Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Roof
Kinds of Roof Terms modified by Roof Selected AbstractsGEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS OF THE SKULL ROOF OF STEREOSPONDYLS (AMPHIBIA: TEMNOSPONDYLI)PALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2006C. TRISTAN STAYTON Abstract:, Geometric morphometric analysis using relative warps is applied to the skull roof of 62 species of stereospondyls and their closest outgroups (i.e. basal archegosauriforms) from among temnospondyl amphibians. Twenty-one landmarks and five taxonomic groups are used for comparisons. Their skull evolution is quantified in a morphospace defined by two relative warps axes. The majority of groups show poor concordance between morphological and phylogenetic distances. The only exception is represented by Yates and Warren's study of stereospondyl relationships, in which concordance is high. Only basal archegosauriforms and rhinesuchids show significant overlap in morphospace, although this might be due to low sample sizes. Regression of estimated mean disparity against taxon sample size shows that species within both the trematosauroid and the rhytidostean groups are more widely dispersed in morphospace than species belonging to any of the remaining stereospondyl groups. Stereospondyl skull evolution was characterized by divergence between major clades and convergence within those clades. Changes in patterns of morphospace occupation through time agree with the hypothesis of an ,explosive' radiation in the early Early Triassic, after the extinction of basal archegosauriforms at the end of the Permian. [source] Morphologic Characteristics of the Left Atrial Appendage, Roof, and Septum: Implications for the Ablation of Atrial FibrillationJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 9 2006WANWARANG WONGCHAROEN M.D. Introduction: The left atrium (LA) ablation in different regions, including LA appendage (LAA), LA roof, and LA septum, has recently been proposed to improve the success rate of treating patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The purpose of this study was to investigate the anatomy of LAA, LA roof, and LA septum, using computed tomography (CT). Methods and Results: Multidetector CT scan was used to depict the LA in 47 patients with drug-refractory paroxysmal AF (39 males, age = 50 ± 12 years) and 49 control subjects (34 males, age = 54 ± 11 years). The area of LAA orifice, neck, and the length of roof line were greater in AF group than in control subjects. Three types of LAA locations and two types of LAA ridges were observed. Higher incidence of inferior LAA was noted in AF patients. The different morphologies of LA roof were described. Roof pouches were revealed in 15% of AF and 14% of controls. Moreover, we found septal ridge in 32% of AF and 23% of controls. Conclusions: Considerable variations of LAA and LA roof morphologies were demonstrated. Peculiar structures, including roof pouches and septal ridges, were delineated by CT imaging. These findings were important for determining the strategy of AF ablation and avoiding the procedure-related complications. [source] Cryptic forest refugia on the ,Roof of the World'NEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 1 2010Arndt Hampe No abstract is available for this article. [source] Street Life under a RoofANTHROPOLOGY & HUMANISM, Issue 2 2009Emily Margaretten SUMMARY This article offers a story about community formation right along the sidelines of the streets. It traces the transitory movements of youth in South Africa, their sojourns from the streets to shelters and places of their own making. Blending personal narratives with ethnographic description and analyses, this article illustrates a crossing over of moments in which abandonment and abuse give rise to instances of companionship, care, and cohabitation. [source] Developmental analysis of activin-like kinase receptor-4 (ALK4) expression in Xenopus laevisDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 2 2005Yumei Chen Abstract The type I transforming growth factor-beta (TGF,) receptor, activin-like kinase-4 (ALK4), is an important regulator of vertebrate development, with roles in mesoderm induction, primitive streak formation, gastrulation, dorsoanterior patterning, and left,right axis determination. To complement previous ALK4 functional studies, we have analyzed ALK4 expression in embryos of the frog, Xenopus laevis. Results obtained with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction indicate that ALK4 is present in both the animal and vegetal poles of blastula stage embryos and that expression levels are relatively constant amongst embryos examined at blastula, gastrula, neurula, and early tail bud stages. However, the tissue distribution of ALK4 mRNA, as assessed by whole-mount in situ hybridization, was found to change over this range of developmental stages. In the blastula stage embryo, ALK4 is detected in cells of the animal pole and the marginal zone. During gastrulation, ALK4 is detected in the outer ectoderm, involuting mesoderm, blastocoele roof, dorsal lip, and to a lesser extent, in the endoderm. At the onset of neurulation, ALK4 expression is prominent in the dorsoanterior region of the developing head, the paraxial mesoderm, and midline structures, including the prechordal plate and neural folds. Expression in older neurula stage embryos resolves to the developing brain, somites, notochord, and neural