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Autonomy
Kinds of Autonomy Terms modified by Autonomy Selected AbstractsSTRONG AUTONOMY AND EDUCATIONEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 1 2002Christopher Winch First page of article [source] ADDICTIONS, AUTONOMY AND SO MUCH MORE: A REPLY TO CAPLANADDICTION, Issue 6 2009DANIEL Z. BUCHMAN No abstract is available for this article. [source] DOESN'T ETHICS REQUIRE KEEPING ALL OPTIONS OPEN IN THE NAME OF PERSONAL AUTONOMY?ADDICTION, Issue 6 2009ARTHUR CAPLAN No abstract is available for this article. [source] ALIGNING INCENTIVES AND MOTIVATIONS IN HEALTH CARE: THE CASE OF EARNED AUTONOMYFINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2007Russell Mannion Delegating greater authority and decision making power to front line organisations, including devolution of control through the system of ,Earned Autonomy' is a key component of the UK Government's modernisation agenda for the public services. The principle of Earned Autonomy is that the highest performing organisations are subject to less central control and allowed increased operating freedoms. This paper explores the implementation of Earned Autonomy in the English NHS and addresses the question of whether the incentives implicit within Earned Autonomy are both sufficiently powered and aligned to the motivations of senior hospital managers to secure the desired improvements in organisational performance. [source] RESPECTING THE AUTONOMY OF PARTICIPANTSJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 5-6 2004Ms Rony Duncan No abstract is available for this article. [source] BEALER ON THE AUTONOMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGEMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2007MICHAEL J. SHAFFER Abstract: In a series of influential articles, George Bealer argues for the autonomy of philosophical knowledge on the basis that philosophically known truths must be necessary truths. The main point of his argument is that the truths investigated by the sciences are contingent truths to be discovered a posteriori by observation, while the truths of philosophy are necessary truths to be discovered a priori by intuition. The project of assimilating philosophy to the sciences is supposed to be rendered illegitimate by the more or less sharp distinction in these characteristic methods and its modal basis. In this article Bealer's particular way of drawing the distinction between philosophy and science is challenged in a novel manner, and thereby philosophical naturalism is further defended. [source] EUROPEANIZATION AND BUREAUCRATIC AUTONOMY IN THE NEW MEMBER STATES: A CASE STUDY OF THE AGRICULTURAL PAYING AGENCY IN SLOVAKIAPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 4 2009MIROSLAV BEBLAVÝArticle first published online: 23 NOV 200 The paper explores the impact of Europeanization on bureaucratic autonomy in the new EU member states using as a case study the Agricultural Paying Agency in Slovakia. The paper shows that Europeanization had limited sustained impact on the personal autonomy of senior officials; however, it requires and sustains the personal autonomy of an extensive cadre of mid-level and junior civil servants. At the same time, it necessitates and continues to sustain significant change in the way agricultural subsidies are distributed, with a high level of autonomy in implementation and a lower, but still significant, measure of autonomy in policy-making. These conclusions can also generally be supported by evidence from Lithuania and Poland. In addition, the coercive elements of Europeanization interacted with the temporarily high bureaucratic autonomy in Slovakia to ,open' non-coercive channels of Europeanization of agricultural subsidies and beyond. [source] DIVINE AGENCY, CONTEMPORARY PHYSICS, AND THE AUTONOMY OF NATURETHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 4 2008WILLIAM E. CARROLL First page of article [source] AUTONOMY AND PRACTICAL LAWANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2 2008Samuel J. Kerstein First page of article [source] AUTONOMY, TAKING ONE'S CHOICES TO BE GOOD, AND PRACTICAL LAW: REPLIES TO CRITICSANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2 2008Andrews Reath First page of article [source] THE PHANTASM OF AESTHETIC AUTONOMY IN WHISTLER'S WORK: TITLING THE WHITE GIRLART HISTORY, Issue 3 2006AILEEN TSUI This essay explores how James McNeill Whistler's design and titling of his painting The White Girl (1862) responded to the contradictions between his ideal of aesthetic autonomy and his concern to situate his work in the art markets of London and Paris. Attention to Whistler's ironic deployment of suggestive visual imagery and of titles associated with popular narratives leads to a re-evaluation of how the painting might have signified for viewers in 1862,3. The essay argues that Whistler negotiated conflicts between aesthetic purity and commercial concerns by designing and titling this canvas to function in different ways for what he posited as distinct audiences: an aesthetically sensitive elite and the general publics in London and Paris. The investigation of Whistler's titling tactics and their implications for his art's position within modernism is extended through analysis of new evidence