk for early onset users of seeking stimulation to restore arousal levels by using substances. [source] Saliva DHEA and cortisol responses following short-term corticosteroid intakeEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 2 2010L. Jollin Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (2): 183,186 Abstract Background, Given the high correlation between the serum and saliva hormone values demonstrated at rest, saliva provides a convenient non-invasive way to determine dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and cortisol concentrations. However, to our knowledge, pituitary adrenal recovery following short-term suppression with corticosteroids has never been investigated in saliva. The aim of this study was therefore to examine how steroid hormone concentrations in saliva are influenced by short-term corticosteroid administration. Materials and methods, We studied saliva DHEA and cortisol concentrations before, during (day 1,day 7) and following (day 8,day 16) the administration of oral therapeutic doses of prednisone (50 mg daily for 1 week) in 11 healthy recreationally trained women. Results, Mean saliva DHEA and cortisol concentrations decreased immediately after the start of prednisone treatment (P < 0·05). Three days after concluding prednisone administration, both saliva DHEA and cortisol had returned to pretreatment levels. Conclusions, These data are consistent with previous studies on blood samples and suggest that non-invasive saliva samples may offer a practical approach to assessing pituitary-adrenal function continuously during and after short-term corticosteroid therapy. [source] Detection of pemphigus desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 autoantibodies and pemphigoid BP180 autoantibodies in saliva and comparison with serum valuesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2006Dimitrios Andreadis Although there is much literature on the detection of pemphigus and pemphigoid autoantibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum, nothing is known about their presence in saliva. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary levels of these autoantibodies in pemphigus and pemphigoid patients. Autoantibodies against desmoglein3, desmoglein1, and BP180 were assayed, by ELISA, in serum and saliva samples of patients and healthy controls. The titres of autoantibodies against Dsg1/3 found in both serum and saliva of pemphigus patients showed a statistically significant correlation, suggesting that saliva may be a useful biological material for diagnostic purposes, in monitoring disease activity, as well as for the early detection of relapses. By contrast, the titres of autoantibodies against BP180 in the serum and saliva of bullous pemphigoid patients were not statistically related, and further study of the usefulness of the BP180 ELISA for saliva in this disease is needed. In addition, based on our results, the BP180 ELISA with a recombinant NC16a epitope failed to detect the autoantibodies against BP180 in the serum and saliva of mucous membrane pemphigoid patients. [source] Inhibition of HIV-1 IIIB and clinical isolates by human parotid, submandibular, sublingual and palatine salivaEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2002Jan G. M. Bolscher Human saliva is known to possess components that decrease the HIV-1 infectivity in vitro. The mechanism of how these components inhibit the infectivity is still not clear on the molecular level. The purpose of this study was to discriminate between serous and mucous components with respect to inhibitory capacity and site of action. We have used total saliva and saliva from the major (sero)mucous glands: submandibular gland, sublingual glands, and glands in the palate, in comparison with the serous parotid glands. HIV-1 IIIB and primary variants were incubated with saliva, and inhibition of HIV-1-infection was determined by analysing the cytopathic effect on MT-2 cells. Mucous saliva, as well as serous saliva, contained high molecular weight components that reduced HIV-1-infectivity, at least partially by entrapment of the virus particles. Lower molecular weight components in all types of saliva possessed strong HIV-1 neutralizing capacity. Using pro-viral DNA synthesis by reverse transcription as a discrimination point in the replication cycle, the results indicated that part of the saliva samples acted before, but others after, this point. In conclusion, saliva inhibits HIV-1-infection by the action of high molecular weight components in combination