crest; thereafter, additional sites of ALK4 expression in tail bud stage embryos include the spinal cord, otic placode, developing eye, lateral plate mesoderm, branchial arches, and the bilateral heart fields. Together, these results not only reflect the multiple developmental roles that have been proposed for this TGF, receptor but also define spatiotemporal windows in which ALK4 may function to modulate fundamental embryological events. Developmental Dynamics 232:393,398, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Light and electron microscopic study of the anterior oesophagus of Bulla striata (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)ACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 2 2010Alexandre Lobo-da-Cunha Abstract Lobo-da-Cunha, A., Oliveira, E., Alves, Â., Coelho, R. and Calado, G. 2010. Light and electron microscopic study of the anterior oesophagus of Bulla striata (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia). ,Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 125,138. The anterior oesophagus of Bulla striata was investigated with light and electron microscopy. In the most anterior region, the ridges of the oesophageal wall are covered by a ciliated columnar epithelium forming large apical blebs which are released into the lumen, an activity that is particularly intense in the oesophageal pouch. In the last two-thirds of the anterior oesophagus, the epithelium is covered with microvilli embedded in a cuticle, but apocrine secretion and cilia are absent. Subepithelial secretory cells are very abundant in the oesophageal wall, except in the roof of the pouch. They have a long neck that crosses the epithelium, whereas the cell body containing the nucleus is embedded in the connective tissue. Large electron-lucent secretory vesicles and many Golgi stacks fill most of their cytoplasm. The histochemical and cytochemical assays show that these cells secrete acid mucopolysaccharides. With the current and future studies we aim to obtain data for the establishment of relationships between morphofunctional features of the digestive system and food types in cephalaspideans. Additionally, the new data about the oesophageal pouch of B. striata may be useful for the establishment of eventual homologies with the oesophageal diverticula of other opisthobranchs. [source] Experimental investigation on the seismic response of a steel liquid storage tank equipped with floating roof by shaking table testsEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2010M. De Angelis Abstract In this paper, the effectiveness of the base isolation on steel storage tanks has been investigated through numerical models and then checked by shaking table tests on a reduced scale (1:14) model of a real steel tank, typically used in petrochemical plants. In the experimental campaign the floating roof has also been taken into account. The tests have been performed on the physical model both in fixed and isolated base configurations; in particular two alternative base isolation systems have been used: high-damping rubber bearings devices and sliding isolators with elasto-plastic dampers. Finally, a comparison between experimental and numerical results has also been performed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Casualty occurrence mechanism in the collapse of timber-frame houses during an earthquakeEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 12 2004Junji Kiyono Abstract The collapse of timber-frame houses during an earthquake was analyzed by the 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) distinct element methods (DEM). The DEM is a numerical analysis technique in which positions of elements are calculated by solving equations of motion step by step. Both individual and group behavior can be simulated. The structure is modeled as an assembly of distinct elements connected by virtual springs and dashpots where elements come into contact. A timber-frame house with simple structural elements; beams, columns, floors, and a roof, was modeled. Injury to human bodies also was considered. Human bodies modeled as circles (2D) or rectangular parallelepipeds (3D) were placed on its floors. The maximum impact acceleration on the human body during an earthquake was calculated. Injury to humans in houses was assessed by the Chest-G index and Head Injury Criteria (HIC) widely used in automobile engineering. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Studies on seismic reduction of story-incresed buildings with friction layer and energy-dissipated devicesEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 14 2003Hong-Nan Li Abstract A new type of energy-dissipated structural system for existing buildings with story-increased frames is presented and investigated in this paper. In this system the sliding-friction layer between the lowest increased floor of the outer frame structure and the roof of the original building is applied, and energy-dissipated dampers are used for the connections between the columns of the outer frame and each floor of the original building. A shaking table test is performed on the model of the system and the simplified structural model of this system is given. The theory of the non-classical damping approach is introduced to the calculation analyses and compared with test results. The results show that friction and energy-dissipated devices are very effective in reducing the seismic response and dissipating the input energy of the model