found in previously unnoticed titular inscriptions on wood engravings after his designs. [source] INTENTION, AUTONOMY, AND BRAIN EVENTSBIOETHICS, Issue 6 2009GRANT GILLETT ABSTRACT Informed consent is the practical expression of the doctrine of autonomy. But the very idea of autonomy and conscious free choice is undercut by the view that human beings react as their unconscious brain centres dictate, depending on factors that may or may not be under rational control and reflection. This worry is, however, based on a faulty model of human autonomy and consciousness and needs close neurophilosophical scrutiny. A critique of the ethics implied by the model takes us towards a ,care of the self' view of autonomy and the subject's attunement to the truth as the crux of reasoning rather than the inner mental/neural state views of autonomy and human choice on offer at present. [source] AUTONOMY AND AUTHENTICITY OF ENHANCED PERSONALITY TRAITSBIOETHICS, Issue 6 2009JAN CHRISTOPH BUBLITZ ABSTRACT There is concern that the use of neuroenhancements to alter character traits undermines consumer's authenticity. But the meaning, scope and value of authenticity remain vague. However, the majority of contemporary autonomy accounts ground individual autonomy on a notion of authenticity. So if neuroenhancements diminish an agent's authenticity, they may undermine his autonomy. This paper clarifies the relation between autonomy, authenticity and possible threats by neuroenhancements. We present six neuroenhancement scenarios and analyse how autonomy accounts evaluate them. Some cases are considered differently by criminal courts; we demonstrate where academic autonomy theories and legal reasoning diverge and ascertain whether courts should reconsider their concept of autonomy. We argue that authenticity is not an appropriate condition for autonomy and that new enhancement technologies pose no unique threats to personal autonomy. [source] FINDING AUTONOMY IN BIRTHBIOETHICS, Issue 1 2009THE OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY RISK RESEARCH GROUP: ABSTRACT Over the last several years, as cesarean deliveries have grown increasingly common, there has been a great deal of public and professional interest in the phenomenon of women ,choosing' to deliver by cesarean section in the absence of any specific medical indication. The issue has sparked intense conversation, as it raises questions about the nature of autonomy in birth. Whereas mainstream bioethical discourse is used to associating autonomy with having a large array of choices, this conception of autonomy does not seem adequate to capture concerns and intuitions that have a strong grip outside this discourse. An empirical and conceptual exploration of how delivery decisions ought to be negotiated must be guided by a rich understanding of women's agency and its placement within a complicated set of cultural meanings and pressures surrounding birth. It is too early to be ,for' or ,against' women's access to cesarean delivery in the absence of traditional medical indications , and indeed, a simple pro- or con- position is never going to do justice to the subtlety of the issue. The right question is not whether women ought to be allowed to choose their delivery approach but, rather, taking the value of women's autonomy in decision-making around birth as a given, what sorts of guidelines, practices, and social conditions will best promote and protect women's full inclusion in a safe and positive birth process. [source] POSTNATAL REPRODUCTIVE AUTONOMY: PROMOTING RELATIONAL AUTONOMY AND SELF-TRUST IN NEW PARENTSBIOETHICS, Issue 1 2009SARA GOERING ABSTRACT New parents suddenly come face to face with myriad issues that demand careful attention but appear in a context unlikely to provide opportunities for extended or clear-headed critical reflection, whether at home with a new baby or in the neonatal intensive care unit. As such, their capacity for autonomy may be compromised. Attending to new parental autonomy as an extension of reproductive autonomy, and as a complicated phenomenon in its own right rather than simply as a matter to be balanced against other autonomy rights, can help us to see how new parents might be aided in their quest for competency and good decision making. In this paper I show how a relational view of autonomy , attentive to the coercive effects of oppressive social norms and to the importance of developing autonomy competency, especially as related to self-trust , can improve our understanding of the situation of new parents and signal ways to cultivate and to better respect their autonomy. [source] MASS-VACCINATION PROGRAMMES AND THE VALUE OF RESPECT FOR AUTONOMYBIOETHICS, Issue 5 2008LOTTE ASVELD ABSTRACT Respect for autonomy is problematic in relation to public health programmes such as vaccination, as the success of such programmes depends on widespread compliance. European countries have different policies for dealing with objectors to vaccination programmes. In some countries compliance is compulsory, while in others objectors are exempted or allowed to enter the programme under specific conditions. In this paper I argue that the objectors should not be treated as a homogenous group as is done in the above-mentioned policies. Objectors have different arguments