with low molecular weight components from serous as well as mucous saliva, affecting different stages of the infection cycle. [source] Levels of pre-kallikrein in resting and stimulated human parotid and submandibular salivaEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2001Carol A. Francis Salivary tissue kallikrein is stored in an active form in human salivary glands. Pre-kallikrein has been demonstrated in mixed saliva, but it is not clear if the various salivary glands contribute equally. This study set out to determine if pre-kallikrein is present in human parotid and submandibular salivas at rest, whether levels change during stimulation, and to compare the pattern of pre-kallikrein and kallikrein secretion with that of total protein. Resting and citric acid-stimulated parotid and submandibular, and gum-stimulated parotid saliva samples were collected from 6 healthy subjects. Salivary flows were determined gravimetrically. Total protein concentration and kallikrein enzymic activity were assayed using standard techniques. Pre-kallikrein was assayed following trypsinisation of duplicate samples. Pre-kallikrein was present in parotid and submandibular ductal saliva. Proportions of pre-kallikrein and active kallikrein were similar in salivas secreted at rest and during stimulation, and both outputs mirrored protein output in both major glands. Gum-stimulated parotid saliva showed lower activity than resting, and no differences were seen between resting and stimulated submandibular samples. [source] Prevalence of yeasts in saliva and root canals of teeth associated with apical periodontitisINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 4 2002M. W. Egan Abstract Egan MW, Spratt DA, Ng Y-L, Lam JM, Moles DR, Gulabivala K. Prevalence of yeasts in saliva and root canals of teeth associated with apical periodontitis. International Endodontic Journal, 35, 321,329, 2002. Aims To determine: (i) the relative prevalence and diversity of yeasts in salivary and root canal samples from the same patients; and (ii) the clinical factors associated with their presence in saliva and root canals. Methodology Sixty root canal samples from teeth associated apical periodontitis and the corresponding whole unstimulated saliva samples were obtained from 55 patients. The medical history including antibiotic therapy and clinical/radiographic data on the teeth were recorded. The samples were serially diluted and cultured on yeast & fungi-selective sabouraud dextrose agar. Isolates were characterized and speciated by the germ tube formation test, hyphal morphology and a commercial biochemical test kit (Rapid ID32C® system). Results Twenty-three yeast isolates were recovered from 19 saliva samples and eight isolates from six root canal samples. Candida albicans (17/23 & 3/8) and Rodotorula mucilaginosa (2/23 & 4/8) were the most prevalent isolates from saliva and root canal samples. It was significantly (13.8 times) more probable that yeasts would be recovered from root canals when they were also present in the saliva (P = 0.021). The effect of coronal restoration leakage (P = 0.08) and previous root canal treatment (P = 0.123) were equivocal. The history of antibiotic therapy had no association with the presence of yeasts in saliva (OR = 1.1). Conclusions Yeasts occurred relatively infrequently (10%) in root canals. Their presence in root canals was significantly associated with their presence in saliva. The role of yeasts in the initiation and perpetuation of periapical disease remains to be determined. [source] Oral colonization by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 after exposure to probioticsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 5 2009ESBER ÇAGLAR Objective., The aim of this study was to investigate whether Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 can be detected in the oral cavity after discontinuation of administration of a product prepared with this bacterium. Materials and Methods., The study consisted of three 2-week periods: clearance period, intervention period, and post-treatment period. Twenty-five volunteers consumed a chewable tablet of L. reuteri ATCC 55730 (108 cfu/tablet) during a 14-day trial period. Saliva samples were collected and cultured onto MRS agar after a clearance period of 2 weeks and then daily after a 2-week intervention period for as long as L. reuteri was found. Lactobacillus reuteri colonies were analysed in saliva samples. The analysis was performed using selective media for L. reuteri followed by confirmation using the