structure. Finally, the design scheme and dynamic time-history analyses of an existing engineering project are investigated to illustrate the application and advantages of the given method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Meteorological factors affecting the diversity of airborne algae in an urban atmosphereECOGRAPHY, Issue 5 2006Naveen K. Sharma Aeroalgal sampling of Varanasi City, India, was done using a Tilak Rotorod sampler and exposing agarised Bold basal medium Petri plates during March 2003 to February 2005. Amongst the 34 airborne algal genera recorded, cyanobacteria dominated the aero-algal flora, followed by green algae and diatoms. The generic diversity of airborne algae as well as the constituting groups exhibited seasonal variation. The most favored period for the appearance of cyanobacteria in the air was summer, while winter favored green algae. Presence of diatoms was almost uniform throughout the year. The presence of algal particles in the air depended upon the abundance and dynamics of algal source and their release and dispersal in the atmosphere. Best model selection with Akaike information criteria indicated temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind velocity as the most important climatic factors determining algal diversity. These factors exert their effect both directly by influencing entrainment and dispersal of algae from the source, and indirectly by regulating the dynamics of the possible algal source (soil, water, plant body, wall and roof of the building) by supporting or inhibiting the algal growth. In a closed environment and at low altitude sampling site characteristic is also an important factor. Open area near to the countryside had maximal aero-algal diversity. [source] Determining toxicity of lead and zinc runoff in soils: Salinity effects on metal partitioning and on phytotoxicityENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2003Daryl P. Stevens Abstract When assessingcationic metal toxicity in soils, metals are often added to soil as the chloride, nitrate, or sulfate salts. In many studies, the effects of these anions are ignored or discounted; rarely are appropriate controls included. This study used five soils varying in pH, clay content, and organic matter to determine whether salinity from counter-ions contributed to or confounded metal phytotoxicity. Varying rates of Pb and Zn were applied to soils with or without a leaching treatment to remove the metal counter-ion (NO3 -). Lactuca sattva (lettuce) plants were grown in metal-treated soils, and plant dry weights were used to determine median effective concentrations where there was a 50% reduction in yield (EC50s) on the basis of total metals measured in the soil after harvest. In two of the five soils, leaching increased the EC50s significantly for Zn by 1.4- to 3.7-fold. In three of the five soils, leaching increased the EC50s significantly for Pb by 1.6- to 3.0-fold. The shift in EC50s was not a direct result of toxicity of the nitrate ion but was an indirect effect of the salinity increasing metal concentrations in soil solution and increasing its bioavailability for a given total metal concentration. In addition, calculation of potential salinity changes in toxicological studies from the addition of metals exhibiting strong sorption to soil suggested that if the anion associated with the metal is not leached from the soil, direct salinity responses could also lead to significant overestimation of the EC50 for those metals. These findings question the relevance of the application of single-metal salts to soils as a method of assessing metal phytotoxicity when, in many cases in our environment, Zn and Pb accumulate in soil over a period of time and the associated counter-ions are commonly removed from the soil during the accumulation process (e.g., roof and galvanized tower runoff). [source] The microstratigraphic record of abrupt climate changes in cave sediments of the Western MediterraneanGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 5 2001Marie-Agnès Courty The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how calcareous sediments from Pleistocene and Holocene rockshelters and open caves of the Western Mediterranean can provide a stratigraphic record of abrupt climate change. The method proposed here is based on microstratigraphic examination of sedimentary sequences using microscopic techniques. The most important processes for characterizing the sensitivity of each cave to climate variables are: (1) the modes and rate of carbonate sediment production, (2) the nature and intensity of the pedogenic processes responsible for the synchronous alteration of carbonate materials (either those derived from the cave walls or those deposited on the ground surface), and (3) the supply of allogenic sediments, particularly by eolian activity. The cave sediment sequences presented record the marked coolings known as Dansgaard-Oeschger stadials and Heinrich events that occurred during the Pleistocene and the Holocene, as demonstrated by the high resolution records from ice and deep sea cores. At Abric Romanì in northeastern Spain, a series of sharp climatic deteriorations of increasing severity is shown to have occurred synchronously with the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic, with a period of seasonal frost and strong winds at ca. 37,000 yr B.P., tentatively correlated with Heinrich event 4. At Pigeon Cave, Taforalt (northern Morocco), the