for not participating in vaccination programmes. Considering the value of respect for autonomy, some but not all of these arguments need to be accommodated by authorities. The concept of ,narrative autonomy' provides criteria to distinguish between tenable and untenable claims to the right to refuse vaccination. Narrative autonomy understands autonomy as essentially linked to identity, as this provides the moral framework with which we assess our first-order preferences. The above-mentioned concept of autonomy is derived from the concept of narrative identity as described by Marya Schechtman. She suggests that the application of the Articulation Constraint and the Reality Constraint enables us to establish the validity of personal narratives. Additionally, form and content features of identity, as proposed by Anthony Laden, will be used as criteria to establish the compatibility of the defectors' arguments with shared scientific and political values. Such compatibility is essential to accommodate respect for autonomy in the context of public health. [source] Kinematics, Dynamics, Biomechanics: Evolution of Autonomy in Game AnimationCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2005Steve Collins The believeable portrayal of character performances is critical in engaging the immersed player in interactive entertainment. The story, the emotion and the relationship between the player and the world they are interacting within are hugely dependent on how appropriately the world's characters look, move and behave. We're concerned here with the character's motion; with next generation game consoles like Xbox360TM and Playstation®3 the graphical representation of characters will take a major step forward which places even more emphasis on the motion of the character. The behavior of the character is driven by story and design which are adapted to game context by the game's AI system. The motion of the characters populating the game's world, however, is evolving to an interesting blend of kinematics, dynamics, biomechanics and AI drivenmotion planning. Our goal here is to present the technologies involved in creating what are essentially character automata, emotionless and largely brainless character shells that nevertheless exhibit enough "behavior" to move as directed while adapting to the environment through sensing and actuating responses. This abstracts the complexities of low level motion control, dynamics, collision detection etc. and allows the game's artificial intelligence system to direct these characters at a higher level. While much research has already been conducted in this area and some great results have been published, we will present the particular issues that face game developers working on current and next generation consoles, and how these technologies may be integrated into game production pipelines so to facilitate the creation of character performances in games. The challenges posed by the limited memory and CPU bandwidth (though this is changing somewhat with next generation) and the challenges of integrating these solutions with current game design approaches leads to some interesting problems, some of which the industry has solutions for and some others which still remain largely unsolved. [source] Autonomy and Anti-Art: Adorno's Concept of Avant-Garde ArtCONSTELLATIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY, Issue 2 2000Stewart Martin First page of article [source] The role of autonomy,connectedness in depression and anxietyDEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 5 2006Marrie H.J. Bekker Ph.D. Abstract The relationship between autonomy,connectedness, and depression and anxiety was investigated in 94 primary mental health care patients and 95 psychology students. All participants completed the Autonomy,Connectedness Scale,30 (ACS-30), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Symptom Checklist,90 (SCL-90). Results indicated that the primary mental health care group compared with the control group scored lower in Self-Awareness and Capacity for Managing New Situations, and higher in Sensitivity to Others. Women compared with men had higher levels of self-reported Sensitivity to Others. Regression analyses showed that both (low) Self-Awareness and (high) Sensitivity to Others predicted depression, as well as anxiety; also, (low) educational level had predictive value. These results indicate that low autonomy,connectedness might be a risk factor for depression and anxiety. Depression and Anxiety 23:274,280, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Policy Autonomy and the History of British Aid to AfricaDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 6 2005Tony Killick This article utilises historical information to throw light on the forces shaping British aid policies towards Africa. It outlines key long-term policy developments, summarises the influences shaping these policies and comments on the present juncture of UK policies. It shows that, while there have been many influences, governments have enjoyed considerable policy autonomy, being largely unconstrained in pursuing their preferences in a top-down manner. This autonomy has mainly been used for the pursuit of long-term development, as against the promotion of the UK's national