specific detection of reuterin produced by L. reuteri. Results., The number of L. reuteri carriers decreased gradually, and after 1 week only 8% of the subjects harboured the bacterium. After 5 weeks, L. reuteri was not detected in any of the subjects. Conclusion., Consuming L. reuteri for 2 weeks does not seem to be sufficient for permanent colonization of L. reuteri in the oral cavity. [source] A PCR-DGGE method for detection and identification of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Arcobacter and related Epsilobacteria and its application to saliva samples from humans and domestic petsJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2007R.F. Petersen Abstract Aims:, To develop a PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) method for the detection and identification of Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Arcobacter species (Epsilobacteria) in clinical samples and evaluate its efficacy on saliva samples from humans and domestic pets. Methods and Results:, A semi-nested PCR was developed to allow sensitive detection of all Epsilobacteria, with species separation undertaken by DGGE. A database was constructed in BioNumerics using 145 strains covering 51 Campylobacter, Arcobacter and Helicobacter taxa; Nineteen distinct DGGE profile-groups were distinguished. This approach detected Epsilobacteria in all saliva samples collected from humans, cats and dogs, and identified Campylobacter concisus and/or Campylobacter gracilis in the human samples. The pet animal samples were taken from individuals with oral/dental diseases; PCR-DGGE identified up to four different species in each sample. The most common species detected included Wolinella succinogenes, Arcobacter butzleri and two hitherto uncultured campylobacters. The enteropathogen Campylobacter lari was also found. Conclusions:, PCR combined with DGGE is a useful tool for direct detection and preliminary identification of Epsilobacteria in the oral cavity of humans and small animals. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The PCR-DGGE method should allow determination of the true prevalence and diversity of Epsilobacteria in clinical and other samples. Contact with the oral cavity of domestic pets may represent a route of transmission for epsilobacterial enteric diseases. [source] Rapid saliva processing techniques for near real-time analysis of salivary steroids and proteinJOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS, Issue 6 2008Kelly R. Atkinson Abstract Introduction: Point-of-care (POC) measurements using saliva samples have immense potential to assess systemic health and wellbeing, but sample viscosity and contaminants can affect analyses. We sought a portable clean-up method for whole saliva appropriate for use with POC measurement techniques such as biosensors. Methods: Whole saliva from each of 13 male subjects was split into 5 fractions. Each fraction was treated with a different clean-up process: a freeze,thaw,centrifuge (FTC) step; centrifugation alone; or passage through a Mini-UniPrep polyethersulfone filter, cotton Salivette®, or foam Oracol device. Following clean-up, each subject's treated saliva fractions were assayed for cortisol, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and proteinconcentrations. The effects of clean-upmethods on nonspecific binding (NSB) in a biosensor were also assessed. Results: Compared with FTC, no analytes were affected by centrifugation alone. Cotton Salivettes significantly altered all analytes, with increases in cortisol (+64%), testosterone (+126%), and DHEA (off-scale) levels, and decreased protein (,21%) and biosensor NSB (,75%). Oracol foam devices decreased DHEA levels by 28%. Mini-UniPrep filtration decreased testosterone (,45%) and DHEA (,66%) concentrations while increasing cortisol (+40%). Conclusion: No method was optimal for all analytes, highlighting the need for validation of saliva treatment methods before their adoption in rapid POC analyses. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 22:395,402, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Saliva concentrations of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in smoker versus non-smoker chronic periodontitis patientsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 10 2008Nurcan Buduneli Abstract Objectives: To compare the salivary receptor activator of NF- ,B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) concentrations in smokers versus non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods: Whole saliva samples were obtained from 67 untreated chronic periodontitis patients, of whom 34 were smokers, and from 44 maintenance patients, of whom 22 were smokers. Full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. Saliva cotinine, sRANKL and OPG concentrations were determined by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann,Whitney U test, Bonferroni's correction for multiple comparisons and Spearman's correlations. Results: Untreated smokers exhibited significantly higher values of clinical periodontal recordings than untreated non-smokers (all p<0.05). Salivary cotinine level correlated with clinical attachment level (p=0.023). Smoker versus non-smoker maintenance groups showed no significant differences in clinical parameters. There were significant differences in sRANKL and OPG concentrations between untreated and maintenance groups (all p<0.01). Salivary OPG concentration was significantly lower (all p<0.01) and the sRANKL/OPG ratio was higher (all p<0.01) in smokers than in non-smokers. OPG concentration correlated positively with probing depth, clinical attachment level and bleeding on probing (all p<0.005) and negatively with pack-year, and cotinine level (p<0.05). Conclusion: Salivary RANKL and OPG concentrations are suggested to be affected by smoking as not only the untreated but also the treated smokers exhibited higher RANKL and lower OPG concentrations than non-smokers. [source] Effects of smoking and gingival inflammation on salivary antioxidant capacityJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Nurcan Buduneli Abstract Aim: This study evaluated possible effects of smoking and gingival inflammation on salivary antioxidants in gingivitis patients. Methods: Twenty otherwise healthy gingivitis patients (10 self-reported smokers) and 20 periodontally and systemically healthy volunteer subjects were enrolled in the study. Whole saliva samples and full-mouth clinical periodontal recordings were obtained at baseline and one month following initial phase of treatment in gingivitis patients. Salivary cotinine, glutathione and ascorbic acid concentrations, and total antioxidant capacity were determined, and the data generated were tested by non-parametric tests. Results: Salivary cotinine measurements resulted in re-classification of three self-reported non-smokers as smokers. Smoker patients revealed significantly higher probing depths but lower bleeding values than non-smoker patients (p=0.044 and 0.001, respectively). Significant reductions in clinical recordings were obtained in non-smoker (all p<0.05) and smoker (all p<0.01) patients following periodontal treatment. Salivary total glutathione concentrations were reduced following therapy in gingivitis patients who smoke (p<0.01). Otherwise, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups in biochemical parameters at baseline or following treatment (p>0.05). Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, neither smoking nor gingival inflammation compromised the antioxidant capacity of saliva in systemically healthy gingivitis patients. [source] Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in saliva of patients with different periodontal conditionsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2003Ricardo de Toledo Cesco Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in saliva measured by ReflotronÔ System of Diagnosis and periodontal condition indicated by Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Material and methods: Fifteen patients were assigned to one of four groups C0, C1, C3 and C4, based on their largest CPITN code among the examined sites, totaling 60 participants. About 1.0 ml of non-stimulated saliva was collected from the individuals after a mouth rinse with water. Biochemical analyses of saliva samples were carried out using the proposed system in order to quantify their AST concentration. Results: There were no significant differences between levels (U/ml) of AST (median; interquartile range) from groups C0 (30.9; 14.7,41.7), C1 (30.3; 19.5,39.4) and C3 (35.1; 27.0,63.5). However, group C4 (106.2; 84.4,129.7) differed statistically from the others (p<0.001) and presented AST levels as high as 284.2 U/ml. Gingival bleeding and suppuration were observed in three individuals with concentrations higher than 125.0 U/ml. Conclusion: Levels of AST in saliva from patients presenting CPITN code 4 were higher than from patients coded lower and could be detected by the evaluated diagnostic system. Periodontal destruction such as periodontal pockets, gingival bleeding