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Road Accidents (road + accident)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	60%
Psychology	20%

Selected Abstracts

Does Unrealistic Optimism Change Following a Negative Experience?,

JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2001
Frank P. Mkenna
One important counteracting force that may decrease the effects of unrealistic optimism is personal experience with threat. To examine this hypothesis, several groups were examined who had been exposed to varying degrees of threat. It was found that only those who had been exposed to the most severe threat (being hospitalized after a road accident) showed differential comparative risk estimates from those who had experienced no threat. Differences between these two groups were also found for their self-reported risk behavior. The generality of the debiasing effect was assessed by examining risk perceptions in other domains. It was found that the effect was domain specific. [source]

Protan colour vision deficiency and road accidents

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPTOMETRY, Issue 4 2002
Barry L Cole PhD LOSc FAAO
Background: Protans are precluded from holding a commercial driver's licence in Australia because they have a substantially reduced ability to see red lights and have more road accidents involving signal lights. This exclusion has been in place since 1994 but is likely to be abandoned following a current review of medical standards for commercial drivers. This paper reviews the level of risk of road accidents due to protan colour vision deficiency. It also addresses the question of whether it is fair to regard all protans as having a higher risk of road accident because some protans might have a sensitivity to red light that is as good as that of some people with normal colour vision. Methods: Data of two studies by Verriest and co-workers are re-analysed to estimate the degree of overlap of the protan and colour normal distributions of sensitivity to red light. Results: Field trial data show that protans have a very reduced visual range for red signals compared to colour normal observers but there is considerable variability among both classes of observers and the distributions do overlap. However, some variability is due to differences in observers' choices of a detection criterion, their speed of response and the measurement method. A laboratory study of the spectral sensitivity of protan and colour normal subjects that largely removes these sources' variability shows that all protans have a sensitivity to red light that is less than that of the least sensitive colour normal. Conclusion: It is reasonable to conclude that all protans, regardless of the severity of their defect, have a lesser ability to see red signals than colour vision normal observers and for that reason will have a higher risk of road accident. [source]

Dental trauma in children presenting for treatment at the Department of Dentistry for Children and Orthodontics, Budapest, 1985,1999

DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2001
Katalin Gábris
Abstract , Data on children with dental trauma who presented for treatment at the Department of Dentistry for Children and Orthodontics in Budapest over a period of 15 years were analysed. The WHO guidelines were used to classify the traumatic injuries. A total of 590 children were involved, 810 teeth being affected. Children aged 7,14 years made up 88% of the cohort. The male:female ratio was 58:42. The permanent:primary ratio for the affected teeth was 90:10. The teeth most commonly affected were the maxillary central incisors. In 70% of the cases, only one tooth was traumatised. The incidence of dental trauma peaked at 10 years of age. The most common injury type observed was enamel-dentin crown fracture. The decreasing sequence of frequency of etiological factors was playing, sports, falls, cycling, road accidents and fighting. Of the accidents, 65% occurred at school or at home. Seventy seven per cent of the patients presented for medical care in the first 3 days after the accident. [source]

Effect of variable message signs on driver speed behavior on a section of expressway under adverse fog conditions,A driving simulator approach

JOURNAL OF ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION, Issue 1 2006
V. Ganesh Babu Kolisetty
Abstract Variable message signs (VMS) are used to provide dynamic information and one current application is to show different speed limits under different conditions. As speed is an important contributor to road accidents and also affects driver speed behavior, the present study focuses on how effective traffic advisory information is when helping drivers to divert from potentially dangerous conditions. Graphical representation of an Expressway section made it easy to isolate the effects of speed etc. by drivers with information provided through VMS under adverse fog conditions. Understanding and reacting to the VMS system by drivers is essential for its success. If drivers do not react by changing speed behavior then the VMS system will fail and further implementation may cease. In this paper an Analysis of Variance model, which is appropriate to the proposed experimental conditions, is used to study how subjects (drivers) will perceive provided information and also to find the effect of VMS on driver speed behavior on the simulated Expressway section. [source]

Clinical study of cats injured and killed in road traffic accidents in Cambridgeshire

JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE, Issue 8 2004
I. Rochlitz
Data were collected on the injuries, treatment and outcome of 128 cats involved in road accidents and seen as first-opinion cases in veterinary practices in Cambridgeshire. Sixteen cats were dead on arrival; the mortality rate for the remaining cats was 16 per cent. Half of the cats were aged between seven months and two years, with more males than females affected. Most cats had moderate injuries; strays had more severe injuries than owned cats. Areas of the body most often injured were the extremities, head and neck, pelvis and thorax. Skeletal injuries were present in 67 cats and neurological signs in 29. Diagnostic procedures and medical treatment were necessary for the majority of cats; surgery was required in 51 cases. Most cats were hospitalised for between two and seven days and some required up to one month of treatment. The cost of treatment was less than £400 for 84 per cent of cats. [source]

Lower limb replantations: Indications and a new scoring system

MICROSURGERY, Issue 5 2002
Bruno Battiston M.D.
The need for reconstruction of lower limb amputations is increasing, due to high-energy trauma in road accidents and work-related injuries. The indication for lower limb replantation is still controversial. Compared with upper limb replantations, indications are more select due to the frequent complications in lower limb salvage procedures, such as severe general complications or local complications such as necrosis, infections, nonunions, the need for secondary lengthening, or other reconstructive procedures. The satisfactory results given by artificial prosthesis, such as quicker recovery time and fewer secondary procedures, also contribute to the higher degree of selection for lower limb replantation candidates. Since 1993, we have replanted 14 amputations of the lower limb in 12 patients, including 2 bilateral cases. Although survival of the replanted segment was obtained in all patients, 5 cases were subsequently amputated for severe secondary complications. Of the remaining 9 cases, evaluated by means of Chen criteria, 7 had good results (3 Chen I and 4 Chen II), 1 sufficient (Chen III), and 1 poor (Chen IV). The best results were obtained in young patients. Our experience led us to examine the necessity for careful, objective patient selection. We developed a score evaluation system by modifying the international classifying method for severe limb traumas (mangled extremity severity score, or MESS system). This relatively simple system, based on the retrospective study of our cases, considers several parameters (patient's age, general conditions, level and type of lesion, time of injury, and associated lesions), giving each one a score. The total score gives the indication for replantation, predicts the functional outcome, and facilitates decision-making. © 2002 Wiley Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:187,192 2002 [source]

Blind drunk: the effects of alcohol on inattentional blindness

APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2006
Seema L. Clifasefi
Alcohol consumption is a major contributor to road accidents. While it is likely that perceptual processing deficits contribute to poorer driving performance among intoxicated individuals, we know little about alcohol's role in particular perceptual processes. For instance, we know that even sober individuals can fail to detect unexpected salient objects that appear in their visual fields, a phenomenon known as inattentionalblindness (IB; Mack & Rock, 1998). We were interested in whether these visual errors become more or less likely when subjects are under the influence of alcohol or just think that they are drunk. We told half our subjects that they had received alcohol, and half that they had received a placebo. This information was either true or false. Intoxicated subjects (regardless of what they were told) were more likely to show ,blindness' to an unexpected object in their visual field. This finding has practical implications for human performance issues such as driving and eyewitness memory, and theoretical implications for visual cognition. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

The use of multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering to identify incident typologies pertaining to the biofuel industry

BIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOREFINING, Issue 1 2010
Carine Riviére
Abstract Biofuel production has been expanding for more than five years, leading to an increasing number of production sites worldwide and also to a tremendous diversification of processes and approaches to producing biofuel. Such a fast move in industry has sometimes proven in the past to potentially lead to underestimating safety management needs. The significant number of existing facilities producing so called first generation biofuel allows for a reasonable survey of safety issues from incidents. In 2006, INERIS initiated research work devoted to the analysis of safety-related issues including the implementation of an incidents database. Its purpose is to collect known and reasonably well documented incidents (explosions, fires, spills, derailments, and road accidents) that relate to the life cycle of biofuel supply chains. This paper focuses on the analysis of this database, which contains 100 incidents that occurred from January 2000 to early 2009. From the database, an attempt has been made to identify the root factors of incidents potentially impacting biofuel supply chains, using statistical methods like multiple correspondence analysis and ascendant hierarchical clustering. This multivariate analysis exercise has led us to identify five main incident typologies, which in turn allows us to draw appropriate information on safety issues pertaining to first-generation biofuel supply chains. Each typology is illustrated by actual cases of accidents. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [source]