transition from the Aterian to Ibero-Maurusian/Epipalaeolithic cultures is dated to around 24,000,20,000 yr B.P. and is punctuated by a series of short cold pulses with evidence for seasonal freezing, soil erosion, and minimal evapotranspiration. In El Miron cave in north-central Spain, the exceptional nature of the Younger Dryas cooling produced a marked destabilization of the cave walls and roof. At El Miron, the stratigraphic evidence for sediment removal due to the rapid percolation of snow melt under a degraded soil cover allows us to reconstruct the nature of the negative excursion at ca. 8200 yr B.P. This example also illustrates how climate-controlled pedogenic processes can create a stratigraphic signature which has often been confused with a sedimentary hiatus. We conclude that cave sediments provide a valuable record of Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes. In appropriate contexts, these sequences allow us to examine the ecological stress generated by these unique global events at a local and regional level and improve our understanding of the complex anthropological processes that occurred at the same time. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Reflections on Retelling a Renaissance MurderHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2002Thomas V. Cohen This mischievously artful essay plays out on several levels; think of them as storeys of an imaginary castle much like the real, solid, central Italian one it explores and expounds. On its own ground floor, the essay recounts a gruesome murder, a noble husband's midnight revenge upon his wife and upon her bastard lover, his own half,brother, in her castle chamber, in bed. In sex. Of course. The murder itself is pure Renaissance, quintessential Boccaccio or Bandello, but the aftermath, in fort and village, is more singular, more ethnographically delightful, as castle and village trace a ceremonious passage from frozen limbo to fluid grief and storytelling, finally set in motion by the arrival of the dead wife's brother. Meanwhile, one flight up, the essay retells my own investigation of the real castle's geometry, as I clambered through rooms, peered out windows, prowled the roof, and scanned blueprints seeking the places of the plotters' plots. In an expository attic, I lodge reflections on my teaching stratagems, as I led a first,year seminar into detection's crafts and exposition's ploys. All the while, on its rooftop, this essay dances among fantastical chimneys and turrets of high theory and literary practice, musing on the patent irony of artful artifice, which evokes both the irony and the pathos of scholars' cool histories about hot deeds and feelings. Art suggests we authors had best hide ourselves, unlike normal essayists, so as not to spoil the show. But, I posit, our self,effacement is so conspicuous that it proclaims our presence, as in fact it should, and, by so doing, trumpets the necessary tensions of our artifice and craft. Thus artfulness itself nicely both proclaims and celebrates the bittersweet frustrations of historians' and readers' quest for knowledge and, especially, for experience of a lost past. [source] A note on estimating urban roof runoff with a forest evaporation modelHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 8 2008J. H. C. Gash Abstract A model developed for estimating the evaporation of rainfall intercepted by forest canopies is applied to estimate measurements of the average runoff from the roofs of six houses made in a previous study of hydrological processes in an urban environment. The model is applied using values of the mean rates of wet canopy evaporation and rainfall derived previously for forests and an estimate of the roof storage capacity derived from the data collected in the previous study. Although the model prediction is sensitive to the value of storage capacity, close correlation between the modelled and measured runoff indicates that the model captures the essential processes. It is concluded that the process of evaporation from an urban roof is sufficiently similar to that from a forest canopy for forest evaporation models to be used to give a useful estimate of urban roof runoff. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Improvement of the hydrological component of an urban soil,vegetation,atmosphere,transfer modelHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 16 2007A. Lemonsu Abstract A numerical study was conducted on the Rezé suburban catchment (Nantes, France) to evaluate the hydrological component of the town energy balance (TEB) scheme, which simulates in a coupled way the water and energy balances for the urban covers. The catchment is a residential area where hydrological data were continuously collected from 1993 to 1998 by the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC), notably the runoff in the stormwater drainage network. A 6-year simulation with the TEB and interaction soil,biosphere,atmosphere (ISBA) schemes in off-line mode enabled the comparison of modelled and observed runoff. Some weaknesses of the TEB were uncovered and led to improved parameterization of water exchanges: (1) calibration of the maximum capacity of the rainfall interception reservoir on roads and roofs and (2) inclusion of water infiltration through the roads, according to a simple formulation. The calibration of this water flux gives results that are consistent with direct measurements of water infiltration performed on