and suppuration seems to be related to higher AST levels in saliva. Zusammenfassung Ziele: Der Zweck der Studie war die Evaluation der Beziehung zwischen den Levels von Aspartataminotransferase (AST) im Speichel, die mit dem ReflotronÔ System gemessen wurden, und den parodontalen Bedingungen, die mit dem CPITN erfasst wurden. Material und Methoden: 15 Patienten wurden für eine der vier Gruppen C0, C1, C3 und C4 ausgesucht, was aufgrund ihres höchsten CPITN-Wertes unter den überprüften Flächen bei total 60 Teilnehmern geschah. Ungefähr 1.0 ml von nicht stimuliertem Speichel wurde von den Personen nach einer Mundspülung mit Wasser gesammelt. Die biochemischen Analysen der Speichelproben wurden unter Nutzung des vorgeschlagenen Systems durchgeführt, um die AST Konzentration zu bestimmen. Ergebnisse: Es gab keine signifikanten Differenzen zwischen den Levels (U/ml) von AST (Median, Streuung) bei den Gruppen C0 (30.9; 14.7,41.7), C1 (30.3; 19.5,39.4) und C3 (35.1; 27.0,63.5). Jedoch unterschied sich die Gruppe C4 (106.2; 84.4,129.7) signifikant von den anderen (p<0.001) und zeigte AST Level höher als 284.2 U/ml. Gingivale Blutung und Suppuration wurden bei drei Personen beobachtet mit Konzentrationen höher als 125.0 U/ml. Schlussfolgerung: Die Level von AST im Speichel von Patienten mit einem CPITN von 4 waren höher als bei den Patienten, deren CPITN niedriger war. Sie konnten mit dem evaluierten Diagnostiksystem entdeckt werden. Parodontale Destruktion wie parodontale Taschen, gingivale Blutung und Suppuration scheinen zu höheren AST Level im Speichel in Beziehung zu stehen. Résumé Objectifs: Cette étude se propose d'évaluer la relation entre les niveaux d'aspartate aminotransferase (AST) dans la salive, mesuré par le ReflotronÔ System of Diagnosis et la condition parodontale déterminée par le CPITN. Matériel & méthodes: 15 patients (60 au total) furent répartis dans un des 4 groupes C0, C1, C3 et C4, sur la base de leur plus grand code CPITN parmi les sites examinés. Environ 1.0 ml de salive non stimulée fut prélevé après rinçage à l'eau. Des analyses biochimiques des échantillons salivaires furent réalisées avec le système proposé afin de quantifier la concentration en AST. Résultats: Il n'y avait pas de différences significatives entre les niveaux (U/ml) d'AST (median; interquartile range) entre les groupes C0 (30.9; 14.7,41.7), C1 (30.3; 19.5,39.4) et C3 (35.1; 27.0,63.5). Cependant, le groupe C4 (106.2; 84.4,129.7) présentait une différence significative par rapport aux autres (p<0.001) avec des niveaux d'AST allant jusqu'à 284.2 U/ml. Le saignement gingival et la suppuration s'observaient chez trois individus avec des concentrations au dessus de 125.0 U/ml. Conclusion: Les niveaux d'AST dans la salive de patients au CPITN code 4 étaient plus importants que ceux des patients au code CPITN inférieur et pouvaient être détectés par le système de diagnostique évalué. Des destructions parodontales comme des poches parodontales, des saignements gingivaux et des suppurations semblent en relation avec des niveaux plus grands d'AST dans la salive. [source] Salivary cystatin activity and cystatin C in natural and experimental gingivitis in smokers and non-smokersJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 10 2001M. A. Lie Abstract Background: Recent studies show that subjects with natural gingivitis or periodontitis have elevated levels of salivary cystatins compared to periodontally healthy individuals. Increased glandular output of cystatins in inflammatory conditions suggests an active, most likely protective, rôle for these proteins in inflammatory processes. Furthermore, it has been shown that the development of gingival inflammation is suppressed in smokers during experimental gingivitis. Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether (i) the levels of salivary cystatins in natural gingivitis are related to smoking status, and (ii) to study whether experimentally induced gingivitis is associated with changes in salivary cystatin levels, in both smokers and non-smokers. Material and Methods: Whole saliva samples were taken in relation to natural gingivitis, gingival health and 14-day experimental gingivitis in 25 non-dental students (14 non-smokers and 11 smokers). The salivary flowrate was determined. Samples were analyzed for levels of protein, cystatin and cystatin-C. Results: Salivary flow and protein concentrations in cleared human whole saliva samples of non-smokers and smokers were not different from each other at any timepoint during the trial. With regard to cystatins, the results showed that in the state of natural gingivitis cystatin activity is lower in smokers as compared to non-smokers. In smokers, the resolution of natural gingivitis to the state of gingival health did not result in a change of cystatin activity and levels of cystatin C. At the end of the 14-day experimental gingivitis period, smokers showed a decrease in cystatin activity and cystatin C as well as lower outputs of cystatin activity and cystatin C. Conclusion: Smoking is associated with lower cystatin activity and output of cystatin C during gingival inflammation. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Neuere Untersuchungen haben bezeigt, dass bei Patienten mit natürlicher Gingivitis oder Parodontitis die Cystatinspiegel im Speichel im Vergleich zu parodontal gesunden Personen erhöht sind. Ein erhöhter Ausstoß von Cystatinen durch Speicheldrüsen bei entzündlichen Prozessen spricht für eine aktive, sehr wahrscheinlich protektive Rolle dieser Proteine bei Entzündungen. Darüber steht die Unterdrückung der Entwicklung der gingivalen Entzündung bei Rauchern während einer experimentellen Gingivitis möglicherweise mit der verstärkten Expression von Cystatin C in Verbindung. Zielsetzung: Untersuchung, (1) ob die Cystatinspiegel im Speichel bei natürtlicher Gingivitis mit dem Zigarettenkonsum in Verbindung stehen und (2) ob eine Assoziation zwischen experimentell induzierter Gingivitis und Veränderungen der Cystatinspiegel im Speichel bei Rauchern und Nichtrauchern besteht. Material und Methoden: Bei 25 Studenten (14 Nichtraucher, 11 Raucher), die keine Zahnmediziner waren, wurden Speichelproben in Relation zu natürlicher Gingivitis, gingivaler Gesundheit und während einer 14 Tage dauernden experimentellen Gingivitis entnommen. Die Speichelsekretioinsrate wurde gemessen und die Speichelkonzentrationen von Protein, Cystatin und Cystatin C bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Die Speichelsekretionsraten und Proteinkonzentrationen der Speichelproben zeigten zu keinem Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung Unterschiede zwischen Rauchern und Nichtrauchern. Die Cystatinaktivität bei natürlicher Gingivitis war bei Rauchern geringer als bei Nichtrauchern. Bei Rauchern veränderten sich die Cystatinaktivität und der Cystatin-C-Spiegel beim Übergang von natur,rlicher Gingivitis zu gingivaler Gesundheit nicht. Am Ende der experimentellen Gingivitis von 14 Tagen war bei Rauchern eine Abnahme der Cystatinaktivität und des Cystatin C sowie ein geringerer Ausstoss von Cystatinaktivität und Cystatin C zu beobachten. Schlußfolgerungen: Rauchen ist geringerer Cystatinaktivität und geringerer Cystatin-C-Ausschüttng während gingivaler Entzündung assoziiert. Résumé Origine: De récentes études montrent que des sujets présentant des gingivites ou des parodontites naturelles ont des niveaux élevés de cystatines salivaires par rapport aux individus au parodonte sain. La production glandulaire augmentée de cystatine dans des conditions inflammatoires suggère un rôle actif, voire vraissemblablement protecteur, de ces protéines lors des processus inflammatoires. De plus, il a été montré que le développement de l'inflammation gingivale est supprimé chez le fumeur lors des gingivites expérimentales. But: Le but de cette étude était de rechercher si (i) le niveau de cystatine salivaire lors des gingivites naturelles est en relation avec le tabagisme et (ii) d'étudier si une gingivite expérimentale est associée une modification des niveaux salivaire de cystatine, chez les fumeurs et chez les non-fumeurs. Matériaux et méthodes: Des échantillons de salive totale était prélevés lors de gingivite naturelle, sur des patients avec des gencives saines, et lors de gingivites expérimentales sur 14 jours chez 25 étudiants (n'étudiant pas la chirurgie dentaire) (14 non-fumeurs et 11 fumeurs). Le taux de flux salivaire a été déterminé. Les échantillons furent étudiés pour les niveaux en protéine, cystatine et cystatine C. Resultats: Le flux salivaire, et les concentrations en protéines dans les échantillons de salive totale clarifiée des fumeurs et des non-fumeurs, ne présentaient aucune différence à aucun moment de l'étude. Pour la cystatine, les résultats montraient que lors des gingivites naturelles, l'activité de cette cystatine était moindre chez les fumeurs, et chez ces derniers, la résolution de cette gingivite vers l'état de santé gingivale n'entrainait pas de modifications de l'activité de la cystatine, ni du niveau de cystatine C. À la fin des 14 jours de gingivite