interest. The present thrust of UK policies to achieve massive increases in aid to Africa is a prime example of this policy autonomy. [source] Foucault, Educational Research and the Issue of AutonomyEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2005Mark Olssen Abstract This article seeks to demonstrate a particular application of Foucault's philosophical approach to a particular issue in education: that of personal autonomy. The paper surveys and extends the approach taken by James Marshall in his book Michel Foucault: Personal autonomy and education. After surveying Marshall's writing on the issue I extend Marshall's approach, critically analysing the work of Rob Reich and Meira Levinson, two contemporary philosophers who advocate models of personal autonomy as the basis for a liberal education. [source] Indoctrination, Moral Instruction, and Nonrational Beliefs: A Place for Autonomy?EDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 4 2005Michael S. Merry The manner in which individuals hold various nonevidentiary beliefs is critical to making any evaluative claim regarding an individual's autonomy. In this essay, I argue that one may be both justified in holding nonrational beliefs of a nonevidentiary sort while also being capable of leading an autonomous life. I defend the idea that moral instruction, including that which concerns explicitly religious content, may justifiably constitute a set of commitments upon which rationality and autonomy are dependent. I situate this discussion against the backdrop of a minimalist notion of autonomy. I then consider the case for nonrational beliefs, examining the difference between those whose content is objectionable on evidentiary grounds and those that are immune to verification. Next, I consider the indoctrination/moral instruction distinction through examining the various ways in which indoctrination is defined. I also consider the role that value coherence plays in shaping our identities, paying particular attention to fundamental commitments as defined by our respective families, cultures, and communities. Finally, I argue that individual psychology is central to our ability to assess the outcome of an upbringing purported to be indoctrinatory, and I emphasize the important role that experience and agency play in enabling us to evaluate our beliefs. [source] Mother,Child Relationships in France: Balancing Autonomy and Affiliation in Everyday InteractionsETHOS, Issue 3 2004MARIE-ANNE SUIZZO French child-rearing beliefs share features of both individualist and collectivist cultural orientations and have appeared contradictory within this individualism,collectivism framework in previous research. For this study, 32 Parisian mothers of infants and young children were interviewed regarding four possible sources of variation in their relationships with their children: interpersonal distance, communicative accommodation, desirable and undesirable early behaviors, and long-term goals and values. Five themes are identified and a cultural model of Parisian parenting is elaborated, demonstrating how beliefs, practices, and goals are connected in mothers' minds. This study demonstrates that individualism and collectivism are orthogonal, multifaceted orientations, each containing dimensions, such as autonomy as separateness and group affiliation and belonging, that can coexist both harmoniously and in dynamic tension within individuals and within cultures. [source] Patient and Surrogate Autonomy: Good Idea,In TheoryACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 8 2002Kenneth V. Iserson MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Is trait-Emotional Intelligence simply or more than just a trait?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 4 2004Karen van der Zee The present study examined the usefulness of trait-Emotional Intelligence (EI) among a sample of 1186 top managers who filled out questionnaires for Emotional Intelligence and the Big Five and were evaluated by a consultant on their competencies. Three higher-order factors were found to underlie the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (Bar-On, 1997): sense of accomplishment, empathy, and planfulness. Trait-EI was found to be substantially related to Extraversion, Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, and Autonomy. Nevertheless, the EI-factors predicted additional variance over and above the Big Five in competency to support. On the whole, top managers scored higher on the EI dimensions compared with a general population sample. High EI scores were particularly found among managers from enterprising occupational environments, that is environments dominated by activities that entail persuading and leading others to attain organizational goals or economic gain. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Kant, Quasi-Realism, and the Autonomy of Aesthetic JudgementEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2 2001Robert Hopkins Aesthetic judgements are autonomous, as many other judgements are not: for the latter, but not the former, it is sometimes justifiable to change one's mind simply because several others share a different opinion. Why is this? One answer is that claims about beauty are not assertions at all, but expressions of aesthetic response. However, to cover more than just some of the explananda, this expressivism needs combining with some analogue of cognitive command, i.e. the idea that disagreements over beuaty can occur, and when they do it is a priori that one side has infringed the norms governing aesthetic discourse. This combination can be achieved by reading Kant's aesthetic theory in expressivist terms. The resulting view is a form of quasi-realism about beauty. The position has its merits, but cannot ultimately explain the phenomena which motivate it. This conclusion generalises to quasi-realism about other matters. [source] The Transposition of EU Law: ,Post-Decisional Politics' and Institutional AutonomyEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001Dionyssis G. Dimitrakopoulos The transposition of European Union (EU) law into national law is a significant part of the EU policy process. However, political scientists have not devoted to it the attention that it deserves. Here, transposition is construed as part of the wider process of policy implementation. Drawing on implementation theory from the field of public policy, the article outlines three sets of factors (institutional, political, and substantive) that affect transposition. Second, the article examines the manner in which eight member states transpose EU legislation, and identifies a European style of transposition. An institutionalist approach is employed to argue that this style is not the result of a process of convergence. Rather, it stems from the capacity of institutions to adapt to novel situations by means of their own standard operating procedures and institutional repertoires. It concludes by highlighting (a) the partial nature of efforts at EU level to improve transposition, themselves impaired by the politics of the policy process and (b) some ideas regarding future research. [source] ALIGNING INCENTIVES AND MOTIVATIONS IN HEALTH CARE: THE CASE OF EARNED AUTONOMYFINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2007Russell Mannion Delegating greater authority and decision making power to front line organisations, including devolution of control through the system of ,Earned Autonomy' is a key component of the UK Government's modernisation agenda for the public services. The principle of Earned Autonomy is that the highest performing organisations are subject to less central control and allowed increased operating freedoms. This paper explores the implementation of Earned Autonomy in the English NHS and addresses the question of whether the incentives implicit within Earned Autonomy are both sufficiently powered and aligned to the motivations of senior hospital managers to secure the desired improvements in organisational performance. [source] Why New Zealand Took Itself out of ANZUS: Observing "Opposition for Autonomy" in Asymmetric Alliances,FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS, Issue 4 2010Amy L. Catalinac In 1985, a dispute over nuclear ship visits led the United States to formally suspend its security guarantee to New Zealand under the trilateral ANZUS Treaty. In this article, I conceptualize this dispute as a case of intra-alliance opposition by a small state toward its stronger ally. I generate four hypotheses from the literature on alliances in international relations to explain why New Zealand chose to oppose its ally on the nuclear ships issue. Using new evidence, including interviews with 22 individuals involved in the dispute and content analysis of debates in the New Zealand parliament from 1976 to 1984, I conclude that a desire for greater autonomy in foreign policy was the driving factor behind New Zealand's opposition. [source] Whole-system approaches to health and social care partnerships for the frail elderly: an exploration of North American models and lessonsHEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, Issue 5 2006Dennis L. Kodner PhD Abstract Irrespective of cross-national differences in long-term care, countries confront broadly similar challenges, including fragmented services, disjointed care, less-than-optimal quality, system inefficiencies and difficult-to-control costs. Integrated or whole-system strategies are becoming increasingly important to address these shortcomings through the seamless provision of health and social care. North America is an especially fertile proving ground for structurally oriented whole-system models. This article summarises the structure, features and outcomes of the Program of All-Inclusive Care for Elderly People (PACE) programme in the United States, and the Système de soins Intégrés pour Personnes Âgées (SIPA) and the Programme of Research to Integrate Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy (PRISMA) in Canada. The review finds a somewhat positive pattern of results in terms of service access, utilisation, costs, care provision, quality, health status and client/carer satisfaction. It concludes with the identification of common characteristics which are thought to be associated with the successful impact of these partnership initiatives, as well as a call for further research to understand the relationships, if any, between whole-system models, services and outcomes in integrated care for elderly people. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||