the Rezé site and from the literature. The new parameterization produces better runoff in terms of timing and magnitude, which are comparable to those obtained by the LCPC with other hydrological models. It shows also the impact of the water infiltration through the roads, corresponding to a water transfer from the TEB to ISBA, on the water balance: the water contents of road, roof and soil reservoirs being modified, the evaporation from artificial surfaces decreases, while the evapotranspiration from natural covers increases. Through the evaporative flux, such a modification of the water balance induces large repercussions on the surface energy balance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Is nest-site availability limiting Lesser Kestrel populations?IBIS, Issue 4 2005A multiple scale approach The Lesser Kestrel, a colonial migratory falcon, is one of the most endangered birds in Europe and, due to a sharp population decline across much of the breeding range, is globally threatened. The reasons for this decline are unclear, but reduced nest-site availability might be a major cause. To test this hypothesis we looked at nest-site availability within Portuguese colonies in rural and urban buildings. Nest holes were larger, longer, higher and older than unoccupied cavities. A typical nest cavity was approximately 29,30 cm long, 300,340 cm high and had an inner chamber 16.5,18 cm wide. Large-scale surveys of existing buildings in Portuguese villages suggested that 85% of sites lacked suitable nest cavities. The model for selection of buildings indicated that Lesser Kestrels prefer buildings with many roof and wall cavities, and that are surrounded by extensive cereal and fallow fields. The villages selected had many old buildings and monuments, were located in areas with few rivers, and a low percentage cover of cereal, olive groves and forest. The conservation implications of these results are discussed. [source] Sensitivity study of the urban heat island intensity to urban characteristicsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 7 2008R. Hamdi Abstract A detailed urban surface exchange parameterization, implemented in a meso-scale atmospheric model, has been used to study the urban heat island (UHI) intensity during a summer period in the city of Basel, Switzerland. In this urban parameterization, the city is represented as a combination of three urban classes (road, roof and wall), characterized by the size of the street canyon and the building and is thus able to take into account the momentum sink over the entire height of the building, as well as the shadowing and the radiation trapping effects. A control experiment including all the urban parameters describing the city centre of Basel produced a canyon air temperature that compared well with observations. A series of experiments was then conducted in which successively each of the urban parameters characterizing the city centre was changed providing the basis for an assessment of its effect on UHI mitigation. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Experimental investigation into cavity-type inertial separators,a novel technique for development of subcompact circulating fluidized bed boilersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 14 2005Animesh Dutta Abstract Cavity-type inertial separators developed by GRI (Patent no. 2, 159, 949, Canada, 2002) were tested in a semi-industrial size circulating fluidized bed pilot plant operated at room temperature. Three rows of separators were hung from the roof of the pilot plant where one row was kept inside the riser and the others were kept in the primary separation chamber, located between the back-pass and the riser. Parameters measured were axial pressure drops along the height of the riser, vertical solids flux on the separator walls, lateral outwards solids flux in the riser with and without separator and local temperatures on the separator walls. A net downwards solids flux is on the inner wall of the separators; however, no downwards solids flux is on the outer walls of the separators. Heat transfer coefficients on the outer wall are found higher than those on the inner walls of the separator. It is also found that the presence of inertial separators not only provides additional heat transfer surfaces but also indirectly increases the heat transfer coefficients on the riser wall. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Viking woollen square-sails and fabric cover factorINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Bill Cooke The discovery of the five scuttled Viking ships of Roskilde Fjord in Denmark and the subsequent excavation, preservation and analysis of the remains has initiated a programme of reconstructive archaeology led by the Viking Ship Museum of Roskilde in which four of the five hulls have now been reconstructed together with their rigs and square-sails. The reconstruction of the sails has been based on fragments of heavy woollen cloth found within the roof of Trondenes church in Norway dating to the mid-13th century. This paper uses the,cover-factor' modelling methods of modern textile engineering to analyse the,Viking' sail fabrics and assess their strength, resilience and performance in comparison with the linen sails from the wreck of the Vasa. [source] Two ,Medical' Cases from Medieval OsloINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Per Holck Abstract An Erratum has been published for this article in