expérimentale, les fumeurs montraient une diminution de l'activité de la cystatine et de la cystatine C ainsi qu'une diminution de la production de l'acitivité de la cystatine et de la cystatine C. Conclusion: Le tabagisme est associé avec une diminution de l'activité de la cystatine et une diminution de la production de cystatine C pendant l'inflammation gingivale. [source] Evaluation of hepatitis C antibody testing in saliva specimens collected by two different systems in comparison with HCV antibody and HCV rna in serum,JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 1 2001G.J.J. van Doornum Abstract Two different ELISA assays, the Ortho HCV 3.0 ELISA (Ortho Diagnostics Systems) and the Mono-Lisa anti-HCV Plus (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur) were evaluated for the detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody in saliva samples. Specimens were collected from 152 individuals who participated in a longitudinal cohort study on HIV infection, and who used illicit drugs. Saliva specimens were collected using two different systems: Salivette (Sarstedt) and Omni-Sal (Saliva Diagnostic Systems). Saliva specimens were tested following modified protocols by both ELISAs, and the results were compared with serum specimens that were tested according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Serum samples of 102 (67%) participants were positive by both assays, and 50 persons were negative for HCV antibody. A total of 99 of the 102 serum specimens were confirmed as positive using Ortho Riba HCV 3.0 (Ortho Diagnostics System) and Deciscan HCV (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur), and 3 yielded discrepant results. As no cut-off level is known for testing saliva samples by ELISA, 3 different levels were chosen: mean (M),+,1 standard deviation (SD), M,+,2 SD, and M,+,3 SD of the optical densities of saliva tests of the 50 HCV serum antibody negative persons. At a level of M,+,1 SD and M,+,2 SD the Salivette/Mono-Lisa combination gave the greatest proportion of HCV antibody positive saliva specimens obtained from the 102 HCV serum antibody positive participants, 88% and 79%, respectively. Differences between the various collection systems and assay combinations were not significant statistically. In 76 of the 102 persons with HCV antibodies in serum, HCV RNA was detected in serum. Salivary presence of HCV RNA, however, could not be demonstrated. The results show that the assays compared are unsuitable for diagnostic use, but the sensitivities of the assays are acceptable for use in epidemiological studies. J. Med. Virol. 64:13,20, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Lipid peroxidation: a possible role in the induction and progression of chronic periodontitisJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2005C. C. Tsai Objectives:, Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in the destruction of the periodontium during inflammatory periodontal diseases. The imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant activity may be a key factor in the damaging effects of ROS. This study aimed to determine the lipid peroxidation levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva, and glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in saliva in patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods:, Gingival crevicular fluid and saliva were collected from 13 patients and 9 healthy control subjects during the preliminary study, and from 21 patients during the subsequent study. Lipid peroxidation level, GSH level and GPx activity were determined by spectrophotometric assay. Results:, The preliminary study found that when comparing patients to healthy controls, the gingival crevicular fluid samples produced the following results, respectively: higher lipid peroxidation concentration (µm) (by sites: 167.55 vs. 53.71, p < 0.0001; by subjects: 151.99 vs. 50.66, p < 0.005) and total amount (pmol) (by sites: 93.02 vs. 8.47, p < 0.0001, by subjects: 80.44 vs. 7.84, p < 0.0005). In saliva samples, lower GSH concentration (µm) (373.04 vs. 606.67, p < 0.05), higher lipid peroxidation concentration (µm) (0.66 vs. 0.13, p < 0.0005), and no difference in GPx activity were found in patients than in those of healthy controls. The subsequent study showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) improvement of clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index, probing attachment level, probing pocket depth and gingival crevicular fluid volume), decreases in gingival crevicular fluid lipid peroxidation levels (concentration and total amount) at the sites after the completion of phase 1 periodontal treatment. Similarly, the periodontal treatment resulted in a significant decrease of lipid peroxidation concentrations (p < 0.05), increase in GSH concentration (p < 0.001), and no change in GPx activity in saliva samples. Conclusion:, The increased levels of lipid peroxidation may play a role in the inflammation and destruction of the periodontium in periodontitis. [source] The influence of morphine on the absorption of paracetamol from various formulations in subjects in the supine position, as assessed by TDx measurement of salivary paracetamol concentrationsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 10 2003Julia M. Kennedy ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the type of paracetamol formulation on the rate of absorption when subjects are in the supine position, with or without taking concomitant morphine. Two groups of healthy volunteers were used, who were in the fasting state and remained in the supine position during the study. One group took 1500 mg of paracetamol on three occasions as conventional tablets, dispersible tablets or a suspension in a randomized crossover design. Seventeen saliva samples per subject were obtained (time zero to 360 min post-dose), which were then centrifuged and kept at ,20°C prior to analysis. The second group repeated the study following four doses of morphine syrup (10 mg 4 hourly) in the 12 h preceding paracetamol ingestion. In this phase of the study, paracetamol absorption from suspension was not investigated. A TDx assay was used to determine salivary paracetamol concentrations. The tmax for conventional tablets when taken concomitantly with morphine was 160 (+81) min compared to 51 (+58) min for subjects not taking morphine. For dispersible tablets the tmax in the morphine group was 14 (+9) min compared to 15 (+12) min without morphine. The results suggest that patients who are confined to bed and taking morphine will have an unacceptably long delay between taking conventional paracetamol tablets and the paracetamol reaching therapeutic plasma concentrations. Conversely, there is little effect on the absorption of dispersible paracetamol under the same conditions. [source] Colon Delivery Efficiencies of Intestinal Pressure-controlled Colon Delivery Capsules Prepared by a Coating Machine in Human SubjectsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 10 2000ZHAOPENG HU Large quantities of pressure-controlled colon delivery capsules (PCDCs) were prepared by a Hicoater-mini pharmaceutical coating machine and colon delivery efficiencies were evaluated in man. Caffeine powder as a model drug was suspended with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 suppository base at 50°C, and was hardened in no. 0- and no. 2-sized capsular shapes. The capsule-shaped suppositories were coated with 5% w/v ethanolic ethylcellulose (7G grade) solution using the coating machine. By increasing the coating weight of ethylcellulose from 28.6 ± 1.1 mg to 45.3 ± 0.2 mg, the mean coating thickness of no. 0 PCDCs increased from 56 ± 1 ,m to 64 ± 1 ,m. With no. 2 PCDCs, the mean coating thickness increased from 50 ± 1 ,m to 57 ± 1 ,m by increasing the coating weight of ethylcellulose from 8.1 ± 0.5 mg to 11.2 ± 0.3 mg. The no. 0 PCDCs, having a mean ethylcellulose coating membrane thicknesses of 56± 1 ,m (type 1) and 64 ± 1 ,m (type 2), as well as no. 2 PCDCs, having thicknesses of 50 ± 1 ,m (type 3) and 57 ± 1 ,m (type 4), were used for in-vivo evaluation in man. After oral administration of test preparations containing 75 mg of caffeine, saliva samples were obtained and salivary caffeine levels were measured by an HPLC method. The first appearance time, Ti, of caffeine in the saliva was used as a parameter for the estimation of the release time of caffeine from PCDCs in the gastrointestinal tract. The mean Ti values of no. 0 PCDCs were 3.3 ± 0.3 h for type-1 and 5.3 ± 0.3 h for type-2 preparations while the mean Ti values of no. 2 PCDCs were 4.3 ± 0.5 h for type 3 and 5.3 ± 0.3 h for type 4. There were good correlations between ethylcellulose coating membrane thicknesses and in-vivo Ti values. A colon arrival time of 5 h was reported in our subjects by gastrointestinal magnetomarkergraphy. PCDCs having a mean coating thickness of 64± 1 ,m for no. 0 capsules and of 57 ± 1 ,m for no. 2 capsules were thought to deliver caffeine to the human colon efficiently. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||