International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 15(2) 2005, 153,154. More than one century of archaeological excavations in Oslo has brought several thousand medieval skeletons to light. Many of these are silent witnesses of the health conditions in the Norwegian capital during the 12th,16th centuries. This paper presents a description of two cases of special interest. One is a tibia that shows traces of cut marks due to a severe osteomyelitis; the other one has a depression in the bregma area which has perforated the skull roof and led to an inflammation of the bone surface. Both cases are probably proofs of deliberate medical care and skill of a high professional standard at that time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Running a hotel on the roof of the world: five years in Tibet, by Alec Le Sueur.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH, Issue 2 20011998., Chichester, Sommerdale No abstract is available for this article. [source] Tunica albuginea urethroplasty for anterior urethral strictures: A urethroscopic analysisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 9 2009Raj K Mathur Objective: To assess the efficacy of tunica albuginea urethroplasty (TAU) for anterior urethral strictures. Methods: We assessed 206 patients with anterior urethral strictures who underwent TAU. The procedure involves mobilization of strictured urethra and laying it open with a dorsal slit. Edges of the slit-open urethra are sutured to edges of the urethral groove with a silicon catheter in situ. Thus in neourethra, the roof is formed by tunica albuginea of the urethral groove. Results were assessed at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months by comparative analysis of patient satisfaction along with retrograde urethrogram, urethrosonogram, uroflowmetry, and were categorized as good, fair and poor. Good and fair results were considered as successful. Thirty patients were taken for postoperative urethroscopic analysis to allow better understanding of both successful and failed cases. Results: Postoperative evaluation at 6 months showed a 96.6% success rate, which decreased to 94.7% at 1 year, 93.2% at 2 years and over 90% at the end of 3 years. The overall failure rate was 9.2%, which required revision surgery. Urethroscopic visualization of the reconstruction site showed wide, patent and distensible neourethra uniformly lined by urothelium over roof formed by tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa in successful cases. Failure cases showed diffuse fibrotic narrowing or circumferential scarring. Conclusion: Tunica albuginea is a locally available distensible tissue, sufficient to maintain the patency of the neourethra, without any graft or flap. TAU is easier and useful when patients have unhealthy oral mucosa due to tobacco chewing. [source] Cancellous Bone Remodeling Occurs in Specialized Compartments Lined by Cells Expressing Osteoblastic MarkersJOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 9 2001Ellen M. Hauge Abstract We describe a sinus, referred to as a bone remodeling compartment (BRC), which is intimately associated with cancellous bone remodeling. The compartment is lined on its marrow side by flattened cells and on its osseous side by the remodeling bone surface, resembling a roof of flattened cells covering the bone surface. The flat marrow lining cells are in continuity with the bone lining cells at the margins of the BRC. We examined a large number of diagnostic bone biopsy specimens received during recent years in the department. Furthermore, 10 patients (8 women and 2 men, median age 56 [40,69] years) with the high turnover disease of primary hyperparathyroidism who were treated with parathyroidectomy and followed for 3 years were included in the histomorphometric study. Bone samples for the immuno-enzyme staining were obtained from an amputated extremity of child. The total cancellous bone surface covered by BRC decreases by 50% (p < 0.05) following normalization of turnover and is paralleled by a similar 50% decrease in remodeling surface (p < 0.05). The entire eroded surface and two-thirds of the osteoid surface are covered by a BRC. BRC-covered uncompleted walls are 30% (p < 0.05) thinner than those without a BRC. This indicates that the BRC is invariably associated with the early phases of bone remodeling, that is, bone resorption, whereas it closes during the late part of bone formation. Immuno-enzyme staining shows that the flat marrow lining cells are positive for alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteonectin, suggesting that they are bone cells. The first step in cancellous bone remodeling is thought to be the lining cells digesting the unmineralized matrix membrane followed by their disappearance and the arrival of the bone multicellular unit (BMU). We suggest that the lining cell barrier persists during bone remodeling; that the old lining cells become the marrow lining cells, allowing bone resorption and bone formation to proceed under a common roof of lining cells; that, at the end of bone formation, new bone lining cells derived from the flattened osteoblasts replace the marrow lining cells thereby closing the BRC; and that the two layers of lining cells eventually becomes a single layer. The integrity of the osteocyte-lining cell system is reestablished by the new generation of lining cells. The BRC most likely serves multiple purposes, including efficient exchange of matrix constituents and minerals, routing, monitoring, or modulating bone cell recruitment, and possibly the anatomical basis for the coupling of bone remodeling. [source] Morphologic Characteristics of the Left Atrial Appendage, Roof, and Septum: Implications for the Ablation of Atrial FibrillationJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 9 2006WANWARANG WONGCHAROEN M.D. Introduction: The left atrium (LA) ablation in different regions, including LA appendage (LAA), LA roof, and LA septum, has recently been proposed to improve the success rate of treating patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The purpose of this study was to investigate the anatomy of LAA, LA roof, and LA septum, using computed tomography (CT). Methods and Results: Multidetector CT scan was used to depict the LA in 47 patients with drug-refractory paroxysmal AF (39 males, age = 50 ± 12 years) and 49 control subjects (34 males, age = 54 ± 11 years). The area of LAA orifice, neck, and the length of roof line were greater in AF group than in control subjects. Three types of LAA locations and two types of LAA ridges were observed. Higher incidence of inferior LAA was noted in AF patients. The different morphologies of LA roof were described. Roof pouches were revealed in 15% of AF and 14% of controls. Moreover, we found septal ridge in 32% of AF and 23% of controls. Conclusions: Considerable variations of LAA and LA roof morphologies were demonstrated. Peculiar structures, including roof pouches and septal ridges, were delineated by CT imaging. These findings were important for determining the strategy of AF ablation and avoiding the procedure-related complications. [source] Catheter Ablation of Long-Lasting Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Critical Structures for TerminationJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 11 2005MICHEL HAÏSSAGUERRE M.D. Background: The relative contributions of different atrial regions to the maintenance of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) are not known. Methods: Sixty patients (53 ± 9 years) undergoing catheter ablation of persistent AF (17 ± 27 months) were studied. Ablation was performed in a randomized sequence at different left atrial (LA) regions and comprised isolation of the pulmonary veins (PV), isolation of other thoracic veins, and atrial tissue ablation targeting all regions with rapid or heterogeneous activation or guided by activation mapping. Finally, linear ablation at the roof and mitral isthmus was performed if sinus rhythm was not restored after addressing the above-mentioned areas. The impact of ablation was evaluated by the effect on the fibrillatory cycle length in the coronary sinus and appendages at each step. Activation mapping and entrainment maneuvers were used to define the mechanisms and locations of intermediate focal or macroreentrant atrial tachycardias. Results: AF terminated in 52 patients (87%), directly to sinus rhythm in 7 or via the ablation of 1,6 intermediate atrial tachycardias (total 87) in 45 patients. This conversion was preceded by prolongation of fibrillatory cycle length by 39 ± 9 msec, with the greatest magnitude occurring during ablation at the anterior LA, coronary sinus and PV-LA junction. Thirty-eight atrial tachycardias were focal (originating dominantly from these same sites), while 49 were macroreentrant (involving the mitral or cavotricuspid isthmus or LA roof). Patients without AF termination displayed shorter fibrillatory cycles at baseline: 130 ± 14 vs 156 ± 23 msec; P = 0.002. Conclusion: Termination of persistent AF can be achieved in 87% of patients by catheter ablation. Ablation of the structures annexed to the left atrium,the left atrial appendage, coronary sinus, and PVs,have the greatest impact on the prolongation of AF cycle length, the conversion of AF to atrial tachycardia, and the termination of focal atrial tachycardias. [source] Characterization of a New Pulmonary Vein Variant Using Magnetic Resonance Angiography:JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 5 2004Imaging, Incidence, Interventional Implications of the "Right Top Pulmonary Vein" Introduction: Catheter ablation of the pulmonary veins (PVs) for prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation requires precise anatomic information. We describe the characteristics of a new anatomic variant of PV anatomy using magnetic resonance angiography. Methods and Results: A 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging system with a body coil or a torso phased-array coil was used before and after gadolinium injection. Magnetic resonance angiograms were acquired with a breath-hold three-dimensional fast spoiled gradient-echo imaging sequence in the coronal plane. Three-dimensional reconstruction with maximum intensity projections and multiplanar reformations was performed. A newly described variant PV ascending from the roof of the left atrium was found in 3 of 91 subjects. The mean ostial diameter of the roof PV was 7 ± 2 mm, the mean distance from the ostium to the first branching point was 22 ± 8.5 mm, and the mean distance to the right superior PV was 3.3 ± 0.6 mm. Conclusion: We refer to the newly described variant of PV anatomy as the "right top pulmonary vein." It is important to be aware of this anatomic pattern to avoid inadvertent catheter intubation, which can result in misleading mapping results and PV stenosis. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 538-543, May 2004) [source] Community life as a motive for migration from the urban center to the rural periphery in IsraelJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2010Sara Arnon A white house topped by a red roof, set in a garden, surrounded by a lawn dotted with trees and shrubs,this is not just a child's naive drawing. It is the aspiration of many in the modern world, Israelis among them. This case study deals with the inner migration of families, mainly from the urban center of Israel, to rural communities in its northern periphery. It is also an opportunity to examine counter-urbanization characteristics and motivations, which contribute to our understanding of the role of community in this process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The pathology of chronic erosive dermatopathy in Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell)JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 1 2005J E Baily Abstract Chronic erosive dermatopathy (CED) is a disease of intensively farmed Murray cod in Australia that has been reported in association with the use of groundwater (mechanically extracted from shallow boreholes) supplies. CED results in focal ulceration of the skin overlying sensory canals of the head and flanks. Trials were conducted at an affected fish farm to study the development of the condition, both in Murray cod and in goldfish, and also to assess the reported recovery of lesions when affected fish were transferred to river water. Grossly, lesions began after 2,3 weeks with degeneration of tissue at the periphery of pores communicating with the sensory canals. Widening of these pores along the axis of the canals resulted from a loss of tissue covering the canal. Histopathologically, hyperplasia of the canal epithelial lining was seen after 3 weeks in borehole water and subsequent necrosis and sloughing of this tissue resulted in the loss of the canal roof. Canal regeneration occurred when fish were transferred from borehole water into river water. The lack of lesions in other organs and the pattern of lesion development support exposure to waterborne factors as the most likely aetiology. [source] The Placement of the Human Eyeball and Canthi in Craniofacial IdentificationJOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 3 2008Carl N. Stephan Ph.D. Abstract:, An accurate understanding of the spatial relationships between the deep and superficial structures of the head is essential for anthropological methods concerned with the comparison of faces to skulls (superimposition) or the prediction of faces from them (facial approximation). However, differences of opinion exist concerning: (i) the position of the eyeball in planes other than the anteroposterior plane and (ii) the canthi positions relative to the bony orbital margins. This study attempts to clarify the above relationships by dissection of a small sample of adult human cadavers (N = 4, mean age = 83 years, s = 12 years). The most notable finding was that the eyeballs were not centrally positioned within the orbits as the more recent craniofacial identification literature expounds. Rather, the eyeballs were consistently positioned closer to the orbital roof and lateral orbital wall (by 1,2 mm on average); a finding consistent with the earlier anatomical literature. While these estimation errors are small ipsilaterally, several factors make them meaningful: (i) the orbital region is heavily used for facial recognition; (ii) the width error is doubled because the eyes are bilateral structures; (iii) the eyes are sometimes used to predict/assess other soft tissue facial structures; and (iv) the net error in facial approximation rapidly accumulates with the subsequent prediction of each independent facial feature. While the small sample size of this study limits conclusive generalizations, the new data presented here nonetheless have immediate application to craniofacial identification practice because the results are evidence based. In contrast, metric data have never been published to support the use of the central positioning guideline. Clearly, this study warrants further quantification of the eyeball position in larger samples and preferably of younger individuals. [source] The Exclusion of (Failed) Asylum Seekers from Housing and Home: Towards an Oppositional DiscourseJOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY, Issue 2 2010Lorna Fox O'Mahony ,Housing', the practical provision of a roof over one's head , is experienced by users as ,home', broadly described as housing plus the experiential elements of dwelling. Conversely, being without housing, commonly described as ,homelessness', is experienced not only as an absence of shelter but in the philosophical sense of ,ontological homelessness' and alienation from the conditions for well-being. For asylum seekers, these experiences are deliberately and explicitly excluded from official law and policy discourses. This article demonstrates how law and policy is propelled by an ,official discourse' based on the denial of housing and the avoidance of ,home' attachments, which effectively keeps the asylum seeker in a state of ontological homelessness and alienation. We reflect on this exclusion and consider how a new ,oppositional discourse' of housing and home , taking these considerations into account , might impact on the balancing exercise inherent to laws and policies